2. Definition
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease
that results from breakdown of joint cartilage
and underlying bone. Which may lead to
Joint pain
Joint swelling
Decrease range of motion
Weakness and numbness of arms and legs.
3. Statistics
In the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study ,
it was estimated that 251 million people
suffered from knee OA worldwide.
Musculoskeletal disease which include OA
was the second greatest cause of disability as
measured by years lived with disablity.
4. Demographics
Occurs in ♀ > ♂
Incidence rates increase with age
Racial disparities exist in the treatment of
osteoarthritis
African American males are the least likely to
receive total joint replacement when
compared to whites and Hispanics
5. Anatomy
A joint is where the ends of two or more bones
meet. The knee joint, for example, is formed
between the bones of the lower leg (the tibia and the
fibula) and the thighbone (the femur). The hip joint is
where the top of the thighbone (femoral head) meets
a concave portion of the pelvis (the acetabulum).
Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that
covers the ends of bones where they come together
to form joints. Healthy cartilage in our joints makes
it easier to move. It allows the bones to glide over
each other with very little friction. Articular cartilage
can be damaged by injury or normal wear and tear.
6. Synovial fluid is a viscous, non-Newtonian
fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints.
The fluid contains hyaluronan secreted by
fibroblast-like cells in the synovial membrane,
lubricin (proteoglycan 4; PRG4) secreted by
the surface chondrocytess of the articular
cartilagee and interstitial fluid filtered from the
blood plasma.[The principal role of synovial
fluid is to reduce friction between the articular
cartilage of synovial joints during movement.
11. Primary OA:
It occurs in old age, mainly in the weight
bearing joints (knee and hip). Can also occur
over the trapezio- metacarpal joint of the
thumb and distal interphalangeal joints of the
fingers.
12. Secondary OA:
In this type there is an underlying primary
disease of the joint which leads to
degeneration of the joint, often occurs many
years later. It may occur at any age after
adolescence, and occurs commonly at the
hip.
It is less common than primary OA.
14. Modifiable
Obesity
Trauma
Occupation, hard labor
Muscle weakness
Metabolic syndrome – central ( abdominal)
obesity, dyslipidemia ( high triglycerides and
low-dens lipoproteins), high blood pressure ,
and elevated fasting glucose levels.
15. Non-modifiable
Gendre – Females at increased risk
Age
Genetics
Race – some Asian populations at lower risk.
16. Pathophysiology
In a healthy joint, the ends of bones are
encased in smooth cartilage. Together, they
are protected by a joint capsule lined with a
synovial membrane that produces synovial
fluid. The capsule and fluid protect the
cartilage, muscles, and connective tissues.
18. With osteoarthritis, there is decrease in proteoglycan (
lubricin) content within cartilage.
The breakdown of collagen fibers results in a net
increase in water content resulting in increase of
synovial fluid.
19. Without the protective effects of the proteoglycans, the
collagen fibers of the cartilage can become susceptible
to degradation and thus exacerbate the degeneration.
Inflammation of the synovium and the surrounding
joint capsule can also occur.
New bone outgrowths, called "spurs" or osteophytes,
can form on the margins of the joints.
The subchondral bone volume increases resulting in
reduced joint space.
21. Formulating diagnosis
History taking
Age, sex
Pain ( onsent, duration, character )
Hx of fall / trauma
Taking any medication prior to this.
Hx of numbness/ lock knee/ weakness
Social hx ( work, lifestyle)
Risk factors ( underlying diseases)
22. Physical Examination ( Look, feel , move)
Look:
Bone deformity, length discrepancy, muscle
wasting, swelling, valgus / varus , instability, gait
Feel:
Warmth of skin, swelling, tenderness upon
palpation, fluid shift.
Move:
Check the range of motion, crepitus, stifness
23. Clinical features
Mostly occurs in elderly
Mostly in major joints of the lower limb ( hip or
knee)
Frequently bilaterally.
Pain is the earliest symptoms
It become intermittent initially and become
constant over months and years.
Worsening during physical activites
Swelling of the joint is a late sign, due to
inflammation.
24. Physical examination
Tenderness at the joint line
Crepitus on moving the joint
Irregular and enlarged looking joint due to
formation of peripheral osteophytes
Deformity – Varus and valgus of the knee
Effusion – rare
Terminal limitation of the joint movement
Subluxation detected on ligament testing
Wasting of quadriceps femoris muscle.
