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Daniele Tosi - OFSRC presentation at Jiliang University
1. Optical fiber sensors for medical applications
Research activities at University of Limerick
[Jiliang University, 10 Dec 2013]
Daniele Tosi
daniele.tosi@ul.ie
dan82ddt
www.ofsrc.ul.ie
2. About
University of Limerick
Optical Fibre Sensors Research Centre
[Marie Curie Fellow @ OFSRC]
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
3. Partnerships
Cleveland Clinic
EFPI cardiovascular/demo
Johns Hopkins
Robotic surgery
UL, OFSRC
Pointec (licensing)
Harbin Inst. Technol.
Cyprus IT (EFPI partner)
Staff exchange partnership
Partners Italy
Politecnico di Torino (FBG)
Federico II Napoli (urodynamic)
Universita’ di Pavia (RFA)
Politecnico di Milano (RFA)
LunaTEC
Shenzhen
Custom catheters supplier
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
4. Outline
➡ Optical fiber sensors: properties and technology
‣EFPI - pressure, temperature, refractive index
‣Fiber Bragg grating (FBG), DTG, LPG
‣Sensor integration and interrogation
‣Catheterization
➡ Emerging applications in medical/biomedical
‣Cardiovascular, FFR, IABP
‣Urodynamics
‣Monitoring of radiofrequency thermal ablation
‣Robotic surgery tools
➡ Conclusions
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
5. OFS properties
Top-notch
Performance
Miniature size
Distribution and
Integration
Immunity
➡ Excellent sensitivity to press., temp., strain
➡ <1με, 0.01˚C, <10Pa resolution
➡ Cross-sensitivity abating/compensation
➡ Miniature size (∅125μm, ∅40μm custom)
➡ Lightweight, non-invasive, embeddable
➡ Versatile fiber coating and catheterization
➡ Punctual sensors
➡ Multiplexed, switched, quasi-distributed
➡ Integration (lab in a fiber)
➡ Immune to EMI, radiation, MRI
➡ Fire-safe, passive device
➡ No interference with existing equipment
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
6. EFPI
EFPI: Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor based on all-silica
glass structure: (1) launch fiber, (2) diaphragm, (3) capillary
Capillary
(optional
FBG)
AIR-GAP
Launch SM
fiber
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
Diaphragm
MM fiber
7. UL EFPI (pre-etch)
Air-gap length L
FP Spectrum ~ S0 + k cos[4πL/λ]
L = 20.6μm
Single-mode fiber
phragm
Dia
ir-gap
A
L
d
Capillary
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
8. UL EFPI (pre-etch)
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
9. UL EFPI (pre-etch)
Air-gap length L = L0 - Sp ΔP
FP Spectrum ~ S0 + k cos[4π(L - Sp ΔP)/λ]
Temperature: L = L0 - Sp ΔP + ST ΔT FBG
L0 - Sp ΔP
Pressure
Sp = 1.60 nm/kPa
L
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
10. Commercial EFPI
EFPI head: 200µm
Encapsulation: 500µm
Input fiber: 125µm
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
11. Commercial EFPI
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
12. Pressure detection
RMSE = 2.29 mmH2O
RMSE = 1.30 mmH2O
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
13. Pressure detection
RMSE = 2.29 mmH2O
RMSE = 2.29 mmH2O =
= 0.21 mmHg
RMSE = 1.30 mmH2O
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
14. Improved detection
D. Tosi, S. Poeggel. G. Leen, E. Lewis, “Adaptive
filter-based interrogation of high-sensitivity fiber
optic Fabry-Perot interferometry sensors,”
Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, in press
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
15. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG)
FBG = fiber optic filter
FBG cascade ⬌ Multiplexing
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
16. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG)
•Information encoded in
FBG optical spectrum
•Linear dependance on
strain and temperature
•Top performance sensor
•Easy interrogation
Reflected Bragg wavelength shifts linearly with variation of
tensile strain and temperature
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
17. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG)
Strain + temperature encoded in the sensing element
Strain: can be converted into force, by package
Temperature: for sensing, and compensation
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
18. Draw-tower grating
IOS hypertermia sensor:
5 FBG in 3 cm
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
19. Long period grating (LPG)
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
20. EFPI/FBG
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
23. White light setup
Courtesy of Politecnico di Torino
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
...
Switch
SLED
FBGA
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
.
.
.
24. White light setup
Courtesy of Politecnico di Torino
.
.
. FBGA
.
.
.
FBG matrix
...
...
.
.
.
...
SLED
Switch
SLED
FBGA
Switch
Circulator
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
25. Coherent light setup
Courtesy of Politecnico di Torino
.
.
.
.
.
.
FBG matrix
...
...
.
.
.
...
Switch
Laser
controller
Photodiode
Laser array
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
26. Circulator
Coherent light Switch
setup
Courtesy of Politecnico di Torino
.
.
.
Laser
FBG matrix
...
...
TEC
. Photodiode .
.
.
.
.
...
