Vegetative Propagation an its role in forest improvement under Forestry

1. Welcome to Course Seminar on
Speaker
Siddharth Pandey, M.Sc. Previous
Seminar In charge
Dr. Lalji Singh sir
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur

2. Index / Topic for discussion
• Definition
• Uses of Vegetative Propagation or Need
• Advantages of vegetative propagation
• Types or methods of vegetative propagation
• Some important data
• When is it appropriate to use vegetative propagation
• Role of vegetative propagation in forest improvement
• Conclusion
 Cuttings
 Layering
 Grafting
 Budding
 Micro propagation

3. Definition’s
• What is Propagation
Propagation is the natural
mechanism by which plants
regenerate.
Propagation is most often by
seeds produced by a plant
or by plant parts like vines, roots,
tubers, stem cuttings etc.

4. Vegetative propagation
• Asexual propagation (vegetative propagation) = reproduction
of plant material from vegetative organs (leaf, stem, root, bud)
so that the offspring will contain the exact characteristics of
the parent plant with regards to genotypes and health status.

5. Uses of Vegetative Propagation or Need
• Vegetative propagation is used to get the similar genetic
background of mother plants.
• Good skill, knowledge and experience aids in vegetative
propagation of plants in large scale.
• Vegetative Propagation is widely used in Agro-forestry
nurseries.
Advantages of vegetative propagation
• Mass production of plants using plant parts of mother plant.
• No seed is required to multiply varieties having desired
quantitative and qualitative traits.
• Useful technique in production of plants which are difficult to
propagative using seed.

6. Types or methods of vegetative propagation
 Cuttings
 Layering
 Grafting
 Budding
 Micro propagation

7. Cuttings
One of the easiest way of plant propagation is by using
cutting from various parts of plants such as:
 Stem cuttings
 Root cuttings
 Leaf cuttings

8. Stem cutting
 Stem cutting from healthy, disease- free plants, preferably from
the upper part of the plants.
 Cutting should generally consist of the current or past season’s
growth.
 Remove any flowers and flower buds when preparing cutting.

9. Root cutting
 Root cutting is one of the most reliable and economical ways.
 Large fleshy root, the thicker the better.
 The best way to keep track of “up” and “down” is to make a
flat cut on top “up” side, and a slanted cut on “down” or
bottom side.
 Watering the plants to settle the roots back into soil properly.

10. Leaf cutting
 Leaf cuttings are prepared from leaves with or without their
stalk (petioles).
 Leaf section cutting can be used for propagating plants.
 Leaf cutting consist of a single leaf attached to a piece of 1 to
½ inch stem.
 The dominant bud, located where the leaf stalk joins the
stem will give rise to a new shoot and braches.

11. Layering
 Layering is a means of plant
propagation in which a portion of
an aerial stem grows roots while
still attached to the parent plant
and then detaches as an
independent plant.
 Layering has evolved as a
common means of vegetative
propagation of numerous species
in natural environments.

12. Types of layering
Some of the most common method of layering are:-
 Ground layering
 Air layering

13. Ground layering
 Ground layering or mound layering is the typical propagation
technique.
 The original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearly
horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward.
 After these are started, the original stem is buried up to some
distance from the tip.
 At the end of the growing season, the side branches will have
rooted, and can be separated while the plant is dormant.
 Some of these will be used for grafting roots stock.

14. Air layering
 In air layering , the target region is wounded, or a strip of bark is
removed.
 Rooting hormone is often applied to encourage the wounded
region to grow roots.
 When sufficient roots have grown from the wound, the stem from
the parent plant is removed and planted.
 It can take the layer from a few weeks to one or more growing
seasons to produce sufficient roots.

15. Grafting
 Grafting or Graf tage is a Agro-Forestry technique where by
tissue from one plant are inserted into those another.
 The technique is most commonly used asexually propagation
of commercially grown plants.
Eg:- mango tree (Malgoa)

16. Types of grafting
 Some of the most common method of grafting are the
following:-
 Splice or whip grafting
 Whip and tongue grafting
 Approach grafting
 Bark grafting

17. Splice or whip grafting
 It is a very simple popular and easy to perform method of
grafting for small materials .
 It is usually done when the sap has started to rise before the
bud break.

18. Whip and tongue grafting
 It is similar to splice grafting except that a tongue is
added to the cut surface to provide better fitting and
rigidity.
 It has the highest rate of success as it offers the most
cambium contact between the two species
 E.g.: Common in fruit trees like- Bramley Apple

19. Approach grafting
 Approach grafting or inarching is used to join
together plant that are otherwise difficult to join.
It is used in pleaching.
The graft can be successfully accomplished any
time of year.
Eg:- Mango- Malgoa, Guava.

20. Bark grafting
Bark grafting is a relatively easy and very successful method
done only in the spring after the bark begins to slip and the
buds are opening.

21. Budding
 a special form of grafting in which the scion consists of either a
single or several buds. It is a more economical form of grafting,
as more scions can be produced from a single mother tree.
Type of budding
Most common Budding Techniques-
T budding,
Patch budding.

