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「ニライカナイの原像」(珊瑚礁の思考カフェNo.4)
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Soichi Kiyama
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他界の初期のあり方、その場所、そこに込められた神話的な原像のイメージを琉球弧を舞台に解説。
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「ニライカナイの原像」(珊瑚礁の思考カフェNo.4)
1.
「珊瑚礁の思考カフェ」 第4回 『ニライカナイの原像』 2016/08/10 喜山荘一
2.
1 他界観
3.
2 柳田国男の他界観 鳥海山(Cf.やまがた山) 「十分に適切な証拠とも言われまいが、富士や御岳 の行者などにも、死後の年数と供養とによって、だ んだんと順を追うて麓から頂上に登って行き、しま いには神になるという信仰が今も行われている。そ れが普通の人にも想像せられていた時代があったこ とは、以前の葬法が主として山の中に向って、亡骸 を送って行こうとしたことを思い合せると、簡単に 否定し去ることはできない。」 (「先祖の話」1946年)
4.
3 折口信夫の他界観 海の彼方(Cf.ごーやーどっとネット) 「十年前、熊野に旅して、光り充つ真昼の海に突き 出た大王个崎の尽端に立つた時、遥かな波路の果に、 わが魂のふるさとのある様な気がしてならなかつた。 此をはかない詩人気どりの感傷と卑下する気には、 今以てなれない。此は是、曾ては祖々の胸を煽り立 てた懐郷心(のすたるぢい)の、間歇遺伝(あたゐ ずむ)として、現れたものではなからうか。」 (「妣が国へ・常世へ」1920年)
5.
4 吉本隆明「詩魂の起源」(1987年) • 魂は山の頂と村里を行き来する。 (2
or 3) 柳田国男。 • 魂は海の向こうと村里を行き来する。(3 or 2) 折口信夫。 • 洞窟を通って向こうの世界と行き来する。(1) 吉本が柳田、折口に対して付加した理解。
6.
5 他界の発生と展開
7.
6 不死の段階 死の起源神話 他界を持たない種族の存在
8.
7 ビスマルク諸島・タンガ島 タンガ島 トロブリアンド諸島
9.
8 ビスマルク諸島・タンガ島の神話 • 女は自分の血から生まれた男の子ふたりを育てた。 子供たちは彼女のことをお婆さんと呼んだ。 • 年老いた女は子供達に言った。「自分は姿を消す が、もし若い娘がやってきても「お婆さん」と呼 ぶこと。「私の女」「妻」と呼んではいけない」。 •
ある日、若い娘が家にやってきた。年頃の兄は 「妻」と呼んだ。 • 女は兄を叱り、本当は私は「お婆さん」だと言っ た。お婆さんは古い皮を脱いで川の崖に置いてき たのだ。もし忠告通りにお婆さんと呼んだら、彼 女は永遠の若さを保てたのに。
10.
9 病の三類型 cf.『珊瑚礁の思考』
11.
10 不死の抵抗 再生(あの世を介した不死) 転生(他の生き物への再生) 在「あの世」
12.
11 死者の発生 生者 死者 死に移行しているのに生きた姿で現れる 生者なのに死者として扱われる
13.
12 この世 =あの世 あの世 0(縄文的) • 「死者」概念の発生と死者との共存
14.
13 あの世 1(縄文的) この世 • 「この世」と「あの世」の区別、「境界」の発生 •
「あの世」は「この世」の複製で地上的(身近な 場所) あの世
15.
14 奄美大島の笠利土濱 • 「大島では人が死ぬと、笠利土濱のイヤン屋(岩 屋)の洞穴を通って」旅立つと信じている。 • そして、その洞穴に入ると、あの世で織る機の音 や鶏の声などが聴こえてくると言っている。 (茂野幽考「奄美大島葬制資料」1927年) 土浜 喜界島
16.
15 あの世 2(弥生的) この世 • 「あの世」の遠隔化。「この世」からの分離。 •
「境界」の封印 • 「あの世」は非日常的な空間へ(観念化) あの世あの世
17.
16 マンガイア島
18.
