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8. 8
US Financial System Along with Regulatory Bodies
The Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS)
State banking regulators
The Office of the Controller of the Currency
The Federal Reserve
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
The National Credit Union Administration (NCUA)
•
State Insurance Regulators
CFTC
SEC
State Attorneys General
State Securities Regulators
Finra
•
13. 13
Debenture
On the basis of security:
On the basis of redemption:
On the basis of records:
On the basis of convertibility:
14. Financial Instruments Comparison between Companies
14
Company 1
Equity Share
Preference Share
Debentures
Text Here
Text Here
Text Here
Company 2
Equity Share
Preference Share
Debentures
Text Here
Text Here
Text Here
Company 3
Equity Share
Preference Share
Debentures
Text Here
Text Here
Text Here
15. Time Value of Money
15
Time value of money parameter
Time value of money working methodology
Valuation of Bonds
16. Time Value of Money Parameters
16
2.4%
$23,234
45 months
$43,456
5.0%
10%
17. Time Value of Money Working Methodology
17
= = = = ==
Time Period
Cash Flow
Net Future Value
Total Present Value
Discount rate (20%)
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
CF0 CF1 CF2 CF3 CF4 CF5
$1.0 $1.0 $1.0 $1.0 $1.0 $1.0
$1.0 $0.8 $0.65 $0.55 $0.25 $0.50
1
(1+20%)0
1
(1+20%)1
1
(1+20%)2
1
(1+20%)3
1
(1+20%)4
1
(1+20%)5
1 1 1 1 1 11
0.8
0.65
0.55
0.25
0.5
Today Year 2018 Year 2018 Year 2018 Year 2018 Year 2018
Net Future Value Total Present Value
18. Valuation of Bonds (1/2)
18
BondValuation
Settlement Date 25th Sep 2018
Maturity Date 25th Sep 2035
First Call Date 25th Sep 2020
Coupon Rate 5.00%
YTM 6.50%
Face Value $ 1,500.00
Call Price $ 1,850.00
Frequency 5
Basis 2
Value $ 1,550.50
ReturnMeasures
Current Yield 5.25%
Yield to Maturity 10.00%
Yield to Call 15.25%
Text Here
Text Here
Text Here
Text Here
Text Here
Text Here
Text Here
Bond Valuation Analysis Table
19. Valuation of Bonds (2/2)
19
Time
Cash Flows on
dollar bond ($)
Present
Value ($)
Cash Flows on
yen bond (¥)
Present
Value (¥)
1 0.5 0.5624 50 65.21
2 0.2 0.8532 20 83.22
3 0.8 0.1254 35 54.79
4 0.9 2.4586 85 101.23
Total 3.9996 304.45
Bond Valuation Estimation Table
22. Comparative Income Statement
22
Particulars 31st Mar 2017 31st Mar 2018
Absolute Change
(Increase or Decrease)
Percentage Change
(Increase or Decrease)
%
1. Revenue from Operations Text Here
2. Other Income Text Here Text Here Text Here
3. Total Revenue (1+2) Text Here Text Here Text Here
4. Expenses Text Here Text Here Text Here
a). Cost of Materials consumed Text Here Te
b). Purchases of Stock-in-trade Text Here Text Here
c). Changes in inventories of finished
goods, work-in-progress & stock-in-
trade
Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
d). Employees benefit expenses
e). Finance cost Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
f). Depreciation & Amortisation Text Here
g). Other Expenses Text Here Text Here Text Here
Total Expenses Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
5. Profit before Tax (3-4) Text Here Text Here
(-) Income Tax Text Here
6. Profit after Tax Text Here Text Here Text Here
23. Comparative Balance Sheet Statement
23
Base year of Analysis 2016 2017 2018
Assets Amounts ($) % of total Amounts ($) % of total Amounts ($) % of total
Cash & Receivables 555,000 10.0 87,000 10.0 555,000 10.0
Investments 687,000 15.0 254,600 15.0 687,000 15.0
Real Estate 256,250 15.0 786,125 15.0 256,250 15.0
Business Interests 750,000 5.0 125,000 5.0 750,000 5.0
Personal Property 352,000 15.0 154,000 15.0 352,000 15.0
Retirement Assets 758,000 20.0 122,000 20.0 758,000 20.0
Other 253,150 20.0 187,950 20.0 253,150 20.0
Total Assets 36,11,402 100.0 17,16,675 100.0 36,11,402 100.0
Liabilities
Credit Cards 256,250 15.0 786,125 15.0 256,250 15.0
Automobile Loans 750,000 5.0 125,000 5.0 750,000 5.0
Mortgages 352,000 15.0 154,000 15.0 352,000 15.0
