anthrax disease ,its types ,complications and treatment

1. Anthrax
CHN ii presentation
PRESENTED BY;
NOMAN ASMAT
MAAZ RAHAT
HUSSAIN ALI
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2. Contents /objetives
 Introduction
 Causes
 Risk factors
 Types
 Incidence
 Diagnosis
 Complications
 Transmission
 Treatment
 Prevention
 Pharmacological management
 Nursing managment
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3. Introduction
 Anthrax is a severe infectious disease caused by
the bacterium Bacillus anthraxis.
 anthrax spores can affect the upper
gastrointestinal tract (throat and esophagus),
stomach, and intestines, causing a wide variety
of symptoms.
 Without treatment, more than half of patients
with gastrointestinal anthrax die.
 However, with proper treatment, 60% of patients
survive
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4. Cause
 Anthrax is caused by the spore-forming
bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
 These spores can survive in the
environment for long periods, particularly
in soil and animal products.
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5. Risk factors
people at higher risk of being infected with anthrax
include:
 veterinarians
 laboratory professionals dealing the bacteria
 health care workers
 livestock producers
 people who handle animal products
 mail handlers, military personnel, and response
workers, in case of bioterrorism
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6. Cont...
 people who make or play animal hide drums
 travelers, particularly to the follow areas:
 central and south america
 sub-saharan africa
 central and southwestern asia
 southern and eastern europe
 the caribbean
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7. Types
 Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form and
typically occurs when spores come into contact
with a break in the skin.
 Sign and symptoms.
 It initially presents as a small, painless sore that
develops into a blister and eventually forms a
black, necrotic ulcer surrounded by swelling.
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9. Inhalational anthrax
 occurs when spores are inhaled into the lungs.
Signs and symptoms
 Symptoms initially resemble a common cold,
including fever, mild cough, and muscle aches. As
the disease progresses, it leads to severe
breathing difficulties, chest discomfort, and
shock.
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11. Gastrointestinal anthrax
 results from consuming contaminated meat.
Signs and symptoms
 It causes severe abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and fever.
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13. Incidence
 In October 2001, 22 confirmed or suspected cases
of anthrax infection were identified.
 Cases were reported from Florida, New York, New
Jersey, the District of Columbia, and Connecticut.
 There were 11 confirmed cases of inhalational
anthrax (5 deaths) and 7 confirmed and 4
suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax (no deaths).
 Anthrax is uncommon in Western Europe, but the
disease is not uncommon in the Middle East, the
Indian subcontinent, Africa, Asia, and Latin
America.
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14. Diagnosis 14

15. Complications
 sepsis
 meningitis
 intestinalperforations
 ulceration and necrosis of skini
 respiratory distress
 hemoragic mediastinitis
 intestiinal bleeding
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16. Transmission
 Anthrax primarily affects animals, particularly
herbivores.
 Humans can become infected through direct
contact with infected animals, their products, or
contaminated environments.
 In rare cases, anthrax can spread from person to
person, but this is not a common mode of
transmission.
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17. Treatment
 Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for
managing anthrax.
 Treatment typically involves aggressive antibiotic
therapy, such as a combination of intravenous antibiotics
like ciprofloxacin and one or two additional antibiotics
like clindamycin, doxycycline, or meropenem.
 Supportive care, including mechanical ventilation and
other intensive care measures, may be necessary
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18. Prevention
 Preventing anthrax involves several key measures:
Vaccination: An anthrax vaccine is available for individuals
at high risk, such as military personnel, laboratory workers,
and livestock handlers.
 Hygiene practices: Proper hand hygiene, especially after
contact with animals or animal products, is essential.
Thorough cooking of meat is also crucial to kill the
bacteria.
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19.  Personal protective equipment (PPE): Individuals
at risk of exposure to anthrax, such as animal
handlers, should wear appropriate PPE, including
gloves, masks, and protective clothing.
 Surveillance and control measures: Regular
monitoring of livestock, particularly in areas
where anthrax is endemic, can help detect
outbreaks early and implement necessary control
measures, such as quarantine and disinfection.
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20.  In conclusion, anthrax is a severe infectious
disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus
anthraces.
 It can manifest as cutaneous, inhalational, or
gastrointestinal anthrax, with varying signs and
symptoms.
 Anthrax is primarily transmitted through contact
with infected animals or contaminated
environments.
 Prompt treatment with antibiotics and antitoxins
is crucial for managing the disease. Vaccination,
hygiene practices, PPE use, and surveillance are
key preventive measures to control
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21. Pharmacologic Management
 Other antibiotics.
 Corticosteroids.
 Other antidotes. A monoclonal antibody (raxibacumab) and human anthrax
immune globulin have been approved by the FDA using the animal
efficacy rule for inhalational anthrax.
 Vaccines. The FDA approved a standard anthrax vaccine designated
“anthrax vaccine adsorbed” (AVA), which is a sterile filtrate of cultures of an
avirulent strain that elaborates protective antigen; no human controlled
trials are available; it is the first vaccine approved utilizing the animal rule
by the FDA
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22. Nursing management
Nursing Assessment
 Nursing assessment for a patient with anthrax include:
History.
 Anthrax is primarily zoonotic; no reports of direct human-
to-human transmission exist in the literature, but
laboratory personnel may contract the disease from
specimens;
 military personnel and civilians may become exposed in
biologic warfare situations; exposure may be through
agriculture or industry.
Physical assessment.
 Physical findings are nonspecific; the incubation period
for all clinical manifestations is 1-6 days following
exposure; the prodrome includes fever, malaise, and
adenopathy.
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23.  Nursing diagnosis
 Based on the assessment data, the major nursing
diagnosis for anthrax are:
 Ineffective airway clearance related to
obstruction of the airway.
 Ineffective breathing pattern related to a
decrease in lung expansion.
 Impaired swallowing related to mechanical
obstruction (oropharyngeal edema).
 Diarrhea related to increased motility of the GI.
 Impaired tissue integrity related to irritant toxin
anthrax bacteria.
 Hyperthermia related to an increase in metabolic
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24. Nursing Care Planning and Goals
 The major nursing care planning goals for a patient with anthrax include:
 Improve patency of airway.
 Improve breathing pattern.
 Improve swallowing.
 Eliminate diarrhea.
 Improve tissue integrity.
 Improve temperature to normal range
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25. Nursing Interventions
 Improve airway patency
 Improve breathing pattern.
 Improve swallowing.
 Eliminate diarrhea
 Diminish hyperthermia.
 Improve tissue integrity.
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26. Evaluation
 Nursing goals are met for a patient with anthrax as evidenced by:
 Improved patency of airway.
 Improved breathing pattern.
 Improved swallowing.
 Elimination of diarrhea.
 Improved tissue integrity.
 Improved temperature to normal range.
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27. References
 Sources and references for this Anthrax study guide include:
 • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, Jan 31). Anthrax.
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/
 • Cennimo, D.J.(2018, Sept 13). Anthrax. Retrieved from
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview
 https://nurseslabs.com/anthrax
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/symptoms-
causes/syc-20356203
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