Blood vessel of the body.pptx

BLOOD VESSEL
• By Don.Siyum A.
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Don. Siyum A.
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Introduction
The three major types of blood vessels are arteries,
capillaries, and veins.
•When the heart contracts, it forces blood into the large
arteries that leave the ventricles.
•Blood leaving the capillaries is collected by venules
•small veins that merge to form larger veins that
ultimately empty into the heart.
•This pattern of vessels applies to both the pulmonary
and systemic circuits.
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WALLS OF BLOOD VESSEL
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•The walls of all blood vessels, except the very smallest,
are composed of three distinct layers, or tunics.
The tunica intima
Tunica media and
Tunica externa
That surround the central blood-filled space, the
lumen.
•common to arteries as well as veins.
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TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
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The three major types of blood vessels are:
 Arteries
 Capillaries and
Veins.
Arteries
•Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the
heart.
•The passage of blood through the arteries proceeds
from elastic arteries, to muscular arteries, to arterioles.
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Arterioles
•Arterioles are the smallest arteries, with diameters
ranging from about 0.3 mm to 10 μm.
• Their tunica media contains only one or two layers of
smooth muscle cells.
•Larger arterioles have all three tunics plus an internal
elastic network in the tunica intima.
•Smaller arterioles, which lead into the capillary beds, are
little more than a single layer of smooth muscle cells
spiraling around an underlying endothelium.
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CAPILLARI
ES
• Capillaries are the smallest
blood vessels, with a
diameter of 8–10 μm.
• They are the body’s most
important blood vessels
because they renew and
refresh the surrounding
tissue fluid (interstitial fluid;
with which all body cells are
in contact.
• Capillaries deliver to this
fluid the oxygen and
nutrients cells need, and
they remove the carbon
dioxide and nitrogenous
wastes that cells deposit
fluid.
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Along with these universal
functions, some capillaries also
perform site-specific functions.
In the lungs, oxygen enters the
blood (and carbon dioxide leaves
it) through capillaries.
Capillaries in the small intestine
receive digested nutrients.
Those in the endocrine glands
pick up hormones; and those in
the kidneys remove nitrogenous
wastes from the body.
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Capillary Beds
• Capillaries supply body tissues
through structures called
capillary beds.
• A capillary bed is a network of
the body’s smallest vessels.
• Capillary beds run throughout
almost all tissues, especially
the loose connective tissues.
• A terminal arteriole leads to a
metarteriole—a vessel that is
structurally intermediate
between an arteriole and a
capillary—from which branch
true capillaries.
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Veins
•Veins are the blood vessels that conduct blood from
the capillaries toward the heart.
•Veins in the systemic circuit carry blood that is
relatively oxygen-poor, but the pulmonary veins carry
oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs.
•The smallest veins are called venules
• The smallest venules, called postcapillary venules.

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VASCULAR ANASTOMOSES
•Where vessels unite or interconnect, they form
vascular anastomoses.
•Most organs receive blood from more than one
arterial branch, and neighboring arteries often
connect with one another to form arterial
anastomoses.
• Arterial anastomoses provide alternativen pathways,
or collateral channels, for blood to reach a given body
region.
•If one arterial branch is blocked or cut, the collateral
channels can often provide the region with an
adequate blood supply.

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•Arterial anastomoses occur around joints, where active
body movements may hinder blood flow through one
channel, as well as in the abdominal organs, brain, and
heart.
By contrast, because arterial anastomoses are poorly
developed in the kidneys, spleen, parts of bone diaphyses
nearest the epiphyses, and central artery of the retina,
blockage of such arteries causes severe tissue damage.
•Veins anastomose much more freely than arteries.
You may be able to see venous anastomoses through the
skin on the dorsal surface of your hand. Because of the
abundant anastomoses, occlusion of a vein rarely blocks
blood flow or leads to tissue death.

VASA VASORUM 5/3/2022
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• The walls of blood vessels contain living cells
and therefore require a blood supply of their
own.
• For this purpose, the larger arteries and veins
have tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins in
their tunica externa.
• These little vessels, the vasa vasorum
(“vessels of the vessels”), arise either as tiny
branches from the same vessel or as small
branches from other, nearby vessels and
nourish the outer half of the wall of the
larger vessel.
• The inner half, by contrast, gets its nutrients
by diffusion from the blood in the vessel’s
own lumen.
• Small blood vessels need no vasa vasorum
because their walls are entirely supplied by
luminal blood.

