Presentation By Students Of Delhi Technical campus. Topic Covered flooring, its purpose, Terrazzo flooring, PCC flooring

1. TERRAZZO FLOORING
AND PCC FLOORING
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – 3RD
1
GROUP MEMBERS – Anurag, Harshit,
Jasmeen, Kritika, Nikunj, Riya,
Shubham, Tanya

2. CONTENTS
 Purpose Of Flooring.
 Terrazzo Flooring.
 Materials
 Procedure
 Workmanship
 Polishing
 Curing Of Terrazzo Flooring.
 Finishing
 Advantages Of Terrazzo Flooring.
 Disadvantages Of Terrazzo Flooring.
 Common Types Of Terrazzo Flooring.
 Sub Floor layer of PCC in Terrazzo Flooring.
 PCC Flooring.
 Materials
 Curing & Laying
 Dos & Don’t
 Advantages Of PCC
2
-SHUBHAM

3. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
FLOORING?
 Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a
floor.
 Floor covering is a term generically describe any finish
material applied over a structure to provide a walking and
working surface.
 The purpose of a floor is to provide a level surface capable of
supporting the occupants of a building, furniture, equipment
and sometimes internal partitions.
 The floor under the flooring is called subfloor which provides
the support. There are different special purpose subfloors
such as floating floors, raised floor or sprung, may be laid
upon another underling subfloor which provides the structural
strength.
3
-SHUBHAM

4. TERRAZZO FLOORING
 Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast,
which is used for floor and wall treatments.
 It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass or other
suitable material, poured with a cementitious binder.
 Terrazzo is a concrete surface with special aggregates of
marble chips(or other decorative materials) mixed with white
or colored cement in proportion of 3:1 (three marble chips:
one cement).
4
-SHUBHAM

5. FLOORING MATERIALS
 TERRAZZO FLOORING consists of chips of marble, quartz,
granite, glass, or other suitable material, poured with a
cementitious binder (for chemical binding), polymeric (for
physical binding), or a combination of both.
MARBLE QUARTZ GLASS
5
-SHUBHAM

6. FLOORING MATERIALS
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GRANITE CEMENT BINDER
 The choice of materials for floor covering is affected by
factors such as COST, ENDURANCE, NOISE INSULATION,
COMFORT & CLEANING EFFORT.
 TERRAZZO FLOORING is poured with a cementitious binder
(for chemical binding) or polymeric binder(for physical
binding) or a combination of both.
-SHUBHAM

7. PROCEDURE
 The flooring may be laid in different thicknesses. 40mm thick
flooring will consist of a 6-8 mm thick layer of terrazzo
topping and 34-40 mm thick under layer of cement concrete.
 Prior to laying flooring, the whole area is divided into suitable
panels by use of dividing strip (made from copper, brass,
aluminium or glass) , in order to reduce the risk of cracking,
the area of a panel shall not exceed 2sq m.
7
-TANYA

8. 8
-TANYA

9. PROCEDURE
 The concrete under layer is then spread, consolidated,
leveled and finished to a slightly rough surface.
 When the under layer has harden sufficiently, already
prepared plastic terrazzo mixture is laid and compacted
thoroughly by tamping or rolling.
 After tamping or rolling, the surface is floated and troweled
and left to dry out for 12 to 18 hours.
 After this period the surface is cured under standing water for
2 days.
9
-TANYA

10. WORKMANSHIP
 The cement and marble powder shall be mixed in the
proportion of three parts of cement to one part marble
powder by weight.
 For every part of cement marble powder mix, the proportion
of aggregate by volume shall be according to table:
Grade No Size of
Aggregates
(mm)
Proportion
of
Aggregates
: Binder Mix
Min.
thickness of
top layer
0 1-4 1.75 : 1 6-9
1 4-7 1.25:1 9
2 7-10 1.5:1 12
10
- ANURAG

11. WORKMANSHIP
 Where the aggregate of size larger than 10mm are used then
the min. thickness of topping shall not be less than 1-1/2
times the max. size of chips.
 Where large size chips such as 20mm or 25mm are used,
they shall be used only with flat shape and bedded on the flat
face so as to keep the min. thickness of wearing layer.
 The cement to be used shall be ordinary grey cement, white
cement, coloured cement with add mixture of colouring
matter of approved quality.
11
- ANURAG

12. WORKMANSHIP
 Colouring materials where specified shall be mixed dry
thoroughly with the cement and marble powder and then
marble chips added and mixed.
 This mixture shall be stored in a dry place and well covered
and protected from moisture.
 The dry mortar shall be mixed with water in the usual way as
and when required.
 The mixed mortar shall be homogeneous and stiff and to
contain just sufficient water to make it workable.
 The terrazzo topping shall be laid while the under layer is still
plastic, but has hardened sufficiently to prevent cement from
rising to the surface. This is normally achieved between 18 to
24 hrs. after the under layer has been laid.
12
- ANURAG

