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STUDENT NUMBER: 1470899
MODULE CODE: MLT401
MODULE TITLE: Theory of Translation
COURSEWORK ASSIGNMENT: Final Essay
WORD COUNT: 2979 (excl. section headers, appendices, and footnotes.)
3064 (incl. footnotes.)
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Introduction
Politicians around the world try to adapt their messages to target audiences. In
translation, however, the control of their message is ceded to the translator who has a
responsibility to translate however he or she feels is most ethically. A translator can,
consciously or unconsciously, influence the text with their own ideological beliefs. In
multilingual Canada, we have the opportunity to see the translation of a text to a large
domestic audience. Through an analysis of two French translations of an English speech,
we will demonstrate how ideology can affect translation outcomes. For this exercise, we
will examine a Prime Minister's speech during an Anglo-Quebecois political crisis. This
choice will ensure that the speech would have enough stature to be widely dispersed and
read nationally, while being controversial enough that ideological differences could be a
major influence on the translation. The translations chosen are an official government
translation and a translation from a sovereignist (separatist) newspaper. The translations
were produced nearly simultaneously and both appeared the day following the source text
speech.
Theoretical Background
When considering the role of ideology and culture in political translations, we should
examine the theoretical background that underpins our analysis. A major contributor in this
area is Mona Baker, who examined how translators reframe aspects of political conflicts
and influence political realities. Her work, Reframing Conflict in Translation, describes
political tension as the result of overlapping and opposing narratives. These narratives are
“stories that are temporally and causally constituted in such a way as to allow us to make
moral decisions and act in the real world,” (Baker, 154-155). Because these stories guide
the public's interpretation of and reaction to events, those who are responsible for creating
(or framing) the causal links between events, such as activists, journalists, and translators,
should be aware of how they choose to frame an event. Lexical choice, grammatical tense,
paraphrase and paratext can all reframe a narrative.
Such reframing, especially through systematic lexical changes can produce
completely different impressions in different contexts. If they are influenced by political
ideology, it is necessary to discover what choices in translation convey said ideology. Ian
Mason argues that divergent translations may not be a conscious process of distortion, but
nevertheless can reveal the underlying ideologies of the translator (Mason, 91-92). The
role of the translator as a mediator can therefore distort the meaning of the source text in
translation. If we consider that distortion can intentionally or unintentionally reframe
narratives, which in turn drives the public's actions. If words can become reality, then in a
crisis, it becomes even more important to choose them carefully when possible.
Lawrence Venuti argues that political ideology can even affect the target text by way
of the translator's unconscious. He argues that even an accomplished translator can
influenced in such a way that he or she makes unconscious lexical choices with subtle
connotations that can undermine the intentions of the author of the source text (Venuti 47).
Such “slips” are telling because they reveal the ideological position of the translator which
target audiences are often unable to distinguish from that of the source text author.
Historical Context
To give context to the political and social situation at the time of the translations, let
us briefly examine the events leading up to and surrounding their production. The two
translations that we will compare are from a speech given in October 1970 at the height of
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what is known as the October Crisis. In response to perceived discrimination and
oppression from Anglophone Canada, a Quebecois revolutionary terrorist group calling
itself the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) “aimed to separate Quebec from Canada
through violence and terror,” (Cohen-Almagor 258).
On October 5, 1970, the FLQ escalated its actions by kidnapping the British trade
commissioner, James Cross, from his home in Montreal. They issued a communiqué
demanding, among other things, the release of imprisoned FLQ members, $500,000 in
gold, publication of their manifesto, and safe passage out of Canada (Gray pars. 12-16).
The External Affairs Minister allowed the broadcast of the FLQ's manifesto – without,
interestingly, Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau's permission – for “humanitarian reasons”
(Cohen-Almagor 261), but a public debate began on whether or not to capitulate with the
rest of the demands. This debate showed a disconnect both in culture and in time lag
between Anglophone and Francophone Canada, as much of the breaking news was taking
place in French without simultaneous translation (Schwartzwald 105). The government
(broadly supported by the Anglophone press) was reluctant to cede any further, but some
Francophone newspapers, notably the intellectual daily Le Devoir supported complying
with the FLQ to find a peaceful solution (Bélanger pars. 7-8).
On October 10, the FLQ abducted Pierre Laporte1, a provincial Minister of Labour,
thereby intensifying the crisis. A few days later, when asked how far he was willing to go to
stop the FLQ, Trudeau famously replied “Just watch me.” A statement signed by Quebec
personalities, including Le Devoir's editor Claude Ryan, urged the government to negotiate
with the FLQ to bring a peaceful end to the situation. Canadian army troops were moved
into Quebec in order to support the regular police forces (Bélanger pars. 9, 12-14).
