PETROLEUM HYDRATION WITH ALUM DEHYDRATION

International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015 54
ISSN 2278-7763
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub. IJOART
PETROLEUM HYDRATION WITH ALUM DEHYDRATION
KEROSENE WITH ALUM – GC & IR TESTS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Ammineni Shyam Sundar, B.B.M, P.G.D.B.A,
Junior Assistant (Outsourcing),
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Ananthapuramu.
Email: shyamammineni@gmail.com, a_shyamsundhar@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
To control pollution and for maximizing the calorific value of commercial
Kerosene, Potassium alum is used in this experiment. The samples prepared like
5grams in 250ml, 10grams in 250ml, and 15grams in 250ml of powder potassium
alum in commercial Kerosene from 3 to 4 hours time with in room temperature
35-400
C. The Gas Chromatography experiments with Bruker GC430 and IR
experiments with Bruker Alpha are done. The 250ml GC report of Original
commercial Kerosene indicates one component, with 5grams of Potassium alum
71 components, with 10grams of Potassium alum 64 components, with 15grams
of Potassium alum 83 components. May be this Kerosene is forth coming fuel to
satellite rockets. Results followed.
INDTRODUCTION
Petroleum products (gasoline, diesel fuels, motor oils, greases etc.) are one
of the main sources of environmental pollution these days. Progressive
industrialization and development of automotive industry are undeniably related
to an increasing demand for such hazardous substances. This, in turn, leads to an
increase in of the potential risks associated with the aforementioned negative
impacts of those petroleum substances on the environment and living organism.
To overcome all these purification with minimum effort and more mileage with
environment friendly, potassium alum is going to be used in Petroleum.
MATERIALS
1. POTASSIUM ALUM – KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O)
2. KEROSENE
1. Potassium alum - Alum is a generic term that describes hydrated double
salts. Hydrates are salts that crystallize from a water solution and contain
weakly bound water molecules. A hydrate is an addition compound,
contains two or more simpler compounds. This is a weak chemical
combination between the water and the salt. As such, the combination is
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denoted with a “dot”. However, the water molecules are as much a part of
the compound as the other atoms. Alums can be described by generalized
formula, (MM’(SO4)2.12(H2O), in which M (univalent) is commonly Na+
, K+
,
NH4
+
, Rb+
and M’ (trivalent) is commonly Al3+
, Ga3+
, V3+
, Cr3+
Mn3+
, Fe3+
,
Co3+
. True alums crystallize as well-defined octahedral and many are
beautifully colored, particularly those containing d-block transition metals.
In its crystalline form, potassium alum the compound solidifies with twelve
water molecules as Hydrate. 1
1. Sodium Chloride – Nacl
2. Borax – (Na2B4O7.7H2O)
3. Ammonium alum – NH4Al(SO4)2.12(H2O)
4. Potash alum – KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O)
5. Copper Sulfate (blue vitriol) – CuSO4.5(H2O)
6. Epsom salt – MgSO4.7(H2O)
7. Salol (Phenyl salicylate) – HOC6H4COOC6H5
8. Chrome Alum – (KCr(SO4)2.12(H2O)
9. Ferric Chloride – FeCl3.6(H2O)
10.Cupric Sulfate Pentahydrate – CuSO4.5(H2O)
When a hydrate is heated, the loosely held water is driven off as water
vapor, leaving an anhydrous salt behind. For example
1. KAl(SO4)2. 12(H2O) (s) – KAl(SO4)2(s)+12(H2O)(g)
2. CuSO4.5(H2O)(s) – CuSO4(s)+5(H2O)(g)
This dehydration may actually occur in several steps, with the solid
crystal rearranging to accommodate the loss of the water molecules.
Potas alum or tawas, or potassium aluminum sulfate is a chemical
compound: the potassium double sulfate of aluminium. Its chemical
formula is KAl(SO4)2 and it is commonly found in its dodecahydrate form as
KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O). Alum is the common name for this chemical compound,
given the nomenclature of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. It is
commonly used in water purify, leather tanning, dyeing, fireproof textiles,
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and baking powder. It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant, as an
aftershave treatment and as a styptic for minor bleeding from shaving.
Properties
Chemical formula KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O)
Molar mass 474.3884 g/mol
Appearance white small crystals
Odor watery metallic
Density 1.725 g/cm3
Melting point 92 to 93 °C (198 to 199 °F; 365 to 366 K)
Boiling point 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K)
Solubility in water 14.00 g/100 mL (20 °C)
36.80 g/100 mL (50 °C)
Solubility insoluble in acetone
Refractive index(nD) 1.4564
2
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IR spectrum of pure Alum
The physisorbed (physisorption, characteristic of weak van der waals forces)
water molecules present in Potassium alum are leading to loss of the H+
and OH-
ions with minimum temperature (below 45o
C).4
2. Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry
and households. Kerosene is a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons
obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 °C and 275 °C,
resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 g/cm3
composed of carbon
chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. It is
miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water.
Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major
components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes
(cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume. Aromatic
hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and
alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of
kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume.
The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 °C (100 and 150 °F), and
its auto-ignition temperature is 220 °C (428 °F). The pour point of kerosene
depends on grade, with commercial aviation fuel standardized at −47 °C (−53 °F).
Heat of combustion of kerosene is similar to that of diesel; its lower heating
value is 43.1 MJ/kg (around 18,500 Btu/lb), and its higher heating value is 46.2
MJ/kg.
Today, kerosene is mainly used in fuel for jet engines in several grades. One form
of the fuel known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. This fuel
grade kerosene meets specifications for smoke points and freeze points. The
combustion reaction can be approximated as follows, with the molecular formula
C12H26 (dodecane):
2 C12H26(l) + 37 O2(g) → 24 CO2(g) + 26 H2O(g); ∆H˚ = -7513 kJ
In the initial phase of liftoff, the Saturn V launch vehicle was powered by the
reaction of liquid oxygen with RP-1. For the five 6.4 mega newton sea-level
thrust F-1 rocket engines of the Saturn V, burning together, the reaction
generated roughly 1.62 × 1011
watts (J/s) (162 giga watt) or 217 million
horsepower.
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Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or
waxing in cold temperatures.
Ultra-low sulfur kerosene is a custom-blended fuel used by the New York City
Transit to power its bus fleet. The transit agency started using this fuel in 2004,
prior to the widespread adoption of ultra-low sulfur diesel, which has since
become the standard. In 2008, the suppliers of the custom fuel failed to tender
for a renewal of the transit agency's contract, leading to a negotiated contract at
a significantly increased cost.
JP-8, (for "Jet Propellant 8") a kerosene-based fuel, is used by the US military as a
replacement in diesel fueled vehicles and for powering aircraft. JP-8 is also by the
U.S. military and its NATO allies as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks and as a
replacement for diesel fuel in the engines of nearly all tactical ground vehicles and
electrical generators.
In X-ray crystallography, (is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular
structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-
rays to diffract into many specific directions) kerosene can be used to store
crystals. When a hydrated crystal is left in air, dehydration may occur slowly. This
makes the colour of the crystal become dull. Kerosene can keep air from the
crystal.
It can be also used to prevent air from re-dissolving in a boiled liquid, and to
store potassium, sodium, lithium, etc. [2]
METHODS
1. Gas Chromatography tests
2. Infrared Spectroscopy tests.
1. Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in
analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be
vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the
purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of
a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be
determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound.
In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure
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compounds from a mixture. Bruker GC430 machine is used for this
experiment.
2. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with
the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is light with a
longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. It covers a range
of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all
spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals.
For a given sample which may be solid, liquid, or gaseous, the method or
technique of infrared spectroscopy uses an instrument called an infrared
spectrometer (or spectrophotometer) to produce an infrared spectrum. A
basic IR spectrum is essentially a graph of infrared
light absorbance (or transmittance) on the vertical axis vs. frequency or
wavelength on the horizontal axis. Typical units of frequency used in IR
spectra are reciprocal centimeters (sometimes called wave numbers), with
the symbol cm−1
. Units of IR wavelength are commonly given
in micrometers (formerly called "microns"), symbol μm, which are related
to wave numbers in a reciprocal way. A common laboratory instrument
that uses this technique is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.
Two-dimensional IR is also possible as discussed below. Bruker Alpha
machine is used for this experiment.
EXPERIMENT
One liter of commercial Kerosene is taken and is divided into 4 parts
as 250ml samples in 300ml capacity plastic bottles. First bottle 250ml
kerosene kept as a original sample. The room temperature is 35-40o
C. The
Potassium alum kept in the sample Kerosene is from 1 hour to 3 hours only.
The Potassium alum is used in this experiment in natural one not human
made. The Potassium alum crystal in powdered well and then it mixed in
250ml samples of Kerosene like 5grams in one 250ml bottle and 10grams in
one 250ml bottle and 15grams in one 250ml bottle. The GC and IR reports
taken of original sample. They are as follows.
FTIR-(KBr) Data of Commercial Kerosene
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S.NO. IR Region Assignment
1 3054.12 Ar-H stretching vibrations
2 2921.29 Aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations
3 2857.05 Aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations
4 1458.86 C-C Carbon skeleton stretching vibrations of
Aromatic ring
5 1376.37 C-C Carbon skeleton stretching vibrations of
Aromatic ring
6 808.84 Mono substituted Ar-H bending vibrations
7 730.24 Para substituted Ar-H bending vibrations
Infrared Spectroscopy of Original Kerosene of 250ml sample
The IR spectrum of kerosene fuel was recorded in the IR region 4000-500 cm-1
.