Other Debts 758,000 20.0 122,000 20.0 758,000 20.0
Other 253,150 20.0 187,950 20.0 253,150 20.0
Total Liabilities 36,11,402 100.0 17,16,675 100.0 36,11,402 100.0
Net Worth 45,25,550 85.0 25,56,850 56.5 15,12,568 65.4
Total Liabilities & Equity 56,25,875 100.0 35,78,458 100.0 34,56,875 100.0
24. Types of Common Size Statement
24
Common size
income statement
01
Common size balance
sheet statement
02
Common size cash
flow statement
03
25. Common Size Income Statement
25
Income Statement 2017 ($) % 2018 ($) %
Net Sales 1,200,000 86 1,250,000 85
Costs of goods sold 684,000 25 845,234 29
Gross profit margin 350,000 35 568,925 42
Selling & administrative
expenses
246,000 46 235,956 41
Depreciation 50,000 15 123,546 5
Operating Profit (EBIT) 178,000 25 75,000 10
Interest 15,000 5 23,250 5
Earnings before taxes 125,000 18 86,540 5
Taxes (0.40) 23,000 2 29,565 10
Net Income 56,000 8 24,870 15
26. Common Size Balance Sheet Statement
26
$ as of 2016 $ as of 2017 % as of 2016 % as of 2017
Current Assets
Cash 2500 1000 5.4 2.1
Accounts Receivable 8400 2500 50.2 35.5
Inventory 3500 3400 25.2 15.1
Total current assets 14000 6900 80.8 52.7
Total fixed assets 5500 3400 25.6 45.5
Total assets 19500 10300 10.64 98.2
$ as of 2016 $ as of 2017 % as of 2016 % as of 2017
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable 2500 1000 5.4 2.1
Accrued expenses 8400 2500 50.2 35.5
Short-term debt 3500 3400 25.2 15.1
Total current liabilities 14000 6900 80.8 52.7
Long term debt 5500 3400 25.6 45.5
Total liabilities 19500 10300 10.64 98.2
Shareholder equity 4500 5600 25.20 55.45
Total liabilities & equity 24000 15900 35.84 63.65
27. Common Size Cash Flow Statement
27
Particulars 2017 (%) 2018 (%)
Net income 25.5 30.4
Accounts receivable 15.5 24.3
Inventory -10.5 -5.2
Depreciation 5.0 8.5
Operating cash flow 15.5 13.5
Purchase of Plant & Machinery 10.3 15.2
Cash dividends received -10.2 -5.3
Investing cash flow -8.5 -8.5
Purchase of bonds 5.8 2.3
Cash dividends paid -3.2 -3.2
Financing cash flow -5.0 -5.0
Total cash flow 1.0 3.0
28. Trend Analysis
28
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Totals
Product 1
Last Year’s Sales $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
This years sales goal $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
This years actual sales $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
Variance from goal $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000
% change since last year 25.0% 50.5% 25.0% 85.0% 72.5%
Product 2
Last Year’s Sales $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
This years sales goal $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
This years actual sales $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
Variance from goal $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000
% change since last year 25.0% 50.5% 25.0% 85.0% 72.5%
Product 3
Last Year’s Sales $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
This years sales goal $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
This years actual sales $15,000 $20,000 $12,000 $25,000 $72,000
Variance from goal $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000
% change since last year 25.0% 50.5% 25.0% 85.0% 72.5%
29. Trend Analysis – Graphical Representation
29
24
36
12
38
89
24
37
63
37
31
56
44
0
20
40
60
80
100
Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 Jan-18
Australia USA Belgium
COUPON DISPLAY ADS SEM SEO
Amount of Sales per month per Country (2017-18)
30. 30
Trend Analysis – Yearly Comparison
0
10
20
30
40
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
This Year
Last Year
31. 31
Ratio Analysis (1 of 2)
Types of
Ratio
Analysis
Liquidity
ratios
Solvency
ratios
Profitability
ratios
Efficiency
ratios
Coverage
ratios
Market
Prospect ratios
32. Ratio Analysis (2/2)
32
20187(%) 2018 (%)
Growth Ratios
Sales Growth 35.0 22.5
Income Growth 30.0 54.8
Asset Growth 45.2 43.5
Profitability Ratios