As tensions in Quebec continued to rise, the Canadian government made a
proposal to the FLQ which partially met their demands. On October 16, when the FLQ did
not respond, Trudeau declared a state of “apprehended insurrection” and invoked the War
Measures Act allowing the government sweeping powers including the suspension of civil
liberties and arrests without charge. Ryan was one of the few voices who condemned the
government's decision (Bélanger pars. 17-19).
On October 18, Pierre Laporte was found dead in the trunk of a car. By the end of
October, hundreds of people had been arrested under the War Measures Act. After
negotiations, James Cross was released on December 3, and his kidnappers received
safe passage to Cuba (Bélanger pars. 20, 22, 39).
Data
The two texts we are analyzing are both French Canadian translations of the same
English language speech given by Prime Minister Trudeau2 on October 16th, 1970. The
original speech was given in the House of Commons to inform the members of parliament
that the government had proclaimed the War Measures Act. The first translation is the
official translation of proceedings by the Parliament of Canada and features in the Hansard
(see Appendix 1), the official report (transcript) of parliamentary debates. The second
translation appeared as an adaptation of the speech into article form for the respected
French-language (and pro-sovereignist) daily newspaper Le Devoir (see Appendix 2) on
October 17th, 1970.
1 Coincidentally, Pierre Laporte had written as a journalist for Le Devoir a decade before the events of the
October Crisis.
2 Trudeau spoke both English and French fluently and later addressed the country in both languages on
this subject. I have not been able to find any reaction of his to La Devoir's translation of his speech.
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The Hansard translation (HT) is an unabridged record of the parliamentary session
for the purpose of informing members of parliament and maintaining a historical record. It
is therefore an institutional translation and is written according to its own constraints, rules,
and standardization processes (Schäffner et al. 494). Le Devoir's translation (DT) is edited
for practical newspaper concerns, but is intended to inform its intellectual Francophone
target readership of the contents of Trudeau's Anglophone speech. However, according to
Chantal Gagnon, the fact that the text was referred to as a translation means that the
journalist responsible for the text probably had access to an early draft of the Hansard
(Gagnon 949). Although both texts are translations of the same source text, they serve
different target audiences, play different roles, and ultimately have differed significantly due
to this.
The Hansard is a publicly available document, but, as a lengthy government
document, is much less likely to be a source of news for a member of the public than a
newspaper like Le Devoir. Moreover, the Hansard should in theory be a more politically
neutral translation, or at least supportive of the continued existence of the Federal
government that employs them, as its translators are employed not by any political party or
organization, but as civil servants working for the Canadian parliament as an institution. Le
Devoir, by contrast, was a newspaper openly critical of the Federal government's actions
during the crisis. Claude Ryan, the editor of Le Devoir was seen as a “symbol of […]
nationalist opposition” to the Federal government (Gray par. 70). The rhetoric of the
Hansard is much more formal and works to domesticize the text, perhaps to support the
idea of a united Canada. Le Devoir has a less formal and more direct translation.
Governmental Authority
The most visible difference between the two translations is at the level of lexical
choice. With the exception of the apocryphal Septuagint, it is not expected that two
translators working separately would arrive at an identical translation, especially if said
translations were intended for different purposes. However, the lexical differences between
the HT and DT contain a number of disconnects that consistently connote differences in
level of support for Trudeau's government.
There is a notable difference specifically in connotations of authority. The Hansard's
commanding, military use of l'ordre (order; HT 72) appears in Le Devoir as a more neutral
instruction (instruction; DT 19); the authority of l'autorisation de déployer (the authorization
to deploy; HT 78) is omitted as le déploiement (the deployment; DT 23); and autorité
législative (legislative authority; HT 100) is conveyed as the more neutral moyens
législatifs (legislative means; DT 47-48) which does not necessarily acknowledge the
government's right to declare martial law, only its ability.
Governmental Capability
Similarly, the Hansard and Le Devoir portray the government's capability and
decisiveness in different ways. The parliamentary publication describes the official
negotiations with the FLQ with the government in a position of strength in the phrase avait
fait savoir (had made it known; HT 79-80), whereas the newspaper used implied equality
between the government and the FLQ with avait déjà proposé (had already proposed; DT
25).