BLOOD VESSELS OF THE BODY
• Blood vessels in the body called the vascular system has two
basic circuits:
• The pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from the lungs for
the uptake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide,
• Whereas the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood
throughout the body and picks up carbon dioxide from body
tissues.
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Blood vessels in the systemic circuit
also
(1)pick up nutrients from the
digestive tract and deliver them to
cells throughout the body,
(2)Receive nitrogenous wastes
from body cells and transport
them to the kidneys for
elimination in the urine, and
(3)pick up hormones or other
signaling molecules and transport
them to their target organ.
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THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
• The pulmonary circulation begins as
oxygen-poor blood leaves the right
ventricle of the heart via the
pulmonary trunk .
• Each pulmonary artery penetrates
the medial surface of a lung and then
divides into several lobar arteries
serving the lobes of the lung, three in
the right lung and two in the left
lung.
• As the branching arteries decrease in
size, they become arterioles and
finally the pulmonary capillaries that
surround the delicate air sacs (lung
alveoli).
• Gas exchange occurs across these
capillaries, and the newly oxygenated
blood enters venules and then
progressively larger veins.
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Systemic Arteries
• The systemic arteries carry
oxygenated blood from the heart to
the capillaries of organs throughout
the body.
• Arterial pulses can be palpated in the
muscular arteries at numerous body
locations and can be used to
determine heart rate and to assess
blood flow to a body region after
trauma, surgery, or disease.
• Deep pressure at a pulse point is a
first aid technique used to limit blood
flow through a vessel that is
hemorrhaging and thus limit blood
loss.

Aorta
• The aorta, the largest artery in
the body,
• leaves the heart, arcs
superiorly and then descends
along the bodies of the
vertebrae to the inferior part of
the abdomen.
• The aorta is divided into the
following three parts.
Ascending Aorta
• The ascending aorta one of the
great vessels leaving the heart,
arises from the left ventricle
and ascends for only about 5
cm.
• The only branches of the
ascending aorta are the two
coronary arteries that supply
the wall of the heart.
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Aortic Arch
• Arching posteriorly and to the left,
the aortic arch lies posterior to the
manubrium of the sternum.
• The ligamentum arteriosum, a
fibrous remnant of a fetal artery
called the ductus arteriosus,
interconnects the aortic arch and
the pulmonary trunk.
Three arteries branch from the
aortic arch
 Brachiocephalic trunk
• it divides into the right common
carotid and right subclavian
arteries.
Left common carotid
 Left subclavian arteries
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DESCENDING
AORTA
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•Continuing from the aortic
arch, the descending aorta
runs posterior to the heart
and inferiorly on the bodies
of the thoracic and lumbar
vertebrae.
•It has two parts,
 The thoracic aorta and
The abdominal aorta.

Arteries of the Head and Neck
Four pairs of arteries supply
the head and neck:
The common carotid arteries
Subclavian artery—the
vertebral artery, the
thyrocervical trunk, and the
costocervical trunk.
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Common Carotid Arteries
• Most parts of the head and neck
receive their blood from the
common carotid arteries,which
ascend through the anterior neck
just lateral to the trachea.
• These vessels are more vulnerable
than most other arteries in the
body because their relatively
superficial location.
• If a common carotid artery is cut,
the victim can bleed to death in
minutes
• common carotid by dividing into
an external and internal carotid
artery.
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External CarotidArtery
The external carotid artery is
one of the terminal branches
of the common carotid
artery.
It supplies structures in the
neck, face, and scalp; it also
supplies the tongue and the
maxilla.
The external carotid artery
terminaly dividing into the
superficial temporal and
maxillary arteries.

Before these terminal
branches, six arteries arise
from the external carotid
artery:
One branch arises
medially (ascending
pharyngeal),
Two branches arise
posteriorly (occipital and
posterior auricular), and
Three branches arise
anteriorly (superior
thyroid, lingual, and
facial).
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Thyrocervical and Costocervical Trunks
• The rest of the neck receives its blood
from two smaller branches of the
subclavian arteries, the thyrocervical and
costocervical trunks.
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BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE
BRAIN
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Arteries of the Brain
• The brain is supplied by the two internal carotid and the two
vertebral arteries. The four arteries lie within the
subarachnoid space, and their branches anastomose on the
inferior surface of the brain to form the circle of Willis.

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Internal Carotid Artery
•Begins – bifurcation of Common Carotid Artery
•Perforates base of skull – carotid canal
•it divides into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
Branches of the Cerebral Portion
1. The ophthalmic artery
•It enters the orbit through the optic canal below and
lateral to the optic nerve.
•It supplies the eye and other orbital structures.
2. The posterior communicating artery
•Thus forming part of the circle of Willis.

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3. The choroidal artery
• It gives off numerous small branches to surrounding
structures, including the crus cerebri, the lateral
geniculate body and the internal capsule.
4. The anterior cerebral artery is the smaller terminal
branch of the internal carotid artery.
 The anterior cerebral artery thus supplies the “leg area”
of the precentral gyrus.
5. The middle cerebral artery, the largest branch of the
internal carotid artery.
•This artery thus supplies all the motor area except the
“leg area.”

Vertebral Artery
• Branch of first part of subclavian
artery
• It enters the skull through the
foramen magnum
• At the lower border of the pons,
it joins the vessel of the opposite
side to form the basilar artery.
Branches of the Cranial Portion
• The meningeal branches are
small and supply the bone and
dura in the posterior cranial
fossa.
• The posterior spinal artery may
arise from the vertebral artery or
the posterior inferior cerebellar
artery.
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Circle of Willis
•The circle of Willis lies in the interpeduncular fossa at the
base of the brain.
•It is formed by the anastomosis between the two internal
carotid arteries and the two vertebral arteries.
The anterior communicating,
Anterior cerebral, internal carotid,
Posterior communicating,
Posterior cerebral, and basilar arteries all contribute to
the circle.