The Commercial kerosene is a mixture of 36 organic compounds. It contains
1. Paraffins
2. Monocyclo paraffins
3. Dicycloparaffins
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4. Tricycloparaffins
5. Benzens
6. Indans/Tetralins
7. CnH2n-10
8. Naphthalene
9. Naphthalenes
10. CnH2n-14
11. CnH2n-16
12. CnH2n-18
13. Benzene
14. Toluene
15. Ethyl benzene
16. Methyl para-Xylene
17. 1,2-Dimethyl benzene
18. Isopropyl-Benzene
19. 1-Methy-3-Ethyl benzene
20. 1-Methyl-4-Ethyl Benzene
21. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
22. 1-Methyl-2-Ethyl Benzene
23. 1,2,4-Trimethyl Benzene
24. 1,2,3,- Tri methyl Benzene,
25. Alkyl indans
26. 1,4-Diethyl Butyl benzene
27. 1,2-Diethyl benzene
28. 1,2,4,5-Tetramethyl benzene
29. 1,2,3,5-Tetra methyl benzene
30. C10 Benzenes
31. C11 benzenes
32. C12 Benzenes
33. Naphthalene
34. 2-Methyl-Naphthalene
35.1-Methyl-Naphthalene.
36. Indan
The IR spectrum of kerosene contains 7 signals only, noticed in the
different regions and attributed to different functional groups in kerosene
fuel. The sample IR spectrum for kerosene may be attributed to
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(a) Merging of IR signals and
(b) The signals may not appear in the range 4000-500 cm-1
.
Gas Chromatography of Original Kerosene of 250ml sample
Commercial Kerosene
1,050,000,000
1,000,000,000
950,000,000
900,000,000
850,000,000
800,000,000
750,000,000
700,000,000
650,000,000
600,000,000
550,000,000
500,000,000
450,000,000
400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000,000
250,000,000
200,000,000.20.0
1
0
150,000,000
100,000,000
ST
H
50,000,000
0
-50,000,000
-100,000,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90
Min
Index Name Time
(Min)
Quantity
(% Area)
Height
(uV)
Area
(uV.Min)
Area %
(%)
1 UNKNOWN 0.49 100.00 505273.2 11120.5 100.00
TOTAL 100.00 505273.2 11120.5 100.00
The GC of commercial kerosene fuel was recorded with the instrument
BRURKER GC430. The gas chromatogram contains one signal noticed at 0.49
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minutes. This indicates the sample contains one set of organic compounds; the
high area signal may be due to non aromatic saturated compounds. It is observed
from the figure that gas chromatogram contains only one signal with 100%
quantity area and signal is noticed at 0.49 minutes.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Kerosene of 250ml with 5grams of Potassium
Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)
The 5 grams of Potassium alum in 250ml sample kerosene contains 9 IR signals
and it has two additional IR signals noticed at 1605.04 cm-1
and 579.27 cm-1
and
these are attributed to C-C carbon Skelton stretching vibration of aromatic ring
and quaternary C-C carbon in plane bending vibration. Since kerosene is a mixture
of 36 organic compounds and one can expect a complicated IR spectrum but it
has very simple IR spectrum and this may be due to the following reasons
(I) The signals they have low intensity and these signals (or) not detected
by the instrument under experimental conditions.
(II) The signals may merge with other IR signals of the sample and it may
give combination signals.
(III) The signals may not be detected in the region 4000-500 cm-1
.
However the percentage of transmittance decrease in the IR spectrum of
Kerosene fuel Original sample and 5grams of Potassium alum sample and at the
same time the percentage of absorbance increase in the same order. The
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observation suggest that by the addition of potash alum (5g/10g/15g) purity of
the kerosene is slightly increasing and it is possible only when the impurities
present in commercial sample of kerosene or any organic molecule present in
commercial kerosene fuel is adsorbed on the surface of the powered potash alum
(5g/10g/15g).The interactions between kerosene and potash alum may be
ascribed to ionic and non polar covalent bond interaction between potash alum
and kerosene fuel. In 5grams sample an irregular trend was noticed, from these
observations, it is concluded that commercial kerosene fuel when kept in 5g of
fine powered potash alum will give reasonably pure liquid kerosene.
GC of Kerosene of 250ml with 5grams of Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)
Commercial Kerosene + 5grams Powdered Potassium alum
400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000,000
250,000,000
uV
200,000,000
150,000,000
100,000,000
1
0
.
2
0
.