Switch
Laser
controller
Photodiode
Laser array
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
27. Interrogation
White light
Coherent light
Encoding
Wavelength
Amplitude
Resolution
1 pm (150 pm)
<< 1 pm
Throughput
1-100 Hz total
>kHz/channel
Switching
1/N * W
1/(N*W)
# Sensors
2-50/channel
<10
Cost (box)
$12k
$2.5k
Stability
Excellent
Low
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
28. Further integration
➡ Lab in a fiber
‣Integration of several sensing units in a single fiber
‣FBG (array), LPG, EFPI + bio/chemical (SPR)
➡ Quasi-distributed
‣Dense monitoring of parameters, localized
‣Bundle of EFPI, array of FBG, combination EFPI/FPI
➡ Cross-compensation
‣Sensing parameter + temperature + ref. index
‣Compensation matrix, detuning
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
29. Pigtail catheter
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
30. Pigtail catheter
Contrast liquid
4F
2x probes (distal)
French(F) = 1/3mm
Excess bending
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
31. Foley catheter
Urology catheter, bi-sex
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
32. Foley catheter
Seal: epoxy or medical tape
1cm
FO
Infusion + uroflowmetry
4F
Side holes
allow infusion
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
34. Needle/trocar
(1) Insert FO probe/bundle, retracted
(2) Expand/block into position
(optional: cut needle arms
to desired length)
(3) Push and project fibers
Trocar provides blockage
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
35. Cardiovascular
Top-notch
Performance
Miniature size
Distribution and
Integration
Immunity
➡ Excellent sensitivity to press., temp., strain
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
Miniature size (∅125μm, ∅40μm custom)
Lightweight, non-invasive, embeddable
Versatile fiber coating and catheterization
Punctual sensors
Multiplexed, switched, quasi-distributed
➡ Immune to EMI, radiation, MRI
➡
➡ No interference with existing equipment
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
36. Cardiovascular
➡ Blood pressure monitoring
‣Localized: allows localizing the phenomena without
damping, spatial averaging, fluid transfer (walls)
‣Multi-sensor: 2x sensors for obstructions (FFR)
‣Requires high speed: 100 Hz hardware to detect pulse
‣Used in the study of vasodilators/vasoconstrictors,
localize the pressure effect (pilot project)
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
37. Fractional Flow Reserve
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
38. Fractional Flow Reserve
2x optical fiber pressure
sensors allow direct
detection of FFR, preand post-sthenosis
Problems in long-term:
- Drift: >5 mmHg/hr
- Temperature
compensation
- Amplitude drifts
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
40. Fiber-optic IAB
Pressure detection
FO selling points:
- better stability to
patients movements
- better reproduction
of pulse peak
Fiber-optic cable
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
41. Setup phantom
Heart simulator
Spectrometer
ASE source
EFP
I sp
ectr
Heart pumping
Fiber inlet
Pres
sure
um
mea
s.
Sensor positioning
(short access)
Interrogator/processing
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
42. Cardio phantom
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
43. Stability (1 hr)
65
EFPI
Fluidic
0.63 mmHg
Pressure (mmHg)
64.5
64
63.5
63
2.76 mmHg
62.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (min)
Typical FO drift ~ 5 mmHg/hr. St. Jude drift: 4mmHg/10min
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
44. Ventricular assist
Demonstration at Cleveland Clinic, Mar 2013
FPI positioning
Ventricular assist
Reference (fluidic)
Pressure readout
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
45. Ventricular assist
Demonstration at Cleveland Clinic, Mar 2013
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
47. Urodynamic
“Standard” invasive urodynamics:
Mid-term (20-40 minutes) monitoring of the detrusor
muscle pressure and flowmetry during a urology analysis
that consists of infusion and voiding of the bladder
Why fiber-optic:
- FO sensors have a better responsivity and lower
damping than air-charged catheter
- It is possible to fit multiple fibers in the bladder: change
the way bladder obstructions are diagnosed
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
48. Urodynamic
Diagnostic based
on nomogram:
detrusor
pressure vs
uroflowmetry
➡ Direct
detection of
bladder outlet
obstruction
(BOO)
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
49. In-vivo measurement
Feasibility test with Federico II University, Naples.
Infusion (375ml)
Urination
EFPI
Pico2000
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
50. In-vivo measurement
Feasibility test with Federico II University, Naples.
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
51. In-vivo measurement
Feasibility test with Federico II University, Naples.
Urination
Cough
Stimulus
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
52. Direct BOO (proposal)
Differential pressure measurement
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) diagnostic
Interrogator
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
53. RF ablation of tumors
Top-notch
Performance
Miniature size
Distribution and
Integration
Immunity
➡
➡
➡ Cross-sensitivity abating/compensation
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
Miniature size (∅125μm, ∅40μm custom)
Lightweight, non-invasive, embeddable
Versatile fiber coating and catheterization
Multiplexed, switched, quasi-distributed
Integration (lab in a fiber)
➡ Immune to EMI, radiation, MRI
➡ Fire-safe, passive device
➡ No interference with existing equipment
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
54. RFA description
Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA):
Achieving the complete ablation of a cancerous tumor by
burning the tumor + surrounding by means of Joule effect.