13. WORKMANSHIP
 A cement slurry preferably of the same colour as the topping
shall be brushed on the surface immediately before laying is
commenced.
 It shall be laid to a uniform thickness slightly more than that
specified in order to get the specified finished thickness after
rubbing.
 The surface of the top layer shall be trowelled over, pressed
and brought true to required level by a straight edge and
steel floats in such a manner that the max. amount of marble
chips come up and are spread uniformly over the surface.
13
- ANURAG

14. RUBBING & CURING
 The surface shall be allowed to cure for 5 to 7 days and then
rubbed with machine fitted with fine grit blocks.
 The surface is again cured for 3 to 5 days after cleaning and
repairing.
 Curing shall be done by suitable means such as laying moist
sawdust or ponding water.
14
- NIKUNJ

15. POLISHING & GRINDING
 Polishing shall be done by machine. About 36 hrs after laying
the top layer, the surface shall be watered and ground evenly
with machine, fitted with special rapid cutting grit blocks,
(carborundum stone) of coarse grit till the marble chips are
evenly exposed and the floor is smooth.
15
- NIKUNJ

16. POLISHING & GRINDING
 After the first grinding, the surface shall be thoroughly
washed to remove all grinding mud and covered with the
grout of cement and colouring matter in the same mix and
proportion as the topping in order to any pin holes that
appear.
 Where machine polishing is not possible it shall be done by
hand.
16
- NIKUNJ

17. FINISHING
 Finally the third grinding shall be done with machine fitted
with fine grade grit blocks(no.320), to get even and smooth
surface.
 After the final polish oxalic acid shall be dusted over the
surface @ 33 grams per sq. meter sprinkled with water and
rubbed hard with nemdah block(pad of woollen rags).
 The following day, the floor shall be wiped with a moist rag
and dried with a soft cloth and finished clean.
17
- NIKUNJ

18. ADVANTAGES OF TERRAZZO
FLOORING
 DURABLE; and should last a lifetime, if maintained properly.
 WATER RESISTANT; due to its low moisture absorbency
and hydrophobic nature (non affinity for water).
 DENSE; and if sealed well, is impermeable to water.
 EASY TO MAINTAIN; just have to sweep the floor often to
remove the dust that can act as an abrasive.
 APPEARANCE; Terrazzo provides an elegant look to a room
if done well. It almost looks like Granite.
 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY; Terrazzo flooring doesn’t harm
the environment as it is constructed out of natural materials
including sand, marble, and other types of stone. You can
even recycle this type of floor.
18
- KRITIKA

19. DISADVANTAGES OF
TERRAZZO FLOORING
 PROFESSIONAL INSTALLATION; Terrazzo flooring can be
installed only by a professional because it is made, poured and
cured at the point of installation.
 RELATIVELY EXPENSIVE; Because of the specialised
installation, the upfront cost is considerably higher than resilient
flooring.
 MAINTENANCE; Terrazzo requires heavy polishing at the time
of laying and periodic polishing to retain the shine.
 SLIPPERY, GOOD CONDUCTOR OF HEAT, STAINS are other
minor disadvantages.
19
- KRITIKA

20. COMMON TYPES OF TERRAZZO
FLOORING
 Terrazzo flooring is versatile, durable and plus it has different
types, depending on the materials and methods used. These
are the most commonly used terrazzo flooring.
EPOXY TERRAZZO CEMENT TERRAZZO
Currently one of the most popular types of
terrazzo, with the lowest maintenance. One
setback of epoxy terrazzo is that is not
advisable for exteriors use as it is unable to
withstand the harsher weather conditions.
This type of terrazzo is particularly preferred for
areas with high foot traffic like malls, airport
terminals etc.
20
- KRITIKA

21. RUSTIC TERRAZZO SAND CUSHION
TERRAZZO
Much like epoxy terrazzo
only more suitable for
exterior use because of its
smooth and marble like
surface with a rough
surface added as a means
to increase slip resistance.
The most prominent
characteristics of this type of
terrazzo is its basic construction.
When used as flooring, it is made
up of different layers of materials
such as wires meshes or
reinforcing, isolation sheets and
layers of sand.
21
- KRITIKA

22. SUB FLOOR LAYER OF PCC IN
TERRAZZO FLOORING
 Typically the sub-floor is concrete due to its stability;
however, plywood floors may also be used if they are
properly installed.
 The term PCC stands for plain cement concrete. The mixture
of cement, fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate are
generally called plain cement concrete (PCC).
22
- JASMEEN