ARTERIES OF THE
THORAX
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Arteries of the thoracic Wall
The arterial supply to the
thoracic wall derives from the:
Thoracic aorta, thru the
posterior intercostal & subcostal
arteries.
Subclavian artery, thru the
internal thoracic & supreme
intercostal arteries.
Axillary artery, thru the superior
& lateral thoracic arteries.
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Vasculature of thoracic wall
Intercostal vessels run in the costal
groove
• Posterior intercostal arteries
1st & 2nd - arise from superior
intercostal artery (a branch of
costocervical trunk of subclavian
artery)
3rd -11th- branches of the
thoracic aorta
Accompanies intercostal nerve
• Anterior intercostal arteries
1st – 6th – from internal thoracic
7th- 9th – from musculophrenic
10th & 11th – have no anterior
intercostal
anastomose with the posterior
vessels in the intercostal spaces
around the midclavicular line
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ARTERIES OF THE THORACIC VISCERAL
ORGANS
•Many thoracic viscera receive their functional blood supply
from small branches off the thoracic aorta.
Branches :
–Esophageal arteries
–Bronchial arteries
–Pericardial branches
–Mediastineal branches
–Posterior intercostal arteries
–Superior phrenic arteries
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Coronary arteries (visceral layer pericardium only),
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ARTERIES OF THE UPPER
LIMB
The subclavian artery,
becomes axilary artery as it
courses the axilla.
The axilary artery in turn
becomes brachial artery as it
extends in to the arm.
At the elbow brachial artery
branches to ulnar and radial
arteries which supply the fore
arm and hand.
Radial artery is used to take
impulse on the wrist.
Superficial palmar arch and
Deep palmar arch formed by
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Axillary Artery
• The axillary artery descends through the
axilla, giving off the following branches:
(a)The thoracoacromial artery, which arises
just inferior to the clavicle and branches to
supply much of the pectoralis and deltoid
muscles;
(b)The lateral thoracic artery, which
descends along the lateral edge of pectoralis
minor and sends important branches to the
breast;
(c)The subscapular artery, which serves the
dorsal and ventral scapular regions and the
latissimus dorsi muscle; and
(d)The anterior and posterior circumflex
humeral arteries, which wrap around the
surgical neck of the humerus and help
supply the deltoid muscle and shoulder joint

ARTERIES AND
VEINS BRACHIAL
ARTERY
The major artery of the arm,
the brachial artery, is found in
the anterior compartment.
Beginning as a continuation of
the axillary artery at the lower
border of the teres major
muscle.
it terminates just distal to the
elbow joint where it divides
into the radial and ulnar
arteries.
The main branches are:
The deep artery of the arm/
profunda brachi artery
The superior & inferior ulnar
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Radial artery
The radial artery originates
from the brachial artery at
approximately the neck of the
radius and passes along the
lateral aspect of the forearm.
In the distal forearm, the
radial artery can be located
using the flexor carpi radialis
muscle as a landmark.
The radial pulse can be felt by
gently palpating the radial
artery against the underlying
muscle and bone.
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Ulnar Artery
oPulsations of the ulnar artery can
be palpated on the lateral side of
the FCU tendon.
oThe common interosseous
artery, a short branch of the ulnar
artery, arises in the distal part of
the cubital fossa & divides almost
immediately into anterior &
posterior interosseous arteries
oThe ulnar artery is larger than the
radial artery and passes down
the medial side of the forearm.
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Palmar Arches
• In the palm, branches of the
radial and ulnar arteries join to
form two horizontal arches:
The superficial
Deep palmar arches
The superficial arch underlies
the skin and fascia of the hand,
whereas the deep arch lies
against the metacarpal bones.
The digital arteries, which
supply the fingers, branch from
these arches.
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ARTERIES OF THE
ABDOMEN
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Arteries of the anterolateral abdominal wall
The anterolateral abdominal wall is supplied:
Superficially:
The superior part of the wall is supplied by
branches from the musculophrenic artery,
a terminal branch of the internal thoracic
artery.
•The inferior part of the wall is supplied by
The medially placed superficial epigastric
artery and
The laterally placed superficial circumflex
iliac artery, both branches of the femoral
artery.