In RFA the heat field is generated through 5-50W RF
Needle, 1mm diameter
Ablation, ~15min/cm
Tumor, up to 5cm size
RF field
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
55. RFA in liver
Liver tissue sets a specific problem: ebullience releases the
watery part of cells, which conduct more than liver - the
RF circuit is disconnected after 2-9 minutes
➡ Not possible for RFA to remove mid/large tumors, over
2 cm in diameter
➡ RFA is performed at ~60˚C rather than >100˚C. Cells
mortality not guaranteed
➡ Need to resort to microwave ablation (MWA)
➡ Biocompatible gels can isolate needle from ebullient cells
Numbers: 764k deceases (#3)
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
56. Heat distribution
IR thermal camera - imaging
Is the model confirmed by localized sensors?
Is it possible to increase RFA efficiency/duration?
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
57. Heat distribution
IR thermal camera - imaging
Is the model confirmed by localized sensors?
Is it possible to increase RFA efficiency/duration?
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
58. Ex-vivo - setup
Experiments with Universita’ di Pavia, San Matteo Hospital, Politecnico di Milano
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
59. Ex-vivo experiments
Experiments with Universita’ di Pavia, San Matteo Hospital, Politecnico di Milano
8mm
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
60. Ex-vivo experiments
Experiments with Universita’ di Pavia, San Matteo Hospital, Politecnico di Milano
5mm
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
61. Ex-vivo experiments
Experiments with Universita’ di Pavia, San Matteo Hospital, Politecnico di Milano
1mm
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
62. Preliminary conclusions
The preliminary results obtained with EFPI/FBG do not
match the physical model, nor the thermal camera imaging.
We observe during ablation a higher temperature, and
higher pressure than expected (105˚C and 80 kPa).
Denser monitoring is needed to have a full reproduction
of the physical phenomena.
Is it possible to increase the RFA efficiency, by online
monitoring of pressure/temperature field?
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
63. Robotic surgery
Top-notch
Performance
Miniature size
Distribution and
Integration
Immunity
➡ Excellent sensitivity to press., temp., strain
➡ <1με, 0.01˚C, <10Pa resolution
➡ Cross-sensitivity abating/compensation
➡ Miniature size (∅125μm, ∅40μm custom)
➡
➡
➡
➡ Multiplexed, switched, quasi-distributed
➡ Integration (lab in a fiber)
➡ Immune to EMI, radiation, MRI
➡
➡
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
64. Robotic surgery
•Integration of miniature FO sensors in surgical tool
•Measurement of force: 3D lateral + axial, return haptic
•Microsurgery (vitreoretinal surgery).
•Size matter! <125μm attractive, 40μm fibers for animal...
Da Vinci surgical tool: insufficient
resolution to address microsurgery
procedures. Need for a surgical tool that
embeds sensors with <mN force
detection + temperature compensation,
to return a haptic feedback to the doctor.
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
65. Tool shafts
X. Liu, I. Iordachita, X. He, R. T. Taylor, J. U. Kang, “Miniature fiberoptic force sensor based on low-coherence Fabry-Perot
interferometry for vitreoretinal microsurgery,” Biomedical Optics
Express, v. 3, n. 5, 2012
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
66. Robotic surgery sensors
•Two alternative technologies: EFPI, FBG
•FBG in a spring configuration, to translate force to strain
•Low sensitivity: 10 mN ⇢ 1 pm (1με)
•It needs temperature compensation
•EFPI promising, but larger size
•Transfer of axial forces through the capillary
•Proposal: all-EFPI configuration, axial+lateral+temperature
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
67. Conclusions
➡ Optical fiber sensors are well on their way to address
medical opportunities, usually in multiB markets
➡ Research emphasis on multi-sensing structures: lab-in-afiber, quasi-distributed, dense monitoring
➡ Scalability is a key factor for transitioning from lab to
market, but compatibly with disposable cost
➡ Emerging applications raise the bar for sensing
complexity: size, integration, mechanical prop., catheters
➡ Biocompatibility is a key issue: prevalence of all-glass
structures, most packages not FDA-compliant!
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
68. Acknowledgments
‣ Federico II University - Urologic Clinic
‣ Universita’ di Pavia, Politecnico di Milano
‣ Cleveland Clinic
‣ FP7 Marie Curie (299985-PROBESENSE)
‣ Science Foundation Ireland (RFP/ECE2898)
‣ Enterprise Ireland (IP-2012-0166-Y)
‣ University of Limerick, MSSI and CES depts.
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick
69. Thank you - Xie xie
➡ Cooperation
➡ Partnerships
➡ Funding proposals
... are welcome...
Daniele Tosi - Optical fiber sensors for medical applications - Research activities at University of Limerick