17 洞窟を塞ぐ(マンガイア島) あの世への道は、かつてはアレマウクという西の海に張り出した崖 の上から行くことができた。この道のおかげで以前は、この世とあ の世は自由に行き来することもできた。 たとえば、大昔、英雄マウイは、この道を通って火の神マウイケの いるところへ行き、人間が使えるように火を持ち帰ったのだ。 けれど、死霊の地の住人は、しばらくすると、上にあがってきて生 者を病気や死で苦しめて、とても面倒を起こすようになってしまっ た。彼らは、食糧を盗んだり、妻を奪ったりもした。いつまでも続 く厄介を終らせるために、ティキという勇敢で美しい女性が、あの 世へと通じる暗い裂け目に大きく開いた深い穴を塞いでしまう。そ れ以来、道は閉ざされてしまった。 (フレイザー 「The belief in
immortality and the worship of the dead 2」。一部要約)
19.
18 遠ざかるあの世(マンガイア島) 死者はアレマウクという崖の上から「あの世」へ行くことができな くなり、また死者の霊魂もその道を通って「あの世」から上がって くることもできなくなった。それ以来、死者は別のルートをたどら ざるを得なくなっている。 すぐに「あの世」へ行けなくなった死者たちは踊ったり自分の家を 訪ねたりして過ごすが、島の南半分の死者は夏至に、北半分の死者 は冬至に、行動を起こす。死者たちは磯づたいに、珊瑚礁のとげと げしい角に悩み、つる草に足を取られながら旅をして、朝陽を臨む 地点に集合する。出発の時間は一行のリーダーが決める。その時に なると、死者たちは泣きながら集まる。水平線を見守り、朝陽が昇 る瞬間に太陽の通る道に行くために出発し、夕方、沈む太陽を臨ん でふたたび集合する。 そして、太陽が地平線に沈む瞬間に、死者の一行は夕陽の黄金色の 光跡を追い、きらめく海を越えて太陽とともにあの世へくだるのだ。 これが太陽とともに行う最後の悲しい旅である。
20.
19 神の発生 高神(御嶽の神) 来訪神 洞窟 たかかみ うたき (cf.中沢新一『神の発明』)
21.
20 ワールドモデルの転換 御嶽(原神社)以降 神の場所 生者の場所 (cf.吉本隆明『ハイ・イメージ論Ⅰ』) 御嶽(原神社)以前 死者・未生者の場所 生者の場所
22.
21 他界の段階 段階 生者と死者 死者の 場所 死者との 交流 あの世0 (縄文的) 移行
共存 どこにも いる ある あの世1 (縄文的) 区別 地の島 近くの山 しばしば あの世2 (弥生的) 分離 海の彼方 山頂 年に 一回?
23.
22 棚瀬嚢爾『他界観念の原始形態』(1967年) 地下の他界 地上の他界(山、島) •再生信仰多し •死穢、希薄 •再生信仰少なし •死穢、濃厚
24.
23 トロブリアンド諸島の他界 トゥマ島 トゥマ(Tuma)島
25.
24 他界のベクトル 架空の ドリームタイム・ベクトル 地下ベクトル 地上ベクトル
26.
ドリームタイム・ベクトルの強度 他界空間の幅 1.地上から地下 2.地下優勢 3.地下 日本的・ 琉球弧的
27.
26 それぞれの他界観 柳田の他界観 折口の他界観 吉本が加えた 他界観 山頂 海の彼方 海底 地下 御嶽以降の他界 山中 地の島 御嶽以前の他界
28.
27 吉本隆明「詩魂の起源」(1987年) • 魂は山の頂と村里を行き来する。 (2
or 3) 柳田国男。 • 魂は海の向こうと村里を行き来する。(3 or 2) 折口信夫。 • 洞窟を通って向こうの世界と行き来する。(1) 吉本が柳田、折口に対して付加した理解。
29.
28 縄文の「あの世」
30.
「あの世」オリジンから「この世」オンリーへ はじまり の場所 あの世 ex. 文化発祥 の地 この世 • 縄文期の「あの世」は、他界が遠隔化されるとどう なるのか。 • はじまりの場としての「あの世」から、「この世」 のなかの(文化)発祥の地へ
31.
30 縄文の「あの世」の零落 地の島 洞窟 御嶽 神の行路 (あの世) (この世) 海の彼方 (あの世) (神が立ち寄る)
32.
31 「飛島」から「鳥海山」へ 鳥海山 飛島
33.