At a Deep level:
The superior epigastric artery,
one of the terminal branches of
the internal thoracic artery.
The inferior epigastric artery is a
branch of the external iliac artery
just above the inguinal ligament.
supplying the lower central part
of the anterior abdominal wall,
and anastomoses with the
superior epigastric artery.
The deep circumflex iliac artery
is a branch of the external iliac
artery just above the inguinal
ligament.
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The neurovascular bundles of abdominal
cavity
1. Blood supply:
•Descending Abdominal Aorta.
Enters the aortic hiatus between the
right and left crus of the diaphragm at
the level of T12.
Extends retroperitoneally along the
anterior surface of the vertebrae (slightly
to the left), until the level of L4.
Principle Branches to GIT:
•It has three unpaired (single visceral)
branches from its anterior aspect to the
fore gut, mid gut and hind gut which are:
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The branches of the abdominal
aorta may be described as
visceral or parietal and paired or
unpaired.
The paired visceral branches
are:
Suprarenal arteries (L1)
Renal arteries (L1).
Gonadal arteries, the ovarian or
testicular arteries (L2).
The unpaired visceral branches
are:
Celiac trunk (T12).
Superior mesenteric artery (L1).
Inferior mesenteric artery (L3).

The paired parietal branches are:
Inferior phrenic arteries supply
the inferior surface of the
diaphragm and the suprarenal
glands.
Lumbar arteries that pass
around the sides of the superior
four lumbar vertebrae to supply
the posterior abdominal wall.
The unpaired parietal branch :
Median sacral artery, which
arises from the aorta at its
bifurcation and descends into
the lesser pelvis.
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THE CELIAC
TRUNK
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• Is located just inferior to Aortic hiatus.
Branches:
•The Splenic artery.
•The Common Hepatic artery.
• Left Gastric artery.

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THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC
ARTERY
• Is located below celiac trunk at L1.
Branches:
Right colic artery.
Jejenial arteries.
 Middle Colic artery
 Ileocolic artery
 Ileal arteries  Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal
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THE INFERIOR
MESENTERIC
ARTERY (IMA)
•Is located below SMA
at L3.
Branches:
Left Colic artery.
Sigmoidal artery.
Superior Rectal artery.
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COMMON ILIAC
ARTERIES
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•At the level of L4, the aorta splits into the right and left
common iliac arteries, which supply the inferior part of
the anterior abdominal wall, as well as the pelvic organs
and the lower limbs.

Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• At the level of the sacroiliac joint on the
pelvic brim,
• Each common iliac artery forks into two
branches:
The internal iliac artery, which mainly
supplies the pelvic organs, and
The external iliac artery, which supplies
the lower limb
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ARTERIES OF THE TRUE
PELVIS
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The following arteries enter the pelvic cavity:
Internal iliac artery
Superior rectal artery
Ovarian artery
Median sacral artery

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Internal Iliac Artery
The internal iliac artery
passes down into the pelvis
to the upper margin of the
greater sciatic foramen,
where it divides into
anterior and posterior
divisions.
The branches of these
divisions supply the pelvic
viscera, the perineum, the
pelvic walls, and the
buttocks.

BRANCHES OF THE ANTERIOR
DIVISION
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Umbilical artery:
The lumen of the umbilical aa becomes obliterated after
birth and the remnant of the vessel becomes the medial
umbilical ligament.
Gives off :
Superior vesical artery,
Artery of the ductus deferens
Supply to : the upper portion of the bladder; ductus
deferens

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Obturator artery:
This artery runs along the lateral wall of the pelvis with
the obturator nerve and leaves the pelvis through the
obturator canal.
Inferior vesical artery:
This artery supplies the base of the bladder and the
prostate and seminal vesicles in the male.
Middle rectal artery:
It supplies the muscle of the lower rectum and
anastomoses with the superior rectal and inferior rectal
arteries.

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Internal pudendal artery
Its branches supply the musculature of the anal canal
and the skin and muscles of the perineum.
Inferior gluteal artery:
This artery leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic
foramen below the piriformis muscle.
Vaginal artery:
Usually a branch of uterine artery but may
independently arise from the internal iliac artery.
 It supplies the vagina and the base of the bladder.

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Uterine artery:
This artery runs medially on the floor of the pelvis and
crosses the ureter superiorly. remember the saying
"water under the bridge“
where it anastomoses with the ovarian artery. The
uterine artery gives off a vaginal branch.
Divides into:
 Large tubal branch supplying uterine tube
 Small vaginal branch supplying cervix & vagina

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Branches of the Posterior Division
Iliolumbar artery: This artery ascends across the pelvic
inlet posterior to the external iliac vessels, psoas, and iliacus
muscles.
Lateral sacral arteries: These arteries descend in front of
the sacral plexus, giving off branches to neighboring
structures.
Superior gluteal artery: This artery leaves the pelvis
through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis
muscle. It supplies the gluteal region.

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Ovarian Artery
It crosses the external iliac artery at the pelvic inlet and
enters the suspensory ligament of the ovary.
It then passes into the broad ligament and enters the
ovary by way of the mesovarium.
Superior Rectal Artery
•The superior rectal artery is a direct continuation of the
inferior mesenteric artery.
•It supplies the mucous membrane of the rectum and the
upper half of the anal canal.
Median Sacral Artery
•The median sacral artery is a small artery that arises at
the bifurcation of the aorta.

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External Iliac Artery
The external iliac artery
runs along the medial
border of the psoas
muscle, following the
pelvic brim, and gives
off the inferior
epigastric and deep
circumflex iliac
branches.
It leaves the false
pelvis by passing under
the inguinal ligament
to become the femoral
artery.