The Hansard regularly portrays decisions and even concessions as motivated by
the government rather than the terrorist actions. When recognizing the threat, Canadians
are told avons dû admettre (we have had to admit; HT 90-91) the existence of domestic
terrorism. In giving a time frame for changes to the controversial laws, the Hansard reports
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they will occur lorsque le gouvernement aura acquis l'expérience nécessaire (once the
government had gained the necessary experience; HT 110). Le Devoir, by contrast, uses
the passive voice and external grammatical agents in these situations, with the effect of
portraying the government as less decisive and more reactive. Canadians été forcés de
reconnaître (were forced to recognize; DT 36) terrorists' existence – by the terrorists
themselves, it is implied. The legislative changes will come after assez de temps pour
permettre au gouvernement d'acquérir l'expérience nécessaire (enough time to permit the
government to gain the necessary experience; DT 58-59), with the connotation that the
government requires permission.
Finally, in a particularly divergent translation, the change the law will make the
government's actions become plus restreinte (more restrained; HT 113) or moins totalitaire
(less totalitarian; DT 61), depending on the target text. The DT passes negative value
judgments on the act.
FLQ Portrayal
The two texts also portray the FLQ in slightly different terms. While neither text
condones the FLQ's violence, the Hansard is more forceful in denying legitimacy to their
actions. Canada is described as the last place men eussent des raisons de recourir à la
violence (could have had reasons to turn to violence; HT 89) or avaient besoin de recourir
à la violence (needed to turn to violence; DT 34). Likewise, terrorists use the government's
actions to justifier le recours à la violence (justify turning to violence; HT 125) or justifier
leur besoin de recourir à la violence (justify their need to turn to violence; DT 74). The
Hansard examples frame the FLQ's motivation as calculated 'reasons', while Le Devoir
implies that the causes are instinctive 'needs'.
Moreover, the grammatical forms of these translations carry a divergence in
meaning. Eussent is the Subjunctive Imperfect verb construction to convey a sense of
doubt around said 'reasons'; avaient is the Indicative Imperfect construction which implies
the reality of the 'needs'. This difference in grammatical certainty is employed to opposite
effect when describing the FLQ as modern anarchists. The Hansard states on appelait […]
un anarchiste (we called […] an anarchist; HT 91-92) in the factual Indicative Imperfect
form; Le Devoir,by contrast, states on aurait appelé un anarchiste (we would have called
an anarchist; DT 37) in the Conditional Imperfect form, limiting the certainty of the
statement.
With regards to the FLQ's activities, the Hansard implies a military element by
describing tactiques (tactics; HT 94), while Le Devoir is more neutral with moyens (means;
DT 40). These choices imply different levels of threat from the revolutionary group.
Distancing Language
The stated purpose of Pierre Trudeau's speech was to inform the House of
Commons of the decision to invoke the War Measures Act and declare martial law during
peacetime. As this decision was controversial at the time, the English version of the
speech often uses the passive voice and emphasizes the collective decision of the
government rather than that of the Prime Minister.
French is less tolerant of this stylistic ambiguity than English3, therefore the
sentences' grammatical agents become named in translation. The Hansard tends to
distance the controversial actions from Trudeau by avoiding first-person pronouns, for
3 A French adage often attributed to the writer Antoine de Rivarol (1753-1801) says, “Ce qui n'est pas clair
n'est pas français.” (That which is not clear is not French.)
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example, by giving responsibility to Le gouvernement (The government; HT 5) rather than
Le Devoir's Nous (We; DT 11). The Hansard also gives final approval to le gouverneur en
conseil (the Governor in Council; HT 70-71), while Le Devoir attributes the approval to le
gouvernement en conseil (the government in council; DT 17). It appears that this may be a
typographical error, but it has the effect of seeming to reiterate the government's
participation.
The name of the War Measures Act itself is translated with subtle difference: la loi
sur les mesures de guerre (the law on war measures; HT 4-5, 107-108) or la loi des
mesures de guerre (the law of war measures; DT 11, 55-56). The first translation choice
implies a distance from the actual acts themselves, by being a law on their subject, rather
than the intimacy denoted in the second as a law consisting of war measures.
Finally, when describing a popular record on personal liberty, the Hansard includes
Trudeau in notre parlement (our parliament; HT 133) while Le Devoir distances the Prime
Minister by not explicitly including him in ce parlement (this parliament; DT 83).
Temporal Differences
A final major difference between the two translations is how time is presented.