32 たとえば羽後の飛島の賽の河原でも、海を隔てた鳥 海の尊い山の姿は、今も昔のままに高々と仰がれる のだけれども、そこに島人の古い先祖たちが、永く 留まっているということを考える者はなくなって、 ただ単純なる霊山の信仰のみが残っている。ほかの 多くの海ばたの町や港では、精霊送りと称して舟に 数々の燈火を飾り、沖に押し流す行事だけは発達し ているが、これはまた無縁の万霊を供養して、善処 に赴かしめるという方に傾いてしまって、空から峰 への通い路ということには心付かず、あの世は遥か なる地平の外にあるもののごとく、想像する人ばか りが多くなって来たのである。 柳田国男「先祖の話」 「飛島」から「鳥海山」へ
34.
33 「飛島」から「御積島」へ 御積島 おしゃくじま
35.
34 ありとだによそにても見む 名にし負はばわれに聞かせよ みみらくの島 (藤原道綱母『蜻蛉日記』10世紀) みみらくの我が日の本の島ならば けふもみかげにあはましものを (源俊頼『散木奇歌集』12世紀) みみらくの島
36.
35 「みみらくの島」とはどこか 五島列島 福江島
37.
36 「みみらく」とはどこか 柏崎 三井楽 魚津ヶ埼 嵯峨ノ島
38.
37 「みみらく」とはどこか
39.
38 与路島
40.
39 アルカチム(歩き始め) アデツ Cf.(小野重朗「産育儀礼にみる試練と命名」)
41.
40 久高島 コマカ島 斎場御嶽
42.
41 宮古島 伊良部島 池間島 大神島 宮古島 来間島
43.
42 海山のあいだ 低い山 低い山 高い山 地先の島 集 落 あの世1 あの世2 海 山
44.
43 代表的な縄文の「あの世」の島 鳩間島 竹富島 大神島 久高島 喜界島?
45.
44 国生みのはじめの淡路島(『古事記』)
46.
45 慰霊碑の第三のあり方 1. 追悼型 2. 教訓型 3.
記憶型
47.
46 生者と死者の関係 1. 祟り-祀り 2. 穢れ-祓い 3.
供養-調伏 • 仏教以前 • 仏教以後 0. 助力-感謝• 遠隔化以前 生 者 優 位
48.
47 ニライカナイの原像
49.
48 安斉紗織さん 1983年 東京生まれ。 女子美術大学デザイン学科卒業 Island Gallery元店長。 学生時代よりハワイ、沖縄、ニュージーラン ドなどの島々を旅し撮影を行う。 大学卒業後、西表島の紅露工房にて作品制作 を行う。 2005年よりIsland
Gallery勤務。 2015年より彩色写真画家として活動開始。
50.
49 みるやかなやへの道
51.
50 南の果ての小さな浜
52.
51 浄化の森
53.
52 彼方から幸せを願う
54.
53 太陽の花
55.
54 ニライカナイとは ミロヤ カナヤ 土の屋、日の屋 • 太陽は「太陽の穴」から出現すると考えられた。 •
原義は「太陽神」の居所。太陽神の居所は日ごと 現われては夜に隠れる地の中であると考えられた。 • 島人にとって地の中にあった「土の屋、日の屋」 が永い歴史のうちに次第に水平線の彼方に推移し ていって、現在のような意味に落ち着いた。 (中本正智「ニライカナイの語源と原義」1985年)
56.
55 ニライカナイも海の彼方だけではない この願い口の中にある「ニーラ底、カネーラ底」 は即ちニライ・カナイを意味する。八重山の井戸は 普通二十数メートルを掘り抜き地下水を求めている ので、地下の深いところをニーラスクといい、更に 深い地点をカネーラ底と言っている。畑を耕すとき 「ニーラ底から耕せ」と昔の人はよく言った。 「ニーラ底」には地下水があるだけでなく、其処 には豊作の神々が居られるものと信じていた。この 豊作の神を「ニーラピィトゥ」「ニーローピィ トゥ」等と言っている。 (前花哲雄「定説に対する疑問」1976年)
57.
56 「太陽の穴」からのアプローチ ニライ・カナイ ミルヤ・カナヤ 土の屋・日の屋 太陽の穴 ティダ ガ アナ 古形は 意味は
58.
57 ゆる琉球史マンガ(19)「太陽の穴」
59.