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE LOWER
LIMB
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Femoral Artery
The femoral artery enters the
thigh from behind the inguinal
ligament, as a continuation of
the external iliac artery.
The femoral artery is the main
arterial supply to the lower
limb.
Ends at the opening in the
adductor magnus muscle by
entering the popliteal space as
the popliteal artery.

Branches
The superficial circumflex
iliac artery
The superficial epigastric
artery
The superficial external
pudendal artery
The deep external
pudendal artery
The profunda femoris
artery
The descending genicular
artery .
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The Cruciate Anastomosis
The cruciate anastomosis is
situated at the level of the
lesser trochanter of the
femur. provides a connection
between the internal iliac and
the femoral arteries.
The following arteries take
part in the anastomosis:
The inferior gluteal artery,
the medial femoral circumflex
artery, the lateral femoral
circumflex artery, and the first
perforating artery, a branch of
the profunda artery.

The popliteal artery:
The continuation of the
femoral artery.
Ends at the inferior
border of the popliteus
by dividing into the
anterior & posterior
tibial arteries.
Branches:
⚫Cutaneous
⚫Muscular
⚫Articular ( 5)
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Muscular branches of the popliteal artery supply the
hamstring, gastrocnemius, soleus, & plantaris muscles.
Five genicular branches of the popliteal artery supply
the capsule & ligaments of the knee joint.
Superior medial genicular aa
superior lateral genicular aa
Middle genicular aa
 Inferior medial, genicular aa
Inferior lateral genicular aa

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Arteries of the Foot
The arteries of the foot are terminal branches of the
anterior & posterior tibial arteries, respectively the
dorsal & plantar arteries.
Dorsal artery of the foot
The dorsal artery of the foot (dorsalis pedis) is often a
major source of blood supply to the forefoot.
Is the direct continuation of the anterior tibial artery.

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Anterior Tibial Artery
The anterior tibial artery is
the smaller of the terminal
branches of the popliteal
artery.
It descends on the anterior
surface of the interosseous
membrane, accompanied by
the deep peroneal nerve.
At the ankle, it becomes the
dorsalis pedis artery.
At the base of the metatarsal
bones, the arcuate artery
branches from the dorsalis
pedis and sends smaller
branches distally along the
metatarsals.

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•The dorsalis pedis artery is superficial,
and the pulse from this artery can be
palpated in the proximal space
between the first and second
metatarsals.
•The absence of this pulse can indicate
that the blood supply to the leg is
inadequate.
•Routine checking of the pedal pulse is
indicated for patients known to have
impaired circulation to the legs and
for those recovering from surgery to
the leg.

ARTERIES OF THE SOLE OF
THE FOOT
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Supplies by blood derived from the posterior tibial artery,
which divides deep to the flexor retinaculum.
The terminal branches the medial & lateral plantar
arteries.
Medial Plantar Artery
 Is the smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial
artery.
 Branches: Muscular,Articular & join 1st ,2nd, 3rd plantar
metatarsal
 Completes plantar arch.

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Lateral plantar artery
 Is much larger than the medial plantar artery, & arises
with & accompanies the nerve of the same name.
 Gives calcaneal, cutaneous, muscular & articular
branches
 Forms the plantar arch by joining with the deep
plantar branch of the dorsalis pedis artery.

PULSE FEELING AREAS IN THE BODY
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• Radial artery-at the wrist
• Temporal artery- in front of
the ear
• Common carotid artery- at the
neck
• Facial artery- at the lower
margin of lower jaw
• Brachial artery- at the elbow
region
• Femoral artery- at the groin
region
• Popliteal artery- at the back of
knee
• Dorsalis pedis artery- at the
dorsum of the foot

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Systemic Veins
• Although most veins run with corresponding arteries, there
are some important differences in the distributions of
arteries and veins:
1. Whereas just one systemic artery leaves the heart—the
aorta exiting the left ventricle, three major veins enter
the right atrium of the heart the superior and inferior
venae cavae and the coronary sinus.
2. All large and medium-sized arteries have deep
locations for protection. In contrast, many veins lie just
beneath the skin, unaccompanied by any arteries; these
are called superficial veins.

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3.Several parallel veins often take the place of a single
larger vein. Such multi vein bundles, including networks of
veins forming anastomoses, are called venous plexuses.
4. Two important body areas have unusual patterns of
venous drainage.
First, veins from the brain drain into dural sinuses, which
are not typical veins but endothelium-lined channels
supported by walls of dura mater.
Second, venous blood draining from the digestive organs
enters a special subcirculation, the hepatic portal system,
and passes through capillaries in the liver before the blood
reenters the general systemic circulation.