Profit Margin 36.2 35.4
Return on Assets 44.8 25.8
Return on Equity 54.7 46.7
Dividend Payout Ratio 21.8 35.8
Price Earnings Ratio 10.5 5.4
2017 (%) 2087 (%)
Activity Ratios
Receivable Turnover 5.0 6.4
Inventory Turnover 3.5 8.0
Fixed Asset Turnover 1.5 2.5
Liquidity Ratios
Current Ratio 5.0 6.7
Quick Ratio 2.5 3.1
Solvency Ratios
Debt to Total Assets 1.5 2.1
34. Statement Showing in Working Capital
34
Particulars Amount in US ($) Amount in US ($) Increase in US ($) Decrease in US ($)
Current Assets
Inventories 150,000 125,000 30,000
Accounts Receivable 100,000 50,000 50,000
Cash & Bank 45,000 75,000 5,000
Bills Receivable 25,000 30,000 12,000
Prepaid Expenses 20,000 15,000 1,000
Total Current Assets (A) 340,000 295,000
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable 50,000 75,000 15,000
Bills Payable 25,000 15,000 10,000
Outstanding Expenses 12,000 10,000 2,200
Total Current Liabilities (B) 87,000 100,000
Net Working Capital (A-B) 253,000 195,000
Net decrease in Working Capital 20,000 20,000
Total 350,000 450,000 25,000 25,000
Statement showing changes in working capital
35. Statement of Fund Flow
35
Particulars Amount in US ($) Amount in US ($)
Sources of Funds
Funds from operation (ref: the second
statement)
200,000
Sale of Fixed Assets 45,000
Issue of new shares for preference shareholders 250,000
Total Sources (A) 495,000
Application of Funds
Purchase of Plant 100,000
Purchase of Buildings 98,000
Payment of taxes 52,000
Payment of Dividend 25,000
Redemption of Preference Shares 70,000
Total Application (B) 245,000
Net Decrease in Working Capital (A-B) 250,000
Statement of Fund flow at the year ended 31st March 2018
36. Cash Flow from Operating Activities
36
Operating Activities
Net income 25,922
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash generated by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion 1,814
Share-based compensation expense 1,168
Deferred income tax expense 2,868
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net 143
Inventories 275
Vendor non-trade receivables (1,934)
Other current and non-current assets (1,391)
Accounts payable 2,515
Deferred revenue 1,654
Other current and non-current liabilities 4,495
Cash generated by operating activities 37,529
2018
38. Capital Budgeting
38
Cost item $/ Year %
Type 1 22,03,000 32.66
Type 2 15,84,000 23.47
Type 3 18,17,000 26.92
Type 4 2,38,000 3.52
Type 5 0 0
Type 6 9,06,000 13.42
Type 7 0 0
Type 8 0 0
Type 9 0 0
Type 10 0 0
Type 11 0 0
Type 12 0 0
Total 67,47,000 100
39. 39
Evaluations Techniques of Projects
Return of Investment (ROI)
Payback Method
Net Present Value (NPV)
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
40. Capital Structure and Dividend Policy
40
Leverage Analysis
Capital Structure
Cost of Capital
41. 41
Leverage Analysis
Degree of Operating
Leverage
DOL=
Change in
Operating Income
Change in Sales
2.5
Degree of Financing
Leverage
DOL=
Change in EPS
Change in EBIT
3.5
Degree of Total
Leverage
10.2
42. 42
Capital Structure
Capital Structure
Assets
Debt
Equity
Risk Return Ownership Performance
Low Risk
• Low return
• Interest
• Capacity Back
No Ownership Rights Temporal
High Risk
• High Risk
• Dividend
• Capital Growth
Ownership Right-Voting
Rights
Permanent
A Company Investment Dynamics
43. 43
Cost of Capital
Equity Risk
Premium
Beta Risk free Rate
Avg. yield
on debt
Cost
of Equity
Cost of Debt
(After tax)
Weighted
Average
Cost Capital
Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
Text Here Text Here Text Here
Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
47. Financial Instruments
47
Tools and Techniques of Inventory
Management
Inventory Management Template
Economic Order Quantity
FIFO and LIFO
48. 48
Inventory Management Template
Grid Key
Discounted Reorder
Reorder
(Auto-fill)
Item No Name Manufacturer Description
Cost per
Item
Stock
Qualiy
Inventory
Value
Reorder
Level
Days per
Reorder
Item
Reorder
Quantity
Item
Discontinue?