0
50,000,000
S
T
H
0
-50,000,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Min
Index Name Time
(Min)
Quantity
(% Area)
Height
(uV)
Area
(uV.Min)
Area %
(%)
1 UNKNOWN 0.01 0.00 235558.5 3223.3 0.004
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2 UNKNOWN 0.04 0.01 338294.5 8391.7 0.010
3 UNKNOWN 0.18 0.00 296685.8 2842.8 0.003
4 UNKNOWN 0.32 0.16 1419245.7 140306.5 0.160
5 UNKNOWN 2.21 2.81 29408983.4 2456516.1 2.860
6 UNKNOWN 2.29 2.21 27126649.6 1931685.5 2.207
7 UNKNOWN 2.33 2.62 36571608.4 2295121.4 2.622
8 UNKNOWN 2.39 4.50 36663215.4 3939280.1 4.500
9 UNKNOWN 2.57 4.25 40480062.6 3716471.8 4.246
10 UNKNOWN 2.62 3.45 42214695.9 3020507.3 3.450
11 UNKNOWN 2.71 1.44 41606981.3 1258267.2 1.437
12 UNKNOWN 2.82 5.87 5091679.6 5142485.5 5.875
13 UNKNOWN 2.88 3.72 49744746.3 3257678.3 3.721
14 UNKNOWN 2.94 8.59 50413002.2 7521027.3 8.592
15 UNKNOWN 3.10 2.36 43513987.5 2068175.1 2.363
16 UNKNOWN 3.14 1.11 42677674.4 974490.4 1.113
17 UNKNOWN 3.15 5.17 44482692.9 4523575.4 5.168
18 UNKNOWN 3.26 2.91 37843047.0 2545079.7 2.907
19 UNKNOWN 3.36 1.88 35463327.8 1643217.4 1.877
20 UNKNOWN 3.40 1.13 34240726.7 987298.5 1.128
21 UNKNOWN 3.44 1.85 33590264.1 1619369.4 1.850
22 UNKNOWN 3.49 1.35 31863847.7 1179442.9 1.347
23 UNKNOWN 3.51 3.74 32162700.1 3269975.8 3.735
24 UNKNOWN 3.64 0.52 23371402.3 453747.0 0.518
25 UNKNOWN 3.68 0.80 23539827.8 702128.4 0.802
26 UNKNOWN 3.75 1.60 24597011.9 1397994.4 1.597
27 UNKNOWN 3.80 2.03 2225442.8 1774590.1 2.027
28 UNKNOWN 3.90 2.19 21189333.2 1920798.7 2.194
29 UNKNOWN 3.98 0.71 10850243.8 619432.4 0.708
30 UNKNOWN 4.11 0.80 13525073.3 696277.5 0.795
31 UNKNOWN 4.13 1.31 11748759.9 1142561.6 1.305
32 UNKNOWN 4.27 0.06 2183110.7 48600.2 0.056
33 UNKNOWN 4.37 0.03 1418698.3 23914.6 0.027
34 UNKNOWN 4.42 0.89 10607592.4 783126.2 0.895
35 UNKNOWN 4.54 1.81 16932783.3 1581121.7 1.806
36 UNKNOWN 4.65 0.55 16217814.1 478660.3 0.547
37 UNKNOWN 4.71 0.66 17782356.4 581438.3 0.664
38 UNKNOWN 4.76 2.08 17395236.7 1820690.6 2.080
39 UNKNOWN 4.93 1.32 13461432.3 1152468.2 1.317
40 UNKNOWN 5.01 1.20 132678607 1046730.6 1.196
41 UNKNOWN 5.09 0.54 11111734.0 469641.6 0.536
42 UNKNOWN 5.19 0.84 11026500.0 737290.4 0.842
43 UNKNOWN 5.25 0.56 12368908.4 489146.7 0.559
44 UNKNOWN 5.27 0.74 11233812.1 645167.6 0.737
45 UNKNOWN 5.36 0.65 10419718.5 572452.2 0.654
46 UNKNOWN 5.45 0.49 9137785.9 429474.5 0.491
47 UNKNOWN 5.54 0.67 9390799.3 584114.2 0.667
48 UNKNOWN 5.57 0.30 8580082.2 259976.0 0.297
49 UNKNOWN 5.60 1.11 8633297.2 973473.3 1.112
50 UNKNOWN 5.80 0.26 5229375.2 231581.5 0.265
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51 UNKNOWN 5.83 0.46 6245797.2 399508.0 0.456
52 UNKNOWN 5.92 0.46 5722655.9 399411.4 0.456
53 UNKNOWN 6.02 0.69 8200881.5 601080.5 0.687
54 UNKNOWN 6.11 0.23 6606924.9 200705.3 0.229
55 UNKNOWN 6.14 0.38 7689707.1 329968.0 0.376
56 UNKNOWN 6.23 0.48 7225626.8 423521.1 0.484
57 UNKNOWN 6.33 0.61 6314429.4 537192.1 0.614
58 UNKNOWN 6.40 0.22 5613917.0 195955.6 0.223
59 UNKNOWN 6.45 0.34 7261050.3 298777.2 0.341
60 UNKNOWN 6.54 1.35 8393344.7 1179610.6 1.348
61 UNKNOWN 6.75 0.68 9778557.4 596303.3 0.681
62 UNKNOWN 6.80 0.96 10776971.6 840335.0 0.960
63 UNKNOWN 6.92 0.71 9456850.2 625598.5 0.715
64 UNKNOWN 7.03 0.85 9862489.3 740036.2 0.845
65 UNKNOWN 7.11 1.73 10895044.8 1517964.0 1.734
66 UNKNOWN 7.37 1.24 9919876.8 1082560.2 1.237
67 UNKNOWN 7.46 1.03 9747530.2 901843.2 1.030
68 UNKNOWN 7.57 0.90 8098552.4 787786.3 0.900
69 UNKNOWN 7.73 0.48 5015725.0 416237.9 0.475
70 UNKNOWN 7.1 0.29 3907747.2 255578.6 0.292
71 UNKNOWN 7.96 0.10 2825330.1 88716.0 0.101
Total 100.00 1260294680.2 87538517.3 100.000
The gas chromatogram of commercial kerosene fuel sample with was
recorded with the instrument BRUR430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded
by adopting petrol method with a run time of 7.96 min. The results suggest the
commercial kerosene fuel with 5grams of Potassium alum contains 71
components and these are recorded at 7.96 min which represents 100% quantity
area. This may be ascribed to impurities or to the decomposition components
signals in commercial kerosene.