Venae Cavae and their Major Tributaries
The unpaired superior and inferior
venae cavae, the body’s two largest
veins, empty directly into the right
atrium of the heart.
MAJOR VRINS
The superior vena cava returns blood
from the head, neck, thorax & upper
limbs to the right atrium; and
inferior vena cava returns blood from
the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs
to the right atrium.
Superior Vena Cava
• The superior vena cava receives the
systemic blood from all body regions
superior to the diaphragm excluding
the heart wall.
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Superior vena cava (SVC)
 Formed by union of right
and left brachiocephalic
veins behind the right first
costal cartilage near to the
sternum
Brachiocephalic vein
 Formed by union of internal
jugular vein and subclavian
vein behind sternoclavicular
joint.
 Right brachiocephalic vein
• Short & vertical
 Left brachiocephalic vein
• left is longer and nearly
horizontal
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Inferior Vena Cava
• Which ascends along the posterior
wall of the abdominal cavity and is
• The widest blood vessel in the body,
returns blood to the heart from all
body regions inferior to the
diaphragm.
 The IVC, the largest vein in the
body.
 The IVC begins anterior to L5
vertebra by the union of the
common iliac veins.
 The IVC returns poorly oxygenated
blood from the lower limbs, most
of the back, the abdominal walls,
and the abdomino pelvic viscera.
 Blood from the viscera passes
through the portal venous system
and the liver before entering the IVC
via the hepatic veins.
 Drains into right atrium
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VEINS OF THE HEAD AND
NECK
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•Most blood draining from
the head and neck enters
three pairs of veins:
(1) The internal jugular veins
from the dural sinuses,
(2)the external jugular veins,
and
(3) the vertebral veins .

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Dural Venous Sinuses
• The venous sinuses of the cranial
cavity are situated between the layers
of the dura mater.
• Their main function is to receive
blood from the brain through the
cerebral veins and the cerebrospinal
fluid from the subarachnoid space
through the arachnoid villi.
• The superior sagittal sinus
The superior sagittal and straight
sinuses then drain posteriorly into the
transverse sinuses,
• The inferior sagittal sinus
The inferior sagittal sinus drains
posteriorly into the straight sinus.

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•The straight sinus
It is formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus
with the great cerebral vein.
•The transverse sinuses
The right sinus is usually continuous with the superior
sagittal sinus, and the left is continuous with the
straight sinus.

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•The sigmoid sinuses are a direct continuation of the
transverse sinuses. which becomes the internal jugular
vein as it leaves the skull through the jugular foramen.
•The occipital sinus is a small sinus occupying the
attached margin of the falx cerebelli.
•The blood in the dural sinuses ultimately drains into the
internal jugular veins in the neck.

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Internal Jugular Veins
•The large internal jugular veins drain almost all of the
blood from the brain .
•internal jugular veins- larger and deeper ,drain blood
from brain anterior head ,face and neck it joins the sub
clavian vein on each side to form the brachiocephalic
veins which empty in to the superior vena cava.

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External Jugular Vein
The external jugular vein begins just behind the angle of
the mandible by the union of the posterior auricular vein
with retromandibular vein.
Drains into the subclavian vein.
Tributaries
The external jugular vein has the following tributaries:
Posterior auricular vein
Posterior division of the retromandibular vein
Posterior external jugular vein
Transverse cervical vein
 Suprascapular vein
Anterior jugular vein

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Veins of the Thorax
• Blood draining from the first few
intercostal spaces enters the
brachiocephalic veins.
• Blood from the other intercostal
spaces, as well as from some of
the thoracic viscera, drains into a
group of veins called the azygos
system.
• This group of veins, which flank
the vertebral column and
ultimately empty into the
superior vena cava, consists of
the azygos vein, the hemiazygos
vein, and the accessory
hemiazygos vein.

Azygos vein
• The azygos vein, ascends
along the right or the center
of the thoracic vertebral
bodies.
• It receives all of the right
posterior intercostal veins
(except the first), plus the
subcostal vein.
• Connects superior and
inferior venae cavae.
Formation
 Originate in the abdomen
by union of lumbar
azygos, right ascending
lumbar and right
subcostal veins
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Tributaries
1. Right superior intercostal vein
2. Right 5 – 11 intercostal veins
3. Right subcostal vein and right ascending lumbar
4. Right bronchial vein
5. Esophageal, Mediastinal & pericardial veins
6. Hemiazygos vein
7. Accessory hemiazygos vein

Hemiazgos vein
Origin
• The hemiazygos vein, which
ascends on the left side of the
vertebral column,
• It receives the ninth through
eleventh left posterior
intercostal veins and the
subcostal vein.
Tributaries
1. 9th – 11th left intercostal
2. Left subcostal
3. Left ascending lumbar
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ACCESSORY HEMIAZYGOS
VEIN
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•The accessory hemiazygos vein can be thought of as a
superior continuation of the hemiazygos, receiving the
fourth (fifth) through the eighth left posterior
intercostal veins.
Tributaries
 Left 5th - 8th posterior intercostal veins
 Left bronchial vein

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Veins of the Upper Limbs
The veins of the upper limbs
are:
Deep
Superficial

