This is my Biology Project on Cancer. You all can know more from here.

1. Cancer
- Soumili Datta –
Biology Project

2. A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and
destroy body metabolism.

3. Introduction
• Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the
potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
• In other words, cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled,
uncoordinated and undesirable cell division.
• Unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to grow and divide for their
whole lives, replicating into more and more harmful cells.
• Cause of Cancer is “genetic change” in genes because of damaged
through mutation (change in form or nature.) . These genes can then
cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, destroying neighbouring
healthy cells.

4. There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of
cancer are usually named for the organs or tissues
where the cancers form.
-: EXAMPLES :- 🥺😃
 Breast Cancer
 Prostate Cancer
 Thyroid Cancer
 Skin Cancer (Melanoma)
 Colon Cancer
 Lung Cancer
Oral cancer

5. Spreading of Cancer
• There are three primary ways cancer can spread to distant organs: Through
1. circulatory (blood) system,
2. lymphatic system,
3. body wall into the abdominal and chest cavities.
• Cancer can sometimes be found in several parts the body. Most of the time, cancer
has developed in one organ and spread to other areas. When cancer spreads, it’s
called metastasis.
• In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed, travel through the
blood or lymph system. A clear yellowish, slightly alkaline, coagulable fluid, containing
white blood cells in a liquid resembling blood plasma, that is derived from the tissues
of the body and conveyed to the bloodstream by the lymphatic vessels, and form new
tumors in other parts of the body.
• Cancer can spread to almost anywhere in the body. But it commonly moves into your
bones, liver, or lungs.

6. Symptoms :-
• Cancer often has no specific symptoms, so it is important undergo appropriate
Cancer Screening. Most Cancer screening is specific to certain age & your Primary
Care Doctor will advise screening depending on your age & symptoms. But here are
some Cancer symptoms you should not ignore :-
 Sudden Weight Loss
 Repeated Fever
 Bloating
 Chronic Coughing
 Chronic Headache
 Difficulty in Swallowing
 Excessive bruising etc..

7. Cancer affecting people :- 😭
 The number of Cancer Cases in India is
estimated to be 13.9 lakh this year and
may increase to 15.7 lakh by 2025, with
it’s prevalence being marginally higher
among women according to a report.
 Cancer is the second leading cause of
death globally, accounting for an
estimated 9.6 million deaths, in 2018.
 Australia is having the highest number
of Cancer Cases for both Male and
Female. Syria is having the lowest number
of Cancer Cases. In Bhutan, Algeria,
Nepal and Oman also the Cancer Cases
are low.

8. Cure for Cancer :-
 Present treatment includes
😥 :-
 Surgery
 Chemotherapy
 Radiation therapy.
 Cancer is curable or not depends on where it
happens and what is the stage.
 Most of the cases life can be extended by
therapy.
I. Surgery removes the affected cells.
II. Chemotherapy treats Cancerous cells.
III. Radiation Therapy provides Intense
Radiation to the affected cells.

9. Cancer Diagnosis
• Lab tests
• Blood tests
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Urinalysis
• Tumor markers
• Endoscopic exams
• Cystoscopy (also called cystourethroscopy)
• Colonoscopy
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP)
• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (also called EGD or
upper endoscopy)
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Genetic tests
• Testing for mutations in genes that give an increased risk
for cancer is complicated.
There is no single test that can accurately diagnose cancer. The complete evaluation of a patient usually
requires a thorough history and physical examination along with diagnostic testing.
• X-ray
Computed tomography scan (also called a CT
scan or computed axial tomography or CAT scan)
Bone scan
Lymphangiogram (LAG)
Mammogram
Diagnostic imaging
• Endoscopic biopsy
• Bone marrow biopsy
• Excisional or incisional biopsy
• Fine needle aspiration biopsy
• Punch biopsy
• Shave biopsy
• Skin biopsy
Tumor biopsies

10. Chemo-Therapy
 Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy
cancer cells.
 The term chemotherapy was coined in this regard
by Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915).
 Types of drugs depends on organ affected.
Typical chemotherapy drugs:
• Alkylating agents. This group of medicines works
directly on DNA to keep the cell from reproducing itself.
• Nitrosoureas. ...
• Anti-metabolites. ...
• Plant alkaloids and natural products. ...
• Anti-tumor antibiotics. ...
• Hormonal agents. ...
• Biological response modifiers.

11. Radiation Therapy
• Radiation therapy, a treatment that uses high
doses of radiation to kill cancer cells & shrink tumors.
• At high doses, cancer cells’s growth slows down
by damaging their DNA. When the damaged cells
die, they are broken down and removed by the body.
• Yttrium-90 :- Lymphoma, liver cancer
• Iodine-131 :- Thyroid cancer
• Strontium-89 & Samarium-153 :-Bone cancer
• Lutetium-177 :- Liver cancer
• Ruthenium-106 :- Eye cancer

12. Activities that cause Cancer :-
o This is the list of Activity which causes Cancer for Human. We should
try to avoid them. Common Causes of Cancer :-
 Smoking and Tobacco
 Diet and physical Activity
 Sun and Other types of Radiations
 Viruses and Other Infections etc..

13. Soumili Datta
Class:- VIII
Roll no:- 15
Biology Project
🙂