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GC of Kerosene of 250ml with 10grams of Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 min)
Commercial Kerosene + 10grams Powdered Potassium alum
300,000,000
280,000,000
260,000,000
240,000,000
220,000,000
200,000,000
180,000,000
160,000,000
uV
140,000,000
120,000,000
100,000,000
80,000,000
60,000,00010.20.
40,000,000
S
T
H
20,000,000
0
-20,000,000
-40,000,000
-60,000,000
-80,000,000
2 3 4 5 6 7 80 1
Min
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Index Time
(Min)
Quantity
(% Area)
Height
(uV)
Area
(uV.Min)
Area %
(%)
1 0.02 0.01 1415798.3 40276.5 0.011
2 0.16 0.07 4222465.1 254453.7 0.070
3 0.38 0.42 13238459.8 1501847.9 0.416
4 0.50 0.93 14966679.7 3355671.5 0.930
5 0.87 0.16 7045624.2 571512.6 0.158
6 0.90 0.04 6766805.2 142857.9 0.040
7 0.94 0.32 7542110.5 1164577.6 0.323
8 1.20 0.02 2136715.8 70281.9 0.019
9 2.23 7.94 107419534.2 23671950.7 7.943
10 2.32 3.23 105434490.1 11667369.0 3.232
11 2.45 1.72 100266534.4 6203475.2 1.719
12 2.50 1.33 98886978.8 4818134.8 1.335
13 2.55 2.24 97593325.5 8089191.0 2.241
14 2.63 1.15 95224542.2 4161613.1 1.153
15 2.69 1.13 95328987.6 4061140.3 1.125
16 2.93 6.64 112834056.8 23951564.7 6.635
17 2.96 2.61 112903040.4 9411369.5 2.607
18 3.03 2.27 111863559.3 8204337.7 2.273
19 3.10 0.32 10784774.5 149947.0 0.319
20 3.16 1.85 111664395.6 6672887.3 1.849
21 3.19 0.86 111632248.0 3111378.4 0.826
22 3.22 4.13 11577954.9 14906578.1 4.129
23 3.36 1.08 109371204.5 3897415.3 1.080
24 3.39 0.78 108644074.7 2816935.6 0.780
25 3.42 3.16 106717247.5 11413934.4 3.162
26 3.53 1.95 106246326.3 7051468.9 1.953
27 3.60 1.84 103291227.7 6642892.2 1.850
28 3.66 1.15 99831161.3 4147670.8 1.149
29 3.74 2.73 98358599.2 9858493.2 2.731
30 3.81 1.29 95648744.1 4652810.4 1.289
31 3.85 4.46 92877065.1 16097724.4 4.459
32 4.04 2.04 88305035.9 7356947.7 2.038
33 4.13 3.54 85338333.2 12772561.7 3.538
34 4.28 2.64 79726479.9 952980.7 2.641
35 4.40 0.17 75814589.2 624037.0 0.173
36 4.43 0.83 7513600.4 2984086.4 0.827
37 4.46 2.21 82133499.2 7989506.3 2.213
38 4.56 0.63 75817808.3 2268904.4 0.629
39 4.62 3.48 76346306.4 12552491.8 3.477
40 4.77 3.39 74109777.4 12227319.0 3.387
41 4.98 2.47 66948961.2 8923898.7 2.472
42 5.08 0.85 6451468.8 3083010.8 0.854
43 5.13 1.48 61177577.8 5338924.9 1.479
44 5.23 0.39 59770909.6 1401916.8 0.388
45 5.25 1.88 60321377.5 6794674.4 1.882
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The gas
chromato
gram of
commerci
al
kerosene
fuel with
10grams
of
Potassiu
m alum
was
recorded
with the
instrument BRUR430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded by adopting petrol
method with a run time of 7.95 min. The results suggest the commercial
kerosene fuel 64 components and these are recorded at 7.95 min and it
represents 100% quantity area. An additional 28 components. These may be
ascribed to impurities or the decomposition components signals in commercial
kerosene fuel sample of 10grams Alum.