The Deep veins
• The deep veins of the upper limbs
follow the paths of their companion
arteries and have the same names.
• The Deep and superficial palmar
venous arches of the hand empty
into the radial and ulnar veins of
the forearm, which unite just
inferior to the elbow joint to form
the brachial vein of the arm.
• As the brachial vein enters the
axilla, it empties into the axillary
vein, which becomes the subclavian
vein at the first rib.
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Superficial Veins
• The superficial veins of the
upper limb are larger than the
deep veins and are visible
beneath the skin.
• They form anastomoses
frequently along their course.
They begin with the dorsal
venous network.
• The dorsal venous network
drains superiorly into the
cephalic vein, this vein ascends
through the anterolateral side
of the entire limb and ends
inferior to the clavicle, where it
joins the axillary vein.
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The basilic vein arises from the
medial aspect of the hand’s
dorsal venous network, then
ascends along the posteromedial
forearm and the anteromedial
surface of the arm.
• In the axilla, the basilic vein joins
the brachial vein to become the
axillary.
• On the anterior aspect of the
elbow joint, in the region called
the cubital fossa, the median
cubital vein connects the basilic
and cephalic veins .
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Veins of the Abdomen
• Blood returning from the
abdominopelvic viscera and
the abdominal wall reaches
the heart via the inferior vena
cava.
• Most venous tributaries of
this great vein share the
names of the corresponding
arteries.
• The veins from the paired
abdominal organs, the pelvis,
and the abdominal wall drain
directly into the inferior vena
cava. Blood from the
digestive organs returns via
the hepatic portal system.
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Lumbar Veins
• Several pairs of lumbar veins drain the
posterior abdominal wall, running
horizontally with the corresponding lumbar
arteries.
Gonadal (Testicular or Ovarian) Veins
• The right and left gonadal veins ascend
along the posterior abdominal wall with
the gonadal arteries.
• The right gonadal vein drains into the
anterior surface of the inferior vena cava at
L2.
• The left gonadal vein drains into the left
renal vein.

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Renal Veins
• The right and left renal veins drain the
kidneys; each lies just anterior to the
corresponding renal artery.
Suprarenal Veins
• Although each adrenal gland has several
main arteries, it has just one suprarenal
vein.
• The right suprarenal vein empties into
the nearby inferior vena cava;
• The left suprarenal vein drains into the
left renal vein.

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Hepatic Veins
• The right and left hepatic veins
exit the liver superiorly and
empty into the most superior part
of the inferior vena cava.
• These veins carry all the blood
that originated in the digestive
organs in the abdominal and
pelvic cavities and arrived via the
hepatic portal system.
Portal Vein (Hepatic Portal Vein)
• The hepatic portal system is a
specialized part of the vascular
circuit that serves a function
unique to digestion:

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•It picks up digested nutrients
from the stomach and
intestines and delivers these
nutrients to the liver for
processing and storage.
• The hepatic portal system is a
series of vessels in which two
separate capillary beds lie
between the arterial supply
and the final venous drainage.
•In this case, capillaries in the
stomach and intestines
receive the digested nutrients
and then drain into the
tributaries of the hepatic
portal vein.

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•This vein then delivers the nutrient-rich blood to a
second capillary bed—the liver sinusoids—through
which nutrients reach liver cells for processing.
•The liver cells also break down toxins that enter the
blood through the digestive tract. After passing through
the liver sinusoids, the blood enters the hepatic veins
and inferior vena cava.
•The portal vein is about 5 cm long and is formed behind
the neck of the pancreas by the union of the superior
mesenteric and splenic veins.

Tributaries of the Portal Vein
The tributaries of the portal vein
are the splenic vein, superior
mesenteric vein, left gastric
vein, right gastric vein, and
cystic veins.
Splenic vein:
oIt unites with the superior
mesenteric vein behind the neck
of the pancreas to form the
portal vein.
oIt receives the short gastric, left
gastroepiploic, inferior
mesenteric, and pancreatic
veins.
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• Inferior mesenteric vein:
This vein ascends on the posterior
abdominal wall and joins the splenic
vein behind the body of the pancreas.
It receives the superior rectal veins,
the sigmoid veins, and the left colic
vein.
• Superior mesenteric vein:
o This vein ascends in the root of the
mesentery of the small intestine.
oIt passes in front of the third part of
the duodenum and joins the splenic
vein behind the neck of the pancreas.
oIt receives the jejunal, ileal, ileocolic,
right colic, middle colic, inferior
pancreaticoduodenal, and right
gastroepiploic veins.
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• Left gastric vein:
oThis vein drains the left portion
of the lesser curvature of the
stomach and the distal part of
the esophagus.
o It opens directly into the portal
vein.
• Right gastric vein:
oThis vein drains the right portion
of the lesser curvature of the
stomach and drains directly into
the portal vein.
• Cystic veins:
oThese veins either drain the
gallbladder directly into the liver
or join the portal vein.
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Portal-systemic anastomoses
⚫Under normal conditions venous
blood transverses liver and drains
into IVC by way of hepatic veins.
When portal circulation through
the liver is diminished or
obstructed because of liver
disease or physical pressure from a
tumor, blood from the digestive
tract can still reach the right atrium
of the heart through the IVC by
way of collateral routes.
⚫Smaller communications
occur between portal and
systemic venous systems
forming portosystemic
anastomosis at some sites.
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1.At the lower end of the esophagus (A).
•The esophageal branches of the left gastric vein (portal
tributary) anastomose with the esophageal veins draining
the middle third of the esophagus into the azygos veins
(systemic tributary).
2.At rectal venous plexus (B).
•Halfway down the anal canal, the superior rectal veins
(portal tributary) draining the upper half of the anal canal
anastomose with the middle and inferior rectal veins
(systemic tributaries), which are tributaries of the internal
iliac and internal pudendal veins, respectively.
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3.At paraumbilical venous plexus (C)
•Connect the left branch of the portal vein with the superficial
veins of the anterior abdominal wall (systemic tributaries).
•The paraumbilical veins travel in the falciform ligament and
accompany the ligamentum teres.
4. Portal-retroperitoneal anastomosis
•The veins of the ascending colon, descending colon,
duodenum, pancreas, and liver (portal tributary)
anastomose with the renal, lumbar, and phrenic veins
(systemic tributaries).
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Site Portal tributary Systemic tributary
1. Lower third of
esophagus
•Esophageal
branches of left
gastric vein
•Esophageal veins which drain
middle third of it to azygous.
2. Half way down
anal canal.
•Superior rectal
veins.
•Middle and inferior rectal
veins.
3. Bare area of
liver.
•Left branch of
portal vein.
•Superficial veins of anterior
abdominal wall via
paraumblical veins.
4. Posterior
abdominal wall.
•Small and large
intestine and
pancreas.
•Lumbar veins and phrenic
veins.

