These slides provide a brief information about X-ray Crystallography and its applications.

1. Prepared By:
Shihab Patel
M.Pharm 1st Sem Q.A.
Guided By:
Dr. Falguni Tandel
Head-Q.A. Department
Parul Institute Of Pharmacy,
Quality Assurance Department,
Parul University.

2. CONTENTS:
•Production Of X Rays
•Different X Ray Methods
• Bragg‘s Law
•Rotating Crystal Technique
•X Ray Powder Technique
•Types Of Crystals
•Applications Of X-ray Diffraction.
26 February 2018 2

3. Production of X rays:
3

4. Picture Depicting An X-ray Tube
Diagrammatic Representation
of an X-ray Tube
26 February 2018 4

5. 26 February 2018 5

6. METHODS OF X-RAY ANALYSIS
XES- X ray Emission Spectroscopy AES- Auger Emission Spectroscopy
XFS- X ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ESCA- Electron Spectroscopy for
Chemical Analysis
X ray Absorption X ray Diffraction 6

7. BRAGG’S LAW:
Figure : Diffraction Of X Rays From A Set Of Crystal Planes.
Equation: mλ=2d⋅sinθ
m is the order of diffraction,
λ is the wavelength of x-rays, and moving electrons, protons and neutrons,
d is the spacing between the planes in the atomic lattice and
θ is the angle between the incident ray and the scattering planes.
26 February 2018 7

8. 26 February 2018 8

9. ROTATING CRYSTAL TECHNIQUE
In the rotating crystal method, a single crystal is mounted with an axis
normal to a monochromatic x-ray beam. A cylindrical film is placed
around it and the crystal is rotated about the chosen axis.
As the crystal rotates, sets of lattice planes will at some point make the
correct Bragg angle for the monochromatic incident beam, and at tha
point a diffracted beam will be formed.
9

10. X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION
26 February 2018

11. Crystalline materials are characterized by orderly periodic
arrangements of atoms.
Parallel planes of atoms intersecting the unit cell are used to define
directions and distances in a crystals.
Diffraction occurs when each object in a periodic array scatters
radiation coherently, producing constructive interference
at specific angle.
X-ray Diffraction
Every crystalline substance would scatter the crystals in its own
unique diffraction pattern.
26 February 2018 11

12. TYPES OF CRYSTALS
Crystal Grouped by Lattices (Shape)
•Cubic or Isometric
•Tetragonal
•Orthorhombic
•Hexagonal
•Trigonal
•Triclinic
•Monoclinic
Crystals Grouped by Properties
•Covalent Crystals
•Metallic Crystals
•Ionic Crystals
•Molecular Crystals
26 February 2018 12

13. Applications of X-ray diffraction
• Identification of single phase materials: Minerals, Chemical
Compounds, etc.
• Identification of multiple phases in microcrystalline mixtures such
as Rocks.
• Determine crystalline shape and size of substance.
• Particle size determination by spot counting method.
26 February 2018 13

14. • K. Shinoda and Yoshio Waseda, X-Ray Diffraction Crystallography:
Introduction, Examples and Solved Problems
REFERENCES
• Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle Instrumental Methods of Analysis,
7th Edition. Page: 341-349
26 February 2018 14

15. THANK YOU