Alum sample(Kept 4hour 30 minutes)
46 5.37 1.86 56492062.2 6704858.6 1.857
47 5.50 1.38 52830049.4 4984972.1 1.381
48 5.60 0.87 50687605.3 3123392.6 0.865
49 5.70 2.55 463110121 9191204.5 2.546
50 5.88 0.83 39814636.0 2995391.0 0.830
51 5.99 1.23 38422927.8 4425122.7 1.226
52 6.10 1.43 32308702.9 5169813.1 1.432
53 6.27 0.59 29464674.7 2141431.1 0.593
54 6.35 1.19 27017704.5 489140.1 1.188
55 6.58 0.75 23445940.1 2709434.9 0.751
56 6.68 1.07 21046740.5 3861286.7 1.070
57 6.89 0.35 16566494.1 1266008.2 0.351
58 7.01 0.74 16365634.9 2662153.9 0.737
59 7.21 0.26 12650547.5 942055.4 0.261
60 7.31 0.45 11741429.7 1624503.8 0.450
61 7.50 0.36 8335054.9 1292548.8 0.358
62 7.73 0.05 5539517.0 179526.2 0.050
63 7.80 0.15 4931497.0 525360.9 0.146
64 7.95 0.08 5160867.0 278592.0 0.077
Total 100.00 3990468053.9 360979818.7 100.000
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ISSN 2278-7763
FTIR spectrum of commercial kerosene contains 7 IR signals only. They are
attributed to Ar-H stretching vibrations, aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations, and
their corresponding bending vibrations. The FTIR spectrum of 5grams sample,
10grams sample and 15grams sample were recorded and contains eight, nine and
eight signals respectively.
In the presence of potash alum [5g/10g/15g] the percentage of
transmittance decrease for each IR signal and at the same time the percentage of
absorbance increases for each IR signal. The observed results may be attributed
to adsorption of impurities on the surface of powdered potash alum and in the
presence of potash alum kerosene gets purified and it is noteworthy the result on
from FTIR data.
Gas Chromatography of Kerosene of 250ml with 15grams of Potassium
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ISSN 2278-7763
Commercial Kerosene + 15grams of Powdered Potassium alum
400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000,000
250,000,000
200,000,000
uV
150,000,000
100,000,000
1
0
.
2
0
.
0
50,000,000
S
T
H
0
-50,000,000
-100,000,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Min
Index Name Time
(Min)
Quantity
(% Area)
Height
(uV)
Area
(uV.Min)
Area %
(%)
1 UNKNOWN 0.17 0.09 9011034.0 488734.0 0.091
2 UNKNOWN 0.26 0.27 16635115.4 1439004.7 0.267
3 UNKNOWN 0.31 0.12 2031758080.9 671145.5 0.125
4 UNKNOWN 0.34 0.14 22801190.8 777620.1 0.145
5 UNKNOWN 0.43 0.44 29005192.9 2372201.4 0.441
6 UNKNOWN 0.54 1.43 33853058.1 7678961.8 1.427
7 UNKNOWN 0.84 0.05 6037813.5 294927.6 0.055
8 UNKNOWN 1.00 0.15 8941338.4 811360.5 0.151
9 UNKNOWN 1.16 0.36 12367593.3 1938509.9 0.360
10 UNKNOWN 1.23 0.09 9889667.7 474411.7 0.088
11 UNKNOWN 1.31 0.08 7274038.2 421718.6 0.078
12 UNKNOWN 2.08 33.46 350231699.6 180006388.8 33.457
13 UNKNOWN 2.22 5.19 326268143.0 27918346.4 5.189
14 UNKNOWN 2.30 3.55 300738808.7 19096476.9 3.549
15 UNKNOWN 2.38 3.74 294376649.9 20098346.8 3.736
16 UNKNOWN 2.44 5.02 288719410.7 27014563.8 5.021
17 UNKNOWN 2.54 1.24 271070622.9 6650059.9 1.236
18 UNKNOWN 2.56 4.28 265150583.5 23012304.0 4.277
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19 UNKNOWN 2.66 2.51 248289657.4 13524156.7 2.514
20 UNKNOWN 2.74 2.36 248362769.1 12704554.1 2.361
21 UNKNOWN 2.78 1.99 247356144.0 10684286.1 1.986
22 UNKNOWN 2.81 6.98 24682806.4 37548907.2 6.979
23 UNKNOWN 2.97 2.08 211167769.1 11202176.4 2.082
24 UNKNOWN 3.03 1.87 195238713.8 10059553.5 1.870
25 UNKNOWN 3.09 4.96 182546333.2 26659720.5 4.955
26 UNKNOWN 3.25 0.94 149230539.4 5059613.0 0.940
27 UNKNOWN 3.30 2.80 141045008.5 15075434.6 2.802
28 UNKNOWN 3.40 0.63 124270996.6 3414429.8 0.635
29 UNKNOWN 3.44 1.30 116579995.5 6980970.2 1.298
