This lecture is more about effect of nature and nurture in the way human behave. As well as the adaptive Vs Maladaptive behavior in human

1. Description of human
behavior
Week-3
Lecture-3

2. Are all human beings same or different?
 GENOME VARIATIONS
 Genome variations are differences in the sequence of DNA from one person to the
next
 people are unique in large part because their genomes are unique.
 The more closely related two people are, the more similar their genomes.
 Every human genome is different because of mutations that occur occasionally in a
DNA sequence.
 Your genome contains about 100 "new" mutations—changes that occurred during
fertilization.
 These genome variations are uniquely yours.
 variations in your genome arose many generations ago and have been passed down
from parent to child over the years, until they ended up in you.

3.  We each differ in the degree of our various spiritual, mental, emotional and
physical abilities, and in the manner in which the amounts of the various
qualities combine in our individuality.
 Some behavioral psychologists say that all humans are the same unless the
culture and environment they live differs.

4. It’s a continuous process of change
 Human lives are a continuous process of change.
 From birth to death millions and millions of changes occur in our lives.
 Physical, emotional and physiological changes take place during our lives.
 One of the major controversies in developmental psychology is whether
development is continuous or discontinuous.
 Theorists who believe children grow continuously believe that kids constantly add
new lessons and skills on top of old lessons and skills as they get older.
 They believe that children grow at a steady, uniform speed.
 Even though parents can't see it with their eyes, children are growing all the time
right in front of them. Their bodies make new cells.
 Their minds learn new skills as they play and interact with other people every day.

5.  On the other hand, theorists who believe children grow discontinuously
believe children grow in stages as they develop chunks of abilities and to
experience events at certain times in life.
 To some parents, it may seem that their children learn to do things all of the
sudden, like when a baby goes from only being able to crawl to being able to
toddle around on two feet almost over night.
 It is true that development is a continuous process that never stops, it is also
true that there are stages to growth and that developments unfold at
predictable times across the life span.

6. Adaptive Vs. Maladaptive
 The main difference between adaptive and maladaptive behavior is their
behavioral patterns.
 Adaptive behavior allows individuals to adapt in a positive manner to various
situations.
 It is a useful adjustment to a particular behavior. Adaptive behavior creates a
condition where the individual can truly develop and grow.
 Example:- in order to relieve the anxiety and tension the individual takes medical
and psychological help.
 Maladaptive behavior is a negative form of behavior which harms the individual.
 Maladaptive behavior is coping mechanisms that are not productive.
 Example:- Instead of relieving the anxiety and tension that the individual feels,
substance abuse is a maladaptive behavior that harms the individual even though
it provides a momentary relief.

7. Adaptive Vs. Maladaptive
Adaptive Maladaptive
Adaptive behavior allows individuals to
adapt in a positive manner to various
situations.
Maladaptive behavior can be viewed as
a negative form of behavior which
harms the individual.
Adaptive behavior is positive and
functional to the individual.
Maladaptive behavior is negative and
dysfunctional.
Adaptive behavior relieves the anxiety
in a productive manner.
Maladaptive behavior does not. It
forces the individual to avoid the
situation or else engage in counter-
productive behavior.
Adaptive behavior enables personal
growth.
Maladaptive behavior delays personal
growth.
Adaptive behavior can be viewed in
healthy individuals.
Maladaptive behavior is a symptom of
psychological diseases.

8. Human as a social being
 Humans are highly social beings.
 There is emerging evidence that evolutionary processes have favored the
development of complex social behaviors in humans, along with the brain
design that supports them.
 The human brain, and particularly the neocortex (which constitutes its
outmost layer), is much larger in humans as compared to other primates and
mammals of similar size.
 This is particularly interesting because the neocortex comprises many of the
brain areas involved in higher social cognition, such as conscious thought,
language, behavioral and emotion regulation, as well as empathy and theory of
mind -- the ability to understand the feelings and intentions of others

9. Need of interaction
 Men are social beings who co-operate with each other to better meet their
daily needs.
 According to Bowlby (1969/1982, 1988), an infant’s attachment to a caregiver
serves as the foundation for all future social development.
 Through social interactions, humans begin to establish a sense of “self” and to
learn what others expect of them.
 Children who learn appropriate social skills often have a higher self-esteem
and show a greater willingness to interact with their environment as they
grow.

10.  Children who learn appropriate social skills often have a higher self-esteem
and show a greater willingness to interact with their environment as they
grow.
 Teachers and adults can be very effective in promoting social interaction by
encouraging children to play together and by praising them when they do.
 We live in a world where most of our daily environment is made or affected by
other humans, either by those living now or the previous generations.

11. Why are we dependent on each other?
 Before the creation of civilization the human race was basically no different
than the rest of the animal kingdom. Human hunted for food in small groups
and survived by the skills at foraging and not being hunted in turn or by
ingesting something fatal.
 As civilization began, knowledge began to grow and passed from generation to
generation.
 With the increase in knowledge it became apparent that no single individual
was going to able to accomplish all that was needed.
 In a society, the members have mutual interests and work together t increase
the productivity, and we live in a constant dependency on each other.
 It is as a result of man's countless needs, which can never be fulfilled by
himself alone, that he recognizes the possibility of fulfilling them through the
help and co-operation of others

12. Causes of human behavior
 Aristotle and Skinner identifies four causes for the human behavior as the
material, the formal, the efficient, and the final causes.
 the material cause would be found in the organism as a whole (and not just in
neurobiological substrates), the formal cause would be the prior model on
which a certain cause is based (and not an internal representation or a formal
analogy of behavior), the efficient cause would be considered as an agent (and
not only an originator event), and the final cause would be the teleological
function of the behavior.
 Material cause:- In every change there is, a new purpose. Before undergoing
the change, it is in power to produce a new result; then under the action of
an efficient source it receives a new actualization.
 Formal cause:- Form is the value of purpose which accounts for the thing
being the kind of thing it is. Form is the principle of actuality, of the thing
being the sort of thing it is.

13.  Efficient cause:- The efficient cause of a behavior may also be internal to the
thing. The efficient cause of the behavior is the natural form of the thing that
changes. Behavioral changes with the age can be an efficient cause.
 Final cause:- The final cause, according to Aristotle is that for the sake of
which behavior happens. It is the end or purpose for which the behavior
takes place.

14. Human behavior is motivated.
 Motivation directs behavior toward particular goals.
 Many psychologists believe that human beings are focused by nature. That is,
people set goals for themselves and initiate courses of action they think will
help them achieve those goals.
 Motivation increases effort and persistence in activities.
Motivation increases the amount of effort and energy that learners expend in
activities directly related to their needs and goals
 Motivation affects cognitive processes.
Motivation affects what and how learners mentally process information.

15.  Motivation determines what consequences are reinforcing and punishing.
The more motivated a person is the more proud he will be when accepted by the
society and respected by other people. They will be more upset by disapproval.
 Motivation often leads to improved performance
Because of the other effects just listed—goal-directed behavior, effort and
energy, persistence, cognitive processing, and impact of consequences—
motivation often leads to improved performance

16. Thank you