58 他界発生以降の創生神話の典型 (洞窟の)穴から、はじめにヤドカリ が、次に人間の兄妹が現われた。 1. 「穴」:「この世」と「あの世」の境界 2. 「穴」の向こう側がニライカナイ 3.
人間の前に出現したヤドカリ:トーテム 4. 兄妹:母系社会
60.
59 多良間島の創世神話 大昔、ぶなぜーという兄妹があった。ある日、畑 に出て仕事をしていると、南の方から、突然、大き な波がおしよせてきた。これを見た二人は、あわて てウイネーツヅという丘にかけのぼり、波にさらわ れようとするところを、シュガリガギナ(チカラシ バ)にしがみついて、ようやく難をのがれた。周囲 を見ると、家や村も波にさらわれてしまって、たす かったのは兄妹二人だけであった。 そこで、二人は夫婦のちぎりを結び、村の再建を はかった。最初に生まれたのは、ポウ(へび)とバ カギサ(とかげ)であった。次にアズカリ(シャコ 貝)とブー(苧麻)を産み、そのあとに人間が生ま れた。(『村誌たらま島 孤島の民俗と歴史』)
61.
60 トーテムとしてのシャコ貝
62.
61 (Cf.石垣島マリンタイム) シャコ貝の出現の仕方 • シャコ貝は、サンゴを溶かしながら、まる で植物のように地中(海底)から出現する。 • 地中からというだけではなく、存在の母胎 から出現しているように見える。
63.
62 タヒティの創生神話 神がみの始祖タアロアは、卵形の貝(pa'a ただし、殻、皮の意味もある)のなかにひとり でいる。ある日、タアロアは貝を割ってでてそ れを天としてルミアと名づけ、また、あらたな 貝をとって地とした。タアロアは地を夫とし、 岩を妻とした。(別譚ではタアロアの体の各部 分から自然現象が生み出された。)タアロアが 神に乞うて人間が作られたのは、もっと後に なってからである。 (崎山理「オセアニア・琉球・日本の国生み神話と不完全な子 アマンの起源」)
64.
63 貝トーテム • (洞窟の)穴から、はじめにヤドカリが、 次に人間の兄妹が現われた。 • 地中から、はじめにシャコ貝が現われた。 次にシャコ貝の中から人間が出現した。 •
貝をトーテムとしたということは、貝か ら人間が誕生したことを意味している。
65.
64 貝-女性器 1. 貝-女性器 • タカラガイ •
ホーミ • 「貝」と「女性器」のイメージ が重ねられている。 • 「貝」は生命の母胎
66.
65 シャコ貝が生むもの
67.
66 シャコ貝の素性 • シャコ貝=アジケー • 交差する=アジマーに由来 •
八重山では、ギラ(ギーラ)と呼ぶ gira > kira > tira > tida • ティダ=太陽
68.
67 太陽の貝たち • マガキガイ 1. ティダラ •
ゴホウラ 1. テルコニャー (奄美大島) 2. ティダヌスー (池間島)
69.
68 他界認識のトライアングル 太陽 貝 ニライ カナイ 女性
70.
69 貝と女性器、そこから生み出される太陽 貝と女性器 洞窟 現実空間 神話的空間
71.
70 月はもうひとつの太陽 よるは つき てる ひるは
てた てる つきのやに (『おもろさうし』8-459) 夜は月が照り 昼は太陽が照る 月のように
72.
71 太陽と月 交互
73.
72 生死の母胎としての貝 今日祝女愛し エイエイ 月の崖 越え給い
エイエイ 太陽の崖 越え給い エイエイ 乗り板に 乗り給い 脇板に 乗り給い 石の門に エイエイ送ろう 金の門に エイエイ送ろう (「祝女葬式のオモイ」大宜味村字城『国頭郡誌』)
74.
73 ニライカナイの原像へ 洞窟の穴 貝と女性器 生命の根源 この世の延長 としての「あの世」 生死を往還する 太陽と月
75.
74 ニライカナイの原像へ ニライ・カナイ 土の屋、日の屋 「貝(女性)」「太陽(月)」 (貝と女性)場と(太陽と月)場 「穴」と「光」
76.
75 ニライカナイ作品 ウルトラマン 金城哲夫 「光の国からぼくらのために」
77.
76 次回予告 9月26日(月)19:00 神話空間としてのサンゴ礁