30 UNKNOWN 3.50 0.68 108413171.5 3637276.1 6.676
31 UNKNOWN 3.53 0.58 97965501.0 3142449.7 0.584
32 UNKNOWN 3.57 0.63 89447813.9 8762093.2 1.629
33 UNKNOWN 3.68 0.40 69307224.9 2135218.3 0.397
34 UNKNOWN 3.72 0.94 61053124.1 5038109.8 0.936
35 UNKNOWN 3.81 0.29 40933882.3 1578875. 0.293
36 UNKNOWN 3.86 0.21 31622740.1 1111406.4 0.207
37 UNKNOWN 3.89 0.25 24945840.5 1334412.5 0.248
38 UNKNOWN 3.97 0.11 18354057.0 608384.0 0.113
39 UNKNOWN 4.19 0.07 8256877.7 394810.9 0.073
40 UNKNOWN 4.24 0.14 16240500.0 730539.8 0.136
41 UNKNOWN 4.35 0.20 18844644.2 1057215.2 0.196
42 UNKNOWN 4.40 0.20 21718342.3 1100907.5 0.205
43 UNKNOWN 4.47 0.17 19279749.4 936924.6 0.174
44 UNKNOWN 4.56 0.21 19291257.1 1135902.8 0.211
45 UNKNOWN 4.60 0.14 17768960.8 758977.5 0.141
46 UNKNOWN 4.68 0.22 17636747.5 1160085.1 0.216
47 UNKNOWN 4.78 0.16 15664133.0 837961.7 0.156
48 UNKNOWN 4.89 0.41 17333477.3 220557.5 0.410
49 UNKNOWN 5.04 0.35 16898773.1 1877888.6 0.349
50 UNKNOWN 5.19 0.09 15400831.0 509157.1 0.095
51 UNKNOWN 5.24 0.18 17302893.5 978684.3 0.182
52 UNKNOWN 5.28 0.15 17398941.3 801467.9 0.149
53 UNKNOWN 5.38 0.14 16661797.3 748498.6 0.139
54 UNKNOWN 5.46 0.21 18308909.9 1154381.7 0.215
55 UNKNOWN 5.54 0.04 11543844.0 221708.4 0.041
56 UNKNOWN 5.61 0.21 13285864.9 1104566.9 0.205
57 UNKNOWN 5.71 0.16 14173774.1 836386.1 0.155
58 UNKNOWN 5.78 0.21 14566679.2 1149677.2 0.214
59 UNKNOWN 5.89 0.20 12848582.9 1063323.6 0.198
60 UNKNOWN 6.00 0.07 8931606.2 377195.1 0.070
61 UNKNOWN 6.06 0.05 8918810.1 252052.4 0.047
62 UNKNOWN 6.18 0.01 4688321.9 72287.2 0.013
63 UNKNOWN 6.26 0.14 8989742.6 742644.6 0.138
64 UNKNOWN 6.38 0.05 9981406.9 291944.8 0.054
65 UNKNOWN 6.48 0.14 10666203.6 757232.5 0.141
66 UNKNOWN 6.54 0.12 1573379.9 653268.9 0.121
67 UNKNOWN 6.57 0.18 15978784.8 941618.4 0.175
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ISSN 2278-7763
68 UNKNOWN 6.63 0.15 20348758.5 804077.3 0.149
69 UNKNOWN 6.71 0.17 16042147.6 93031.1 0.173
70 UNKNOWN 6.78 0.16 16831180.7 881000.3 0.164
71 UNKNOWN 6.84 0.10 14800322.7 556849.4 0.103
72 UNKNOWN 6.99 0.20 14269391.4 1101012.9 0.205
73 UNKNOWN 7.00 0.12 16077619.9 663919.7 0.123
74 UNKNOWN 7.07 0.35 15200604.0 1909692.6 0.355
75 UNKNOWN 7.28 0.25 14161055.7 1354195.2 0.252
76 UNKNOWN 7.44 0.09 11060516.1 510250.5 0.095
77 UNKNOWN 7.50 0.16 11156789.0 843512.3 0.157
78 UNKNOWN 7.60 0.04 11139978.3 17620.6 0.040
79 UNKNOWN 7.62 0.19 11829660.8 1018082.5 0.189
80 UNKNOWN 7.78 0.03 7988822.4 185474.1 0.034
81 UNKNOWN 7.85 0.07 8388204.9 367090.7 0.068
82 UNKNOWN 7.92 0.06 6171583.4 341928.5 0.064
83 UNKNOWN 7.98 0.01 4569085.6 65422.3 0.012
Total 100.00 554842918.5 538031037.1 100.000
The GC of commercial kerosene sample-I, sample-II and sample-III were recorded
with the instrument BRURER 430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded by
adopting petrol method. The GC of commercial kerosene contains only one signal
it is recorded at 0.49 min. The sample-I (5g of potash alum) contains 71
components with run time of 7.96 min. The sample-II (10g of potash alum)
contains 64 components with a run time of 7.95 min. The sample-III (15g of
potash alum) contains 83 components with a run time of 7.98 min. From these
observations, it is concluded that the run time GC increases and at the same time
the number of components present in the sample-I/sample-II/sample-III increases
when compared to commercial kerosene. The additional components may be
ascribed to decomposition of organic components present in the kerosene
sample. This may increases calorific value of kerosene in presence of potash
alum.
