Computer Fundamental

Unit 1. Fundamentals Of
Computers
By Shradha Kabra
Assistant Professor,
RCPET’s Institute of Management Research and
Devlopment, Shirpur (Maharashtra)

INTRODUCTION:
 Computer
 A computer is a programmable machine that receives
input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output
in a useful format.
 Accepts input, processes data, stores data, and
produces output
 Input refers to whatever is sent to a Computer system
 Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects,
and ideas
 Processing is the way that a computer manipulates
data
 A computer processes data in a device called the
central processing unit (CPU)

Computer
 Computer can input "Data"
 Computer can process "Data"
 Computer can store "Data"
 Computer can retrieve "Data"
Finally...
Computer can be term as "Data Processor"

MAIN
MEMORY
SECONDARY
MEMORY
MEMORY

INPUT UNIT
 Computer receives data and instructions through
the Input Unit.
 The input unit consists of one or more input
devices.
 Input devices include:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Scanner

FUNCTIONS OF INPUT UNIT
 Accept the data and instructions from the outside
world.
 Convert it to a form that the computer can
understand.
 Supply the converted data to the computer system
for further processing.

OUTPUT UNIT
 Computer provides information and results of
computation to the outside world through the
Output Unit.
 The output unit consists of one or more output
devices.
 Output devices include:
 Monitor
 Printer

FUNCTIONS OF OUTPUT UNIT
 Accept the results produced by the computer.
(These are in a coded form.)
 Convert it to a form that the outside world can
understand. (OR, Converts it into human readable
form.)
 Supply the converted results to the outside world.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
CPU
 It is the brain of the computer.
 The ALU and the Control Unit (CU) of a
computer system are jointly known as the
central processing unit.
 CPU performs actual processing of data,
according to instructions from programs.

3 MAIN PARTS OF CPU
 CONTROL UNIT (CU)
 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
 REGISTERS
 ( Registers are small high speed storage areas. )
Block Diagram

FUNCTIONS OF CPU
 It performs all calculations.
 It takes all decisions.
 It controls all units of the computer.

CONTROL UNIT
 It controls all other units in the computer.
 It is the central nervous system of the
computer that controls and synchronizes its
working.

FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL UNIT
 It instructs the input unit, where to store the data after
receiving it from the user.
 It controls the flow of data and instructions from the
storage unit to ALU.
 It also controls the flow of results from the ALU to the
storage unit.
 The control unit determines the sequence in which
computer programs and instructions are executed.
 The control unit is also capable of shutting down the
computer when the power supply detects abnormal
conditions.

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
 All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) of the computer.
 Whenever calculations are required, the control unit
transfers the data from memory to ALU. Once the
computations are done, the results are transferred to the
memory by the control unit and then it is send to the output
unit for displaying results.

FUNCTIONS OF ALU
 It performs all arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division).
 It performs all logic operations (Logic operations
test various conditions encountered during
processing and allow for different actions to be
taken based on the results. )
 It does comparison and takes decision.

STORAGE UNIT
 The storage unit of the computer holds data and
instructions that are entered through the input unit,
before they are processed.

Storage devices are divided into two
categories:
 or Primary memory
or Main memory
 or Secondary
memory

FUNCTIONS OF STORAGE UNIT
 It received the data and instructions required for
processing from the input unit.
 It stores the intermediate results.
 It stores the final results before these results are
released to the output unit.
 It saves data for later use.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 As early as the seventeenth century, mathematicians
were trying to create a machine that could perform
basic mathematical functions such as, addition,
subtraction, division and multiplication.
 1804 British inventor, Charles Babbage, designed an
all-purpose problem-solving machine, the difference
engine, which had a mechanical memory to store the
results of calculations.

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
Based on the characteristics of various computers developed from time
to time, they are categorized as generation of computers.
Generation
of
Computers
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1951 to 1959 Technology : Vacuum Tubes
Size : Very Large System Processing : Very Slow
Characterized By:-
Magnetic Drums
• Magnetic Tapes
• Difficult to program
• Used machine
language & assembly
language
First Generation Computers

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1959 to 1963 Technology : Transistors
Size : Smaller Processing : Faster
Characterized By:-
• Magnetic Cores
• Magnetic Disk
• Used high level language
• Easier to program
Second Generation Computers

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1963 to 1975
Technology : ICs (Integrated Circuits)
Incorporated many transistors & electronic
circuits on a single chip
Size : Small as compared to 2nd generation computers
Processing : Faster then 2nd generation computers
Characterized by:-
• Minicomputers accessible by
multiple users from remote
terminals.
IC (Integrated Circuit)

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1975 to Today
Technology : VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
Incorporated many millions of transistors &
electronic circuits on a single chip
Size : Small as compared to first generation computer
Processing : Faster then first generation computer
Characterized by:
The personal computer and user
friendly micro-programs, very fast
processor chip high level
language, OOP (Object Oriented
Programming)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : Future Technology
Technology : AI (Artificial Intelligence)
Fifth Generation Computer
AI (Artificial Intelligence)

TYPES OF COMPUTER
Type of
computer
Digital
computer
Micro
Computer
Home PC
Main frame
Computer
Super
Computer
Mini
Computer
Analog
computer
Hybrid
Computer

ANALOG COMPUTER
Analog computer measures and answer the
questions by the method of “HOW MUCH”. The
input data is not a number infect a physical quantity
like tem, pressure, speed, velocity.
 Signals are continuous of (0 to 10 V)
 Accuracy 1% Approximately
 High speed
 Output is continuous
 Time is wasted in transmission time

DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Digital computer counts and answer the
questions by the method of “HOW Many”.
The input data is represented by a number.
These are used for the logical and
arithmetic operations.
 Signals are two level of (0 V or 5 V)
 Accuracy unlimited
 low speed sequential as well as parallel
processing
 Output is continuous but obtain when
computation is completed.

