5. 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 Year 4.5 3.0 1.5 0 Population (billions) Developing Countries Developed Countries Projections
6.
7. Boston Springfield Hartford Providence Newark Allentown Harrisburg New York Philadelphia Baltimore Washington Detroit Cleveland Pittsburgh Toledo Akron Chicago Chipitts (Chicago to Pittsburgh) Bowash (Boston to Washington)
11. Urban Resource and Environmental Problems Air and water pollution; waste management Reduction in vegetation Importation of food, energy, and materials Noise pollution Climate impacts: urban heat islands Impacts on surrounding rural areas
12. Inputs Outputs Energy Food Water Raw materials Manufactured goods Money Information Solid wastes Waste heat Air pollutants Water pollutants Greenhouse gases Manufactured goods Noise Wealth Ideas
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14. Transportation and Urban Development Individual transit Mass transit Buses Trains Automobiles Advantages Disadvantages More flexible than rail system Can be rerouted as needed Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail system Can greatly reduce car use and pollution Can lose money because they need low fares to attract riders Often get caught in traffic unless operating in express lanes Commit riders to transportation schedules Noisy Buses Trade-Offs Advantages Disadvantages
15. Urban Land-Use Planning and Control Land-use planning Property taxes Zoning Smart growth Urban growth boundary Cluster development Greenbelts