RESULTS
FTIR (KBr) data - I
S.No. IR Signals [ cm-1
]
% of Transmittance of
kerosene in presence of
potash alum
% of absorbance of kerosene
in
presence of potash alum
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ISSN 2278-7763
FTIR (KBr) data - II
90
S.No.
IR Signals [ cm-1
]
Assignment of peaks
Samples
I II III
1. 2953.81 2953.74
2953.67
Aliphatic
C-H stretching vibrations
2. 2921.41 2921.40
2921.
Aliphatic
3. 2856.99 2856.93
2856.98
Aliphatic
4. 1605.28 1605.04 1606.13
C-C Carbonskeleton
stretching vibrations of
Aromatic ring
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Samples Samples Samples
I II III I II III I II III
1. 2953.81 2953.74 2953.67 71 69 67 29 21 33
2. 2921.41 2921.40 2921.32 59 57 55 41 43 45
3. 2956.11 2856.93 2856.98 74 72 70 26 28 30
4. 1605.28 1605.04 1606.13 78 76 74 22 24 26
5. 1458.87 1458.75 1458.87 90 88 86 10 12 14
6. 1376.40 1376.22 1376.33 94 92 90 6 8 10
7. 808.81 809.34 808.59 92 90 88 8 10 12
8. 730.24 729.73 730 93 93 93 7 7 7
9. - 579.27 - - 99 - - 1 -
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ISSN 2278-7763
FTIR (KBr) data - III
S.no. IR Region (cm-1
) % of Transmittance % of absorbance
5. 1458.87 1458.75 1458.87
C-C Carbon skeleton stretching
vibrations of Aromatic ring
6. 1376.40 1376.22 1376.33
C-C Carbon skeleton stretching
vibrations of Aromatic ring
7. 808.81 809.34 808.59
Mono substituted
Ar-H bending vibrations
8. 730.24 729.73 730
Para substituted
Ar-H bending vibrations
9. - 579.27
-
Tertiary c-c carbon
in plane bending vibrations
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ISSN 2278-7763
1 2954.12 73.0 27.0
2 2921.29 60.0 40.0
3 2857.05 75.0 25.0
4 1458.86 80.0 20.0
5 1376.37 90.0 10.0
6 808.84 96.0 4.0
7 730.24 95.0 5.0
Finally it is concluded that potash alum purifying commercial kerosene by
adsorption phenomenon and it also increasing the calorific value commercial
kerosene sample. No pollution with more efficiency.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I, the Author, dedicate my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. L.K. Ravindranath, M.Sc.,
M.Phil,Ph.D, Chemistry Department, Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India, for his valuable cooperation in doing this
work.
REFERENCES
1. “Lavana Varga in Ayurveda – A review” by Prof. Dr. R. Devanathan,
International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy, 1(2), Nov-Dec,
2010, 239-248, www.ijrap.net from internet.
2. “Synthesis of Common Alum” from CHEM 121L, General Chemistry
Laboratory, Revision 1.3, from internet.
3. “Prepare and Study Some mechanical and electrical properties of
KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O) as Aqueous solutions” by Prof. Dr. J.Abdul-Kareem, Al-
Bermany, Dr. Abdul Amir Khalaf Arat, Jassim Mohammad Abdul Hussein,
Vol.3, No.7, 2013, Chemistry and Materials Research, www.iiste.org, from
internet.
4. “Synthesis, Characterization and Sensing Application of A solid Alum/Fly
Ash composite electrolyte” by Amit Sachdeva, Roja Singh, Pramod K. Singh,
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ISSN 2278-7763
Bhaskar Bhattacharya, Material and technology 47 (2013) 4, 467-471., from
Internet.
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10. Physical chemistry in Brief, by professor Ing. Anatol Malijevsky, C.Sc., Sep-
2005, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague.
11. Dehydration of Potassium alum induced by shock loading, by H. Kishimuar,
Y. Imasu and H. Matsumoto, Department of Materials Science and
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Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan in Journal of Physics: Conference Series 500
(2014) 182020.IJOART

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