MICRO COMPUTER
Micro computer are the smallest computer system.
There size range from calculator to desktop size. Its
CPU is microprocessor. It also known as Grand
child Computer.
 Application : - personal computer, Multi user
system, offices.

MINI COMPUTER
These are also small general purpose system. They
are generally more powerful and most useful as
compared to micro computer. Mini computer are
also known as mid range computer or Child
computer.
 Application :- Departmental systems, Network
Servers, work group system.

MAIN FRAME COMPUTER
Mainframe computers are those computers that offer
faster processing and grater storage area. The
word “main frame” comes from the metal frames. It
is also known as Father computer.
 Application – Host computer, Central data base
server.

SUPER COMPUTER
 Super computer are those computer which
are designed for scientific job like whether
forecasting and artificial intelligence etc.
They are fastest and expensive. A super
computer contains a number of CPU which
operate in parallel to make it faster. It also
known as grand father computer.
 Application – whether forecasting, weapons
research and development.

HYBRID COMPUTER
The combination of features of analog and digital
computer is called Digital computer. The main
example are central national defense and
passenger flight radar system. They are also used
to control robots.

CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL COMPUTER
 Desktop
 Workstation
 Notebook
 Tablet PC
 Handheld computer
 Smart Phone

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Diligence
4. Versatility
5. Power of remembering
6. No I.Q
7. No Feelings

...CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER...
SPEED...
 Fast device
 Work done as enormous speed as compare
to human beings
 Speed of Computer is measured in term
microseconds, nanoseconds, and ever
picoseconds

ACCURACY...
 Work with the highest Accuracy
 Accuracy depends upon the
"Design of Computer"
 Human Errors are like wrong
command, inaccurate data
input etc

DILIGENCE...
 Free from "monotony"
 Free from "Tiredness"
 Free from Lack of
"Consentration"

VERSATILITY...
 Can perform all kind of job
simultaneously
 Can do diverse nature of works
like calculations,graphics
work,searching etc at the same
time

POWER OF REMEMBERING...
 Unlike human being Computer can store huge amount of data
 Doesn't differentiate "Important" & "Not Important"
 Loss or Deletion of data is done by User

NO IQ...
 Not a thinking machine
 Not Intelligent
 Never does a task as it own
 Follow human Instuctions

NO FEELING...
 Follow Human Instructions
 Never decides at its own will
 No taste
 No emotions
 No knowledge

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
 Education
 Business
 Communication
 Engineering
 Entertainment
 Banking
 Health
 Government
 Etc…

EDUCATION
 Computers are used in
schools for teaching
 Computers are used for
mathematical
calculation
 Students can do their
work by using
computer

BANK
 Computers are used in
banks for storing
information about different
account holders.
 Computers help in keeping
a record of the cash.
 Computers help in giving
all kinds of information
regarding any account in
the bank

COMPUTER IN BUSINESS
 Accounting
 Customer Interaction
 Scheduling
 Communication
 Web site and Many More…….

ENTERTAINMENT
playing games,
listening to music and
watching movies.
making cartoon movies
and animation films.
making drawings.

RAILWAY STATIONS AND AIRPORTS
information about ticket
reservations and bookings.
information about the arrival
and departure timings of
trains and aeroplanes.
 Computers help in keeping
records of all the passengers.

OFFICE
 Computers are used
to type and print
documents, letters,
etc.
 Computers help in
keeping records of
office employees.
sending e-mails

HOSPITALS
keeping records of all
the patients in a
hospital.
 Computers help
doctors in controlling
operation theatre
machines.
doing a number of
medical tests.

They are used for doctors orders, charting notes,
documenting vital signs, So Many use……….

DEFENCE
launching of missiles in
defense.
keeping records of
criminals.
constructing weapons and
controlling their functions.
establishing
communication links
between the soldiers and
their commanders
through satellites.

DESIGNING
designing magazines,
newspapers, books,
advertisment, etc.
designing buildings,
houses, etc.

HARDWARE
 Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements that constitute a computer system.
 Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as monitor,
keyboard, Computer data storage, hard drive disk,
mouse, CPU (graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard and chips), etc.
 All of which are physical objects that you can
actually touch. In contrast, software is untouchable

SOFTWARE
 Computer software, or just software, is any set of
machine-readable instructions (most often in the
form of a computer program) that directs a
computer's processor to perform specific
operations.
 The term is used to contrast with computer
hardware, the physical objects (processor and
related devices) that carry out the instructions

COMPILER
 A compiler is a program that reads a program
written in one language –– the source language ––
and translates it into an equivalent program in
another language –– the target language

INTERPRETER
 In computer science, an interpreter is a computer
program that directly executes, i.e. performs,
instructions written in a programming or scripting
language, without previously compiling them into a
machine language program
 It Translate the code Line by line

QUESTIONS
 Explain History and Generation of Computer
 What is Computer? Write down the generation of
computer.
 Explain the major components of Digital Computer.
 Explain the block Diagram of Computer.
 Enlist Types of Computer. Explain any two.
 Explain Analog and Digital computer.
 Write down the Characteristics of Computer .
 Write down the Applications of Computer.
 Define
 Hardware
 Software
 Interpreter
 Compiler

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