Siddra kauser student pharm D University of Poonch rawalakot AJK

2. Departmentof Pharmacy
Prepared and Presented by: Siddra Kauser
Class: Final Year (9th Semester)
Subject: Clinical Pharmacy
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3. Contents:
▸ Introduction
▸ Structure of novel corona virus
▸ Classification and antigenic types
▸ People at increased risk (susceptibility)
▸ Etiology and mode of transmission
▸ Pathophysiology of covid-19
▸ Out breaks and spread
▸ Clinical presentation
▸ Differentiation between flue , common cold & Corona
▸ Diagnosis and prevention 3

4. What is corona virus?
▸ Corona viruses are a large family of viruses that are known
to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more
severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),
a novel, or new, corona virus
is called novel corona virus
or covid-19.
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5. Where do corona virus come from?
▸ Corona viruses also cause disease in a wide variety of animal
species.
▸ SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans in China in
2002 and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans in Saudi
Arabia in 2012.
▸ Several known corona viruses are circulating in animals that have
not yet infected humans.
▸ A spillover event is when a virus that is circulating in an animal
species is found to have been transmitted to humans.
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6. Structure of novel corona virus:
▸ The word “Corona virus” comes from
the crown-like projections on their surface.
“Corona” in Latin means “halo” or “Crown”.
▸ Its size ranges from 400 to 500 micron.
▸ Corona virus virions are spherical to
pleomorphic enveloped particle.
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▸ The envelope is studded with projecting glycoprotein, and
surrounds a core consisting of matrix protein enclosed
within which is a single strand of positive-sense RNA
associated with nucleoprotein.
▸ The envelope glycoprotein are responsible for attachment
to the host cell and also carry the main antigenic epitopes,
particularly the epitopes recognized by neutralizing
antibodies
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8. Structural proteins with function:
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9. Classification and antigenic types:
▸ The corona viruses were originally grouped into the
family Coronaviridae on the basis of the crown or halo-like appearance.
▸ Most human corona viruses fall into one of two groups based on
differences in both antigenic determinants and culturing requirements:
1. 229E-like
2. OC43-like
▸ 229E-like corona viruses can usually be isolated in human embryonic
fibroblast cultures.
▸ OC43-like viruses can be isolated, or adapted to growth, in suckling
mouse brain. They cause independent epidemics of indistinguishable
disease. 9

10. People at risk for infection from Covid-19
▸ Family members or health care
workers who are caring for a person infected
by a new corona virus.
▸ People in close contact with
animals (e.g. live animal market workers).
▸ People with pre-existing illness e.g. Cardiovascular
respiratory and immune mediated disease.
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11. Etiology of corona virus:
▸ The virus appears to spread easily among people, and more continues to
be discovered over time about how it spreads.
▸ Data has shown that it spreads from person to person among those in
close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters).
▸ Recent travel from or residence in an area with ongoing community spread
of COVID-19.
▸ It can also spread if a person touches a surface with the virus on it and
then touches his or her mouth, nose or eyes, although this isn't
considered to be a main way it spreads.
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12. Transmission of virus:
▸ The rate of transmission of corona virus infections has not been studied
in detail. The virus is usually
▸ transmitted via inhalation of contaminated droplets,
▸ transmitted by the hands to the mucosa of the nose or eyes.
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13. Pathophysiology of covid-19:
▸ Corona viruses are extremely fastidious and grow only in
differentiated respiratory epithelial cells.
▸ Infected cells become vacuolated, show damaged cilia, and may form
syncytia.
▸ Cell damage triggers the production of inflammatory mediators, which
increase nasal secretion and cause local inflammation and swelling.
▸ These responses in turn stimulate sneezing, obstruct the airway, and
raise the temperature of the mucosa.
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14. Pathogenesis diagrammatic view:
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15. Covid-19 Out breaks and spread:
▸ The virus, which causes the respiratory infection Covid-19, was first
detected in the city of Wuhan, China, in late 2019.
▸ It then spread quickly across the globe in the first months of 2020.
▸ Corona virus is continuing its spread across the world, with nearly
eight million confirmed cases in 188 countries. More than 430,000
people have lost their lives.
▸ In Pakistan, June 2020, there have been about 132,400 confirmed
cases with 50,100 recoveries and 2,550 deaths in the country.
▸ Mortality rate is low i.e. 1.5-2%.
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16. Clinical Presentation of Covid-19:
▸ Signs and symptoms of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may appear
two to 14 days after exposure. This time after exposure and before having
symptoms is called the incubation period.
▸ The severity of COVID-19 symptoms can range from very mild to severe.
▸ Common signs and symptoms can include:
▸ Fever
▸ Cough
▸ Tiredness
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▸ Other symptoms can include:
▸ Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
▸ Muscle aches
▸ Chills
▸ Sore throat
▸ Loss of taste or smell
▸ Headache
▸ Chest pain
▸ Other less common symptoms have been reported, such as
rash, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea 17

18. Difference between Flue, Common Cold, Corona:
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19. Complications of Covid-19:
▸ Pneumonia and trouble breathing
▸ Organ failure in several organs
▸ Heart problems
▸ A severe lung condition that causes a low amount of oxygen to go through
your bloodstream to your organs (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
▸ Blood clots
▸ Acute kidney injury
▸ Additional viral and bacterial infections
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20. ▸ In order to determine whether to conduct tests for COVID-19 based on your
signs and symptoms, as well as whether you have had close contact with
someone diagnosed with COVID-19 or traveled to or lived in any areas with
ongoing community spread of COVID-19 in the past 14 days.
Sample collection:
▸ To test for COVID-19, a health care provider uses a long swab to take a
sample from the nose or throat. The samples are then sent to a lab for
testing. If you're coughing up saliva (sputum), that may be sent for testing.
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Diagnosis of Covid-19:

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▸ An infection can be laboratory confirmed by
1.Detection of viral nucleic acid e.g. PCR
2.Detection by serology to demonstrate antibodies
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24. Treatment of Covid-19:
▸ Currently, no medication is recommended to treat COVID-19, and no
cure is available. Antibiotics aren't effective against viral infections
such as COVID-19. Researchers are testing a variety of possible
treatments.
▸ The FDA granted permission for some medications approved for other
diseases to be used to treat severe COVID-19 when no other options
are available.
▸ Two malaria drugs — hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine —
▸ An antiviral drug, remdesivir, have been approved for this use.
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25. Continue…
▸ Treatment is directed at relieving symptoms and may include:
▸ Pain relievers (ibuprofen or acetaminophen)
▸ Cough syrup or medication
▸ Rest
▸ Fluid intake
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26. How to protect from Covid-19?
Social Distancing wear face mask clean and disinfection
Wash hand properly Stay at home Cover coughs and sneezes
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