33. Investigation
Diagnosis of OA is mainly clinical. Blood investigations
and synovial fluid analysis are seldom required except
to exclude other diagnosis such as septic, inflammatory
and crystal arthropathy.
There are no specific laboratory investigations for
diagnosis of OA. Inflammatory markers such as (ESR,
CRP) are likely to be normal or only mildly elevated.
Synovial fluid analysis is also essentially normal in OA.
34.
35. Treatment
3 goals of osteoarthritis treatment:
to control pain
To delay the progression of the disease
to restore/ improve joint function
39. Intra-articular
corticosteroid
injections
Provides temporary pain relief.
Generic names: Betamethasone, methylprednisolone,
triminolone.
Steroids are similar to natural substances produced by
the body hormones that help reduce inflammation. If
inflammations is not a symptom of your osteoarthritis,
steroids are less likely to be helpful.
Steroids may be used to reduce inflammation in
tendons and ligaments in osteoarthritic joints.
40. Non-drug pain relief and
alternative therapies.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation (TENS):TENS is a
technique that uses a small
electronic device to direct mild
electric pulses to nerve endings that
lie beneath the skin in the painful
area. TENS may relieve some
arthritis pain. It seems to work by
blocking pain messages to the brain
and by modifying pain perception.
41. Supportive therapy
Weight reduction
Avoidance of stress and strain to the
affected joint in a day-to-day activities.
Local heat – provides relief of pain
and stiffness
Exercises for building up the muscles
controlling the joint help in providing
joint stability
43. Surgical treatment
Hand
Joint fusion
Joint replacement
Knee:
Osteotomy – High tibial osteotomy
Total knee replacement
Arthroscopic debridement
Hip:
Osteotomy – Intertrochanteric osteotomy
Hip resurfacing
Total hip replacement.
44. Osteotomy
Tibial osteotomy was first performed in Europe in the
late 1950s and brought to the United States in the
1960s. This procedure is sometimes called a "high
tibial osteotomy."
It literally means "cutting of the bone." In a knee
osteotomy, either the tibia (shinbone) or femur
(thighbone) is cut and then reshaped to relieve
pressure on the knee joint.
45. Advantages and Disadvantages
Knee osteotomy has three goals:
1. To transfer weight from the arthritic part of the knee to
a healthier area
2. To correct poor knee alignment
3. To prolong the life span of the knee joint
It may delay the need for a joint replacement for
several years
The recovery is typically more difficult than a partial
knee replacement because of pain and not being able
to put weight on the leg.
46. A: A normal knee joint
B: Osteophyte formation that has formed at one side of the knee
causing malalignment
A B
47. Procedure
Most osteotomies for knee
arthritis are done on the tibia
(shinbone) to correct a
bowlegged alignment that is
putting too much stress on
the inside of the knee.
During this procedure, a
wedge of bone is removed
from the outside of the tibia,
under the healthy side of the
knee. When the surgeon
closes the wedge, it
straightens the leg
48. Total knee replacement
1) Prepare the bone. The
damaged cartilage surfaces at
the ends of the femur and tibia
are removed along with a
small amount of underlying
bone.
2) Position the metal
implants. The removed
cartilage and bone is replaced
with metal components that
recreate the surface of the
joint. These metal parts may
be cemented or "press-fit" into
the bone.
3) Insert a spacer. A medical-
grade plastic spacer is inserted
between the metal
components to create a
smooth gliding surface.
A knee replacement (also called knee arthroplasty)
might be more accurately termed a knee "resurfacing“
because only the surface of the bones are actually replaced
49. Types of implant
There are more than 150 knee replacement
models
Mimic the ‘hinge’ concept
Components ( tibial, femur and patella)
Material : Titanium alloy, Cobalt-
chromium, Tantalum
Cemented or cementless.
Designs:
1) Posterior stabilized design
2) Cruciate retaining design
3) Unicompartment implants
50. Rehabilitation
Day of surgery
Deep breathing exercises
Active ankle ROM
Postop day 1
Lower-limb isometrics including quadriceps,
hamstrings, and gluteral sets
Wearing a knee immobilizer until the development of
active knee enstension and demonstration of good leg
control during ambulation
Weight-bearing after TKA may be partial or full,
depending on the surgeon’s discretion
51. Postop day 2
Standing at the bedside with knee immobilizer and
partial weight-bearing on the operated limb
Active assisted ROM
Postop day 4
Progressive isotonic and isometric knee and hip
muscle strengthening
Concentrate on terminal knee extension through active
knee extension exercises