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Venous drainage of the LL
The LL has Superficial & deep vein.
•The superficial veins are in the subcutaneous tissue.
•The deep veins are beneath the deep fascia &
accompany all major arteries.
Superficial & deep veins have valves, which are more
numerous in deep veins.
Superficial Veins of the LL
The two major superficial veins in the LL are the great &
small saphenous veins.
They are of great clinical importance.

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The great saphenous vein
The great saphenous vein drains the medial end of the
dorsal venous arch of the foot and passes upward
directly in front of the medial malleolus.
The vein passes behind the knee and curves forward
around the medial side of the thigh.
It passes through the lower part of the saphenous
opening in the deep fascia and joins the femoral vein.
The great saphenous vein has 10-12 valves, which are
more numerous in the leg than in the thigh.

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At the saphenous opening in the deep fascia, the great
saphenous vein usually receives three tributaries that
are variable in size and arrangement:
 The superficial circumflex iliac vein
 The superficial epigastric vein, and
The superficial external pudendal vein.
These veins correspond with the three branches of the
femoral artery found in this region.

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TRIBUTARIES INCLUDE:
ACCESSORY SAPHENOUS
VEIN ( THE MAIN
COMMUNICATION B/N THE
GREAT & THE SMALL
SAPHENOUS VEINS).
LATERAL & ANTERIOR
CUTANEOUS VEINS.
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6

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Deep Veins
•Arising on the sole of the foot from the union of the
medial and lateral plantar veins, the posterior tibial vein
ascends deep within the calf muscles and receives the
fibular (peroneal) vein.
•The anterior tibial vein, which is the superior
continuation of the dorsalis pedis vein of the foot,
ascends to the superior part of the leg, where it unites
with the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein.

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•The popliteal vein passes through the popliteal fossa
and ascends to become the femoral vein, which drains
the thigh.
•The femoral vein is located with the femoral artery and
nerve in the femoral triangle.
•This vessel continues superiorly deep to the inguinal
ligament and becomes the external iliac vein.
• In the pelvis, the external iliac vein unites with the
internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein.

Pelvic Veins
Pelvic veins follow the course of all branches of the
internal iliac artery except for the umbilical artery and the
iliolumbar artery.
On each side, the veins drain into internal iliac veins,
which leave the pelvic cavity to join common iliac veins.
Within the pelvic cavity, extensive interconnected venous
plexuses are associated with the surfaces of the viscera.
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1

The various plexuses within the lesser pelvis (rectal,
vesical, prostatic, uterine, and vaginal) unite and are
drained mainly by tributaries of the internal iliac veins.
but some of them drain through the lateral sacral veins
into the internal vertebral venous plexus.
The part of the venous plexus surrounding the rectum
and anal canal drains via superior rectal veins
(tributaries of inferior mesenteric veins) into the hepatic
portal system, and via middle and inferior rectal veins
into the caval system.
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2

The single Deep dorsal vein that drains erectile tissues
of the clitoris and the penis does not follow branches of
the internal pudendal artery into the pelvic cavity.
The vein joins the prostatic plexus of veins in men and
the vesical (bladder) plexus of veins in women.
(Superficial veins that drain the skin of the penis and
corresponding regions of the clitoris drain into the
external pudendal veins, which are tributaries of the
great saphenous vein in the thigh.)
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3

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4

THANK YOU!
5/3/2022
Don. Siyum A.

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