Ok A123 Item A Cole Item A Description $10.0 23 $3,000.00 80 12 90 Yes
Ok B123 Item B Cole Item B Description $30.0 52 $3,000.00 80 32 20
Ok C123 Item C Cole Item C Description $40.0 85 $1,800.00 80 15 45
Reorder D123 Item D Cole Item D Description $50.0 46 $200.00 80 3 14
Ok E123 Item E Cole Item E Description $80.0 52 $400.00 80 15 50
Ok F123 Item F Cole Item F Description $60.0 12 $600.00 80 40 22
Ok G123 Item G Cole Item G Description $70.0 30 $800.00 80 23 80 Yes
Reorder H123 Item H Cole Item H Description $200.0 25 $900.00 80 12 30
Ok $0.00
Ok $0.00
Ok $0.00
Ok $0.00
Ok $0.00
Ok $0.00
Ok $0.00
Ok $0.00
49. Just In Time
Inventory
Management
Safety
Stock
Inventory
Reorder
Point Formula
Consignment
Inventory
Perpetual
Inventory
Management
Lean
Manufacturing
System
Batch
Tracking
Dropshipping
Demand
Forecasting
Economic
Order
Quantity
Minimum
Order
Quantity
ABC
Analysis
FIFO
& LIFO
Tools & Techniques of Inventory Management
49
TOOLS &
TECHNIQUES
oF
INVENTORY
MANAGEMENT
54. 54
Commodity Market in US
Symbol (CFDs) Month Last Prev. High Low Chg.%
Brent Oil Oct18 74.97 22.33 32.66 63.23 +1.20%
Cooper Sep 18 2.756 52.56 36.22 45.63 -0.63%
Crude Oil WTI Sep 18 68.49 66.63 32.63 63.52 +2.52%
Text Here Text Here 12.56 23.23 12.63 66.63 +2.21%
Live Commodities
58. 58
Financial Risk Identification
Item No Type of Risk Risk Category Description of Risk
1 External a. Financial
b. Strategy
c. Operational
d. Hazards
2 Internal a. Internal Process
b. ICT
c. Human Capital
d. Systems
59. 59
Financial Risk Analysis
Item No
Description on the effect
to the asset
Probability of
Occurrence (H/M/L)
Criticality
(H/M/L)
Impact
(H/M/L)
Risk Rating
1 Text Here Text Here
2 Text Here Text Here Text Here
3 Text Here Text Here Text Here
4 Text Here Text Here
5 Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
6 Text Here Text Here
7 Text Here Text Here Text Here
8 Text Here Text Here Text Here
9 Text Here Text Here
Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here Text Here
Note: H
M
L
High
Medium
Low
=
=
=
60. 60
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
Stock Beta Expected Return
Dow Chemical 1.55 14.53
Bank of America 1.63 12.62
Ford 1.66 12.56
Text Here 0.26 8.26
Text Here 0.32 8.55
Text Here 0.63 7.59
Text Here 0.62 7.62
Text Here 0.26 6.56
Text Here 0.25 4.26
Text Here 0.25 4.62
64. Financial Management KPI Metrics 3/3
64
Accounts Receivable Turnover
AR Turnover – 25 Days
AR Turnover Ratio – 10.5
AR Turnover by Payment Target
61%
12%
6%
12%
1-30 Days31-60 Days
61-90 Days
90+ Days
65. 65
Financial Management KPI Dashboards 1/3
INCOME & EXPENSES - 75 K USD
Current
$ 540.25
Overdue
$254.21
MONTHLY REVENUE - 52M USD
Current
$725.14
Overdue
$324.56
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
2017 - 2018
Finance Flow
Cash as on 01.09.2017
$54,24,788
Incoming
$17,50,257
Outgoing
$25,35,489
Cash as on 01.07.2018
$75,14,925
66. Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
2017 - 2018
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
2017 - 2018
25%
42%
78%
10%
Operating Cash
Flow
Working
Capital
$ Value $ Value
Last month - $xxx
Previous year - $xxx
Last month - $xxx
Previous year - $xxx
Gross Profit Margin Net Profit Margin
Sales Growth Burn Rate
Financial Management KPI Dashboards 2/3
66
67. 67
Financial Management KPI Dashboards 3/3
Working Capital
Finance Balance
$202.567
IN - $250.687
OUT - $200.741
4.3
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.2
6.7
4.1
3.2
2.2
1.8 1.5
4.8
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Days Sales Outstanding
25
15
12
38
20
Not Due <30 Days <60 Days <90 Days >90 Days
Account Receivable
1
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2
2.5 2.6 2.7
2
2.4
2.8
3.1 3
2.5
2.1
2.4 2.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Accounts Receivable Turnover Acounts Payable Turnover
Days Payable
Outstanding
48 25
Quick Ratio
0.8
Current Ratio
0.6
78. 78
Location
Brazil
2017
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China
2018
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