Lung cancer is a cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke.
Two major types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Causes of lung cancer include smoking, second-hand smoke, exposure to certain toxins and family history.
2. Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of
cancer. There is a strong link between smoking and
lung cancer. World-wide over 1 million people are
diagnosed with lung cancer each year.
Tobacco use accounts for 87% of lung cancer.
Lung cancer affect primarily in 5 or 6th decade of life.
In 70% of lung cancer patient, disease has spread to
distant organs.
3. Definition
It is a malignant lung tumor characterized
by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of
the lung.
4. UNITED STATES:-
In 2020,there were 235760 diagosed with lungs cancer and 131880 deaths
INDIA:-
In 2018,there were 1.16 million diagosed with lungs cancer and 784821 deaths
5.
6. Causes
Tobacco
Smoking
Passive smoking
Radon gas
Air pollution
Inheridity
Exposure of radiation
Exposure of Chemicals
7. Localized Signs and Symptoms
Cough
Breathing Problems, SOB, stridor
Change in phlegm
Lung infection, hemoptysis
Hoarseness, Hiccups
Weight loss
Chest Pain and tightness
eural Effusion
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Fatigue
8. Generalized Signs and Symptoms
Bone pain
Headaches, mental status changes or
neurologicfindings
Abdominal pain, elevated liver function tests,
enlarged liver, gastrointestinal disturbances
(anorexia, cachexia), jaundice, hepatomegaly r/t
liver involvement
Weight loss
9. Stage 1. Tumor is small and localised to lung, no lymphnode
involvement
*A-Tumor <3 cm
*B-Tumor >3 cm and invading surrounding local area
Stage 2.
A-Tumor <3cm with invasion of lymph nodes.
Tumor >3 cm involving the bronchus and lymph
nodes.
on the same side of chest and tissue of local
organs.
10. Stage 3.
A. Tumor spread to the nearby structure and regional lymph nodes
B. Tumor involving heart, trachea, esophagus,mediastinum and lymph nodes.
Stage 4- distant metastasis
12. Blood Tests
*CBC- to check red/white blood cell & platelets -to check bone marrow and
organ function
*Blood Chemistry Test- to assess how organ functioning such as liver and kidney
Biopsy-to determine if the tumor is cancer or not
-to determine the type of cancer
-to determine the grade of cancer (slow or fast)
13. Medical Management
The three main cancer treatments are:
Other types of treatment that are used to treat certain
cancers are hormonal therapy, biological therapy or stem
cell transplant.
1. Surgery (lung resections)
2. Radiation therapy
3. Chemotherapy
14. Surgical treatmant
Lobectomy: a single lobe of lung is removed
Bilobectomy: 2 lobes of the lung are removed (only on R
side)
Sleeve resection: cancerous lobe is removed and
segment of the main bronchus is resected
Pneumonectomy : removal of entire lung
Segmentectomy: a segment of the lung is removed
Wedge resection: removal of a small, pie-shaped area
ofthe segment
Chest wall resection with removal of cancerous
lungtissue: for cancers that have invaded the chest wall
15. Radiation treatment
Useful in controlling the neoplasm that can not be
surgically removed.
Used to reduce the size of the tumor
May help to remove the symptoms like cough, chest pain,
dyspnea and hemoptysis etc.
16. Chemotherapy
•Two drug regimen .
• Cisplatin / Etoposide
Is used to alter tumor growth and to treat the patient with
Metastasis.
• Non small cell:
•Cis/Carbo platin + 1 other
(Taxol/Taxotere/Gemcitabine)
•Small cell:
17. Prevention: Primary
Avoid the use of tobacco smoke
Know environmental carcinogens that increase risk
Chemoprevention:
Consuming Vit. A, Vit E,, Vit C.
18. Prevention: Secondary
Aim is to early diagnose high risk populations via screening
Chest X-Ray, MRI, CT scans, sputum cytology
19. Prevention: Tertiary
Targeted at people who survived a cancer disease
Assists them to retain an optimal level of functioning
regardless of their potential debilitating disease