Because Trudeau's speech is meant to inform the House of Commons of the previous
night's events, he gives a summary with a time-frame.
In presenting the rationale for his decisions, he reads two letters from local
authorities requesting assistance. The Hansard records the time of their receipt as 3 am,
but Le Devoir omits this information, along with the letters, in favor of a brief summary
presented as translation. The early letters' early hour helps to explain why the War
Measures Act was declared at 4 am. The government is portrayed as decisive after a long
night of hard work, rather than a secret plot sprung on the public in the middle of the night.
Later in the speech, Trudeau explains the letters faisait suite, après un intervalle de
plusieurs heures, (followed, after an interval of several hours,; HT 76-77) a previous
request. This contrasts with Le Devoir's report that the letters suivait de quelques heures
(followed by a few hours; DT 22-23) the previous request. The first implies that the
government was not trying to rush the negotiations they had tried to initiate au début de la
soirée d'hier (early yesterday evening; HT 79) rather than simply hier soir (yesterday
evening; DT 25). The Hansard gives a fuller time-frame of events and emphasizes the time
given to exploring alternative solutions, before purposefully acting at 4 am.
As we can see in Table 1, the Hansard consistently conveyed a greater sense of
urgency in the government's and Trudeau's actions than Le Devoir. When describing an
official response to a national crisis, the Hansard implies that the government is working
diligently and frantically to find a solution. Le Devoir generally maintains the temporal
relationship between events, but not the exigency that drives them into each other. This
lack of urgency conveys the feeling previously discussed concerning the capability of the
government to successfully handle the crisis.
Table 1
The Hansard Le Devoir
A la suite de (Following; HT 70) Après (After; DT 17)
une action immédiate (an immediate action; HT 99) des mesures rapides (rapid actions; DT 45-46)
je viens de déposer (I have just submitted; HT 101) j'ai présentées (I have presented; DT 49-50)
je sollicite instamment (I urgently solicit; HT 113) je demande (I ask for; DT 61)
plus tard aujourd'hui (later today; HT 139) au cours de la journée (over the course of the day; DT 89)
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Conclusion
We can see that thorough choices in translation, an ideological disconnect between
the two texts has grown. By portraying the government's authority, capability and
responsibility in conflicting ways, the Hansard's ideological support is confirmed as well as
Le Devoir's opposition. The Hansard linguistically denies any support for the FLQ. Le
Devoir by contrast was a newspaper which recognized the severity of the social problems
that the terrorist group claimed to be fighting. It could understand the FLQ's frustration
even while categorically opposing their violent actions. These different sentiments are
made clear even when the same source text is used. The different portrayals of time
contributed to subtle differences in impressions of how intensely the government's actions
were, again implying competence or a lack thereof. This textual analysis is far from
comprehensive. Le Devoir published the letters presented in the speech in separate
articles which have not been analyzed here. Nonetheless, ideological changes between
the texts are clearly differentiated. It would be interesting in future studies to examine the
effects of such ideological differences on receptive target audiences. This was, however,
beyond the scope of this paper.
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Appendix 1: HT | Hansard (Débats de la Chambre des Communes)
CHAMBRE DES COMMUNES
Le vendredi 16 octobre 19705
Le très hon. M. Trudeau: Monsieur l'Orateur, j'ai le grave devoir d'informer la Chambre qu'à 4
heures ce matin, le gouvernement a proclamé la mise en application de la loi sur les mesures de
guerre. Le gouvernement n'a pris cette décision qu'après avoir tenu compte de tous les faits, et
surtout des lettres reçues du premier ministre du Québec et des autorités de la ville de Montréal,
faisant état du danger d'insurrection. La lettre du premier ministre du Québec, reçue à 3 heures ce10
matin, dit ceci:
[Français]
Québec, le 16 octobre 1970
Monsieur le Premier ministre,
Au cours des derniers jours, la population du Québec a été bouleversée par les enlèvements de15
monsieur James R. Cross, représentant du gouvernement britannique à Montréal, et de l'honorable
Pierre Laporte, ministre du Travail et de la Main-d’œuvre et ministre de l'Immigration du Québec,
ainsi que par les menaces proférées contre la sécurité de l'État et des personnes dans des
communiqués émis par le Front de Libération du Québec ou en son nom, et enfin par l'ensemble des
circonstances reliées à ces événements.20
Après consultation des autorités directement responsables de l'administration de la justice au
Québec, le gouvernement du Québec est convaincu que la loi, dans son état actuel, ne permet pas de
répondre d'une façon satisfaisante