23. THIN-SET TERRAZZO
 Thin-set Terrazzo Composition (from bottom): Sub-floor
(typically concrete or plywood) -- 1/4" or 3/8" terrazzo finish
 Sand Cushion Terrazzo Composition (from
bottom): Plywood or concrete sub-floor -- Thin layer of sand
-- Isolation sheet -- Sand-cement underbed with mesh
reinforcement -- 1/2" terrazzo finish.
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SAND CUSHION TERRAZZO
- JASMEEN

24. MONOLITHIC TERRAZZO
 Monolithic Terrazzo is a 1/2" thick cementitious finish
applied directly over a concrete sub-floor. When the sub-floor
is very smooth a bonding agent is required so the terrazzo
finish properly adheres to the concrete.
 The flatness and general quality of the concrete sub-floor is
critical in preventing the terrazzo from cracking.
 Monolithic terrazzo is generally recommended for slab-on-
grade applications because typical above grade floors are
prone to deflecting, which causes cracks in the terrazzo
finish.
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- JASMEEN

25. BONDED TERRAZZO
 Bonded Terrazzo Composition (from bottom): Rough-
finished concrete slab -- Mortar underbed -- 1/2" terrazzo
finish.
 Bonded Terrazzo is a 1/2" thick cementitious finish applied
over a sand-cement mortar underbed, which sits on a
finished concrete slab. The advantage of a bonded terrazzo
system over a monolithic system is that the sand-cement
underbed easily accommodates variations in the concrete
slab; therefore, the quality of the slab is not as critical.
25
- JASMEEN

26. PCC FLOORING
 Plain cement concrete is the mixture of cement, fine
aggregate(sand) and coarse aggregate without steel.
 PCC is an important component of a building which is laid on
the soil surface to avoid direct contact of reinforcement of
concrete with soil and water.
26
- HARSHIT

27. MATERIALS USED IN PLAIN
CONCRETE CEMENT
The general specifications of materials used in PCC are –
 1. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate used in the PCC must be of hard broken
stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other
foreign matter. The stone ballast shall be 20 mm in size and
smaller.
 2. Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard,
sharp and angular grains and shall pass through a screen of 5
mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications,
clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matter.
27
- HARSHIT

28.  3. Cement
Portland Pozzolana cement (P.P.C) is normally used for plain
cement concrete.
 4. Water
Water used shall be clean and reasonably free from injurious
quantities of deleterious materials such as oils, acids, alkalis,
salts and vegetable growth. Generally, potable water shall be
used having a pH value not less than 6.
28
- HARSHIT

29. LAYING OF PCC
 The PCC is laid in the layers of not more than 150mm thick
and
thoroughly vibrated by the means of mechanical vibrators till
a dense concrete is obtained.
 Wherever needed, hand compaction shall be done with the
help of wooden tamping rods so that concrete is thoroughly
compacted and completely walked into the corners of the
formwork.
 Compaction shall be completed before the initial setting
starts that is within thirty minutes of addition of water to the
dry mixture
29
- HARSHIT

30. CURING OF PLAIN CONCRETE
CEMENT
 Freshly laid concrete shall be protected from rain by suitable
covering.
 After the concrete has begun to harden- that is about one to
two hours after it has been laid- it shall be protected with
moist gunny bags, sand or any other materials against quick
drying.
 After 24 hours of laying of concrete, the surface shall be
cured by flooding with water of about 25mm depth or by
covering with weight absorbent materials.
 Curing shall be done for a minimum period of 14 days.
30
- RIYA

31. DO’S AND DON’T OF PCC
WORKS
DOS
 PCC shuttering should be of the exact size and thickness
 Water should be mixed with a bucket, in a measured quantity,
as per w/c (water/ cement) ratio.
 Use the chute or additional labour to pour the concrete where
the depth is more.
 Remove any loose material from the sides of the pit, so that
no soil or other material will collapse in the pit during
concreting.
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- RIYA

32. DON’T
Do not pour concrete without levelling and
compacting.
Do not mix the materials on bare land.
Do not pour concrete in the pit from a
height of more than 1.5 m.
Do not allow the PCC without formwork.
Do not allow extra cement mortar on top of
PCC. for smooth finishing.
32
- RIYA

33. ADVANTAGES OF LAYING PLAIN
CONCRETE CEMENT
 Required cover to bottom reinforcement is ensured, as cover
blocks rest on a firm PCC.
 The effective depth of RCC members is achieved as the
formworks can be easily, uniformly and sturdily fixed,
resulting in better dimension accuracy of foundation RCC
member.
 Reinforcement steel bars placed on PCC, are never in touch
with the ground soil, which may be chemically active and
may lead to steel corrosion in the immediate future.
 Ease in the placement of steel cages and increased
productivity.
33
- RIYA

34. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 WIKIPEDIA
 ARCHINOMY.COM
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THANKS