This is the first part of introduction to the global energy and water budget. It contains a simple introduction to Budyko's curves

1. Budyko Curve
Ecohydrology
Franco Fontana, Puglia immaginaria
Riccardo Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

2. Budyko
After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974
The equation for the conservation of mass of water can be written:
2
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

3. Budyko
The equation for the conservation of mass of water can be written:
After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974
soil moisture storage Time interval
evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Runoff
3
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

4. Budyko
After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974
The equation for the conservation of mass of water can be written:
4
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

5. Budyko
The equation for the conservation of mass of water can be written:
After Budyko, Climate and Life, 1974
Subsurface
Runoff
Surface Runoff Groundwater recharge
5
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

6. Budyko
Budyko considered basins with area
Besides, he choses a time scale to be able to neglect the storage in
the equation. Observed that the fluxes are very variable on the annual
scale he also chose:
6
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

7. Budyko
Budyko considered basins with area
to minimize the effects of groundwater fluxes, that he assumed to be
negligible, and the local effects on ET
Besides, he choses a time scale to be able to neglect the storage in
the equation. Observed that the fluxes are very variable on the annual
scale he also chose:
6
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

8. Budyko
From the water budget, after this averaging, he got
From which, it can be deduces that the maximum of evapotranspiration
is obtained when Q =0 and the storage term is negligible, and therefore:
ET max =P
7
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

9. Budyko
Considering
when the energy is the limiting factor, the maximum ET is obtained
when H= 0, and, as in the water budget, the storage is negligible. In these
condition evapotranspiration energy equals the net radiation, and:
where the subscript “max” indicates the maximum possible evapotranspiration
8
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

10. Budyko
Or:
and:
which can be
written:
9
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

11. Budyko
Introducing therefore the (Budyko’s) aridity index:
When
<1 o
we have energy-limited environmente, and vice-versa we have water-
limited situations.
10
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

12. Budyko
Simple analytical curves where proposed during the year for interpolating
the vegetation behavior in the Budyko plane
Zhang et al. (2001)
11
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

13. Budyko
Which allow for some quick conclusions about
Mean annual evapotranspiration:
Zhang et al. (2001)
Mean annual runoff:
12
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

14. Budyko
Ecology and Hydrology
13
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

15. Thank you, Thank you
Thank you for your attention.
G.Ulrici - Man after having worked at slides , 2000 ?
14
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

16. List of Symbols
List of Symbols
15
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

17. List of Symbols
16
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

18. References
•ALCAMO, J., Döll, P., HENRICHS, T., KASPAR, F., Lehner, B., RÖSCH, T., and SIEBERT, S. (2003).
Global estimates of water withdrawals and availability under current and future “business-as-
usual” conditions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(3), 339–348. doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.339.45278
•Aeschbach-Hertig, W., & Gleeson, T. (2012). Regional strategies for the accelerating global
problem of groundwater depletion. Nature Geoscience, 5(12), 853–861. doi:10.1038/ngeo1617
•Amante C. & Eakins B.W., ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources
and Analysis. National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, United States Department of
Commerce, Boulder, CO, August 2008. Available www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/
etopo1sources.html
• Ball, P. - H2O, a biography of water, Phoenix ed., 1999
•Batjes N.H., ISRIC-WISE Harmonized Global Soil Profile Dataset (Ver. 3.1), Wageningen: ISRIC -
World Soil Information, 2008 (ISRIC Report 2008/02)
•Baumgartner A. & Reichel E., The World Water Balance. Elsevier, New York, 179 p., 1975
17
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

19. References
References
•Bertoldi, G., R. Rigon & T. M. Over, Impact of watershed geomorphic characteristics on the energy and
water budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 389–403, 2006.
•Budyko M.I., Evaporation under natural conditions, Gidrometeorizdat, Leningrad (1948) English translation
by IPST, Jerusalem .
•Budyko M.I., Climate and life, transl. and edit. by Miller, D. H., Academic Press, London, 1974
•Dingman S., Physical Hydrology, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1994.
•Donohue RJ, Roderick M, McVicar TR. 2007. On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in
Budyko’s hydrological model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 983–995.
•F. Serafin, Sull’analisi climatica del tirolo mediante modellazione geostatistica e ricerca dei parametri per la
descrizione di funzioni climatiche stagionali, tesi di laurea triennale, realtori R. Rigon e Matteo Dall’Amico,
2011
•Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and
Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40.
18
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

20. References
•Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, NRC, 1986,
•Hijmans R.J., Condori B., Carillo R., Kropff M.J., A quantitative and constraint-specific method to assess the
potential impact of new agricultural technology: the case of frost resistant potato for the Altiplano (Peru and
Bolivia). Agricultural Systems, vol. 76, p. 895–911, 2005.
•Horton, R.E., The field, scope and status of the science of hydrology, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 12,
189-202, 1931
•Gentine, P., Troy, T. J., Lintner, B. J., & Findell, K. L. (2012). Scaling in Surface Hydrology: Progress and
Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 147, 28–40.
•"i mille fiumi" di Arrigo Boetti e Anna-marie Sauzeau-Boetti
•Lehner B. & Doll P., Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands.
Journal of Hydrology Volume, vol. 296, p. 1-22, 2004
•Lin, B., Stackhouse P.V. Jr., Minnis P., Wielicki B.A., Hu Y., Sun W., Fan T.-F. &, Hinkelman L.M., Assessment of
global annual atmospheric energy balance from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 113, D16114, doi:
10.1029/2008JD009869, 2008
19
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

21. References
•Lenton, T. (1998). Gaia and natural selection. Nature, 394, 439-447.
• Mitchell, J.M., an overview of climate variability and its causal mechanisms, Quaternary Res., 6,
481-493
•Oki, T. (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources. Science, 313(5790), 1068–1072.
doi:10.1126/science.1128845
•Oldekop E., About evapotranspiration in riverine basins (in Russian). Jurjev (Tartu), 1911
•Peixoto, J.P., and A. H., Oort, The Physics of Climate, AIP, 1992
•Peixoto J.P. & Kettani M.A., The control of the water cycle, Sci. American, vol. 228, p. 46-61, 1973
•Rabus B., Eineder M., Roth A. & Bamler R., The shuttle radar topography mission - a new class of digital
elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing,
vol. 57, p. 241-262, 2003
•Rigon R., Bertoldi G. & T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed hydrological model with coupled water and
energy budgets, Jour. of Hydromet., vol. 7, n. 3, p. 371- 388, 2006.
20
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13

22. References
•Shiklomanov I.A. & Sokolov A.A., Methodological basis of world water balance investigation and
computation. In: New Approaches in Water Balance Computations. IAHS Publ. no. 148, p. 77-90, 1983
•Shiklomanov, I. A. (2000). World water resources: a new appraisal and assessment for the 21st century;
1998, 1–40.
•Simoni S., F. Zanotti, G. Bertoldi & R. Rigon, Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow
landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS, Hydrol. Proc., vol. 22, n. 4, p. 532-545, 2007.
•Voisin, N., Wood, A. W., & LETTENMAIER, D. P. (2008). Evaluation of Precipitation Products for Global
Hydrological Prediction. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9(3), 388–407. doi:10.1175/2007JHM938.1
•Wallace J.M. & Hobbs P.V., Atmospheric Science An Introductory Survey. Academic Press. New York.
467pp., 1997
•Zhang L., Dawes W.R. & Walker G.R., Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation
changes at catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., vol. 37, p. 701–708, 2001.
21
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13