22. T budding
 T-budding is the most common method for propagating fruit trees.
 A T-shaped cut is made in the stock.
 Buds (taken from buds ticks or bud wood) are inserted under the
bark of small seedling stock plants a few inches above ground level.
 The buds are inserted and tied in place
 After growth starts the tops of the seedling rootstocks are cut off.
 T-budding is usually done in the late summer

23. Patch budding
Patch-budding is used for thicker barked trees (walnut and
pecan).
A patch of bark is removed and a same sized patch with the
bud is inserted in its place.
Normally done during the growing season when the bark
separates readily from the wood along the cambial layer.

24. Micro Propagation
 Micro propagation specialized propagation with small pieces of
plant tissues on artificial media under sterile conditions.
 The propagation of plants by growing plantlets in tissue culture
and then planting them out.
It embraces the regeneration from:
 shoot & root tips,
 callus tissue,
 leaves,
 seed embryo,
 anthers and even single cells.

25. Some important data
 Palanisamy (1999) observed that branches of Neem (Azadirachta
indica) air layered in July to September showed 90 % to 100 %
rooting in both control and IBA treatment, while those in October
and November showed only 30 % to 40 % rooting.
 Kumar et al. (2000) observed high success in veneer and cleft
grafting (78.5 % and 60.15 %) in Mango when Dashehari scions
were grafted at higher grafting heights (75 and 100 cm) on
seedling rootstock and both the grafting methods were equally
successful.
 Palanisamy et al. (2003) concluded that the juvenile cuttings of
Azadirachta indica Juss. Collected from the selected clones in the
clone bank gave 70-100 % rooting through out the year.
Reff. - Gadekar Kumar Sukhadeo Prakash 2006 M.Sc. Thesis IGKV, Raipur

26.  Gera et al. (2000) tested rooting response in some MPTs under low
cost mist conditions. Maximum rooting (84.44 %) was obtained in
root cuttings of Dalbergia sissoo
 Pijut and Moore (2002) reported that early season softwood
cuttings were effective for vegetative propagation of Juglans
cinerea.
 Palanisamy and Kumar (1997) reported that IBA 800 ppm was the
most effective auxin treatment, which induced 100 % adventitious
root formation in the cuttings of Pongamia pinnata taken in the
month of March.
Reff. - Gadekar Kumar Sukhadeo Prakash 2006 M.Sc. Thesis IGKV, Raipur

27. Effect of IBA concentration and age on days to sprouting,
sprouting (%), Pongamia pinnata.
Note: All Given figures followed by the same letter (Super script) within a
column do not differ significantly (P < 0.05).
Reff. - Gadekar Kumar Sukhadeo Prakash 2006 M.Sc. Thesis IGKV, Raipur

28. Effect of IBA concentration and age on days to sprouting,
sprouting (%), Madhuca indica.
Note: All Given figures followed by the same letter (Super script) within a column
not differ significantly (P < 0.05).
Reff. - Gadekar Kumar Sukhadeo Prakash 2006 M.Sc. Thesis IGKV, Raipur

29. Effect of IBA concentration and age on days to sprouting,
sprouting (%), Jatropha curcas.
Note: All Given figures followed by the same letter (Super script) within a column do
not differ significantly (P < 0.05).
Reff. - Gadekar Kumar Sukhadeo Prakash 2006 M.Sc. Thesis IGKV, Raipur

30. Reference for all table - GADEKAR KUMAR SUKHADEO PRAKASH M. Sc. (Forestry)
THESIS 2006 - “VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF JATROPHA, KARANJ AND MAHUA BY
STEM CUTTINGS, GRAFTING, BUDDING AND AIR LAYERING” DEPARTMENT OF
FORESTRY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE INDIRA GANDHI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RAIPUR (C.G.)

31. When is it appropriate to use vegetative
propagation
• When the species in question:
– is an out breeder;
– is dioecious;
– has recalcitrant seeds;
– has low germination rates;
– flowers and fruits erratically and;
– to capture their genetic diversity.

32. Role of vegetative propagation in forest
improvement
 The establishment of clonal seed orchards.
 The establishment of clonal banks.
 The propagation of special breeding material, e.g. exceptional
hybrids that are lost through sexual reproduction, sterile hybrids
etc.
 Mass propagation of selected materials
 Maintaining superior genotypes
 Problematic seed germination and storage
 Shortening time to flower and fruit
 Combining desirable characteristics of more than one genotype into
a single plant
 Controlling phases of development
 Uniformity of plantations

33. Conclusion
Asexual reproduction is the vegetative reproduction in
which new organism develop from the parent organisms by
simple division. Budding, fragmentation, mitosis,
regeneration, vegetative propagation are all the types of
asexual reproduction. In this type of reproduction the
produced organism and the parent organisms are exactly
alike. Thus asexual reproduction doesn't contribute into
evolution as it does not cause variation. But still it's
important for the growth of the organisms. The section
examine the benefits of modern day agriculture a task
made necessary by the fact that an increasing share of the
population has little connection to farms or rural areas. It is
important to recognize all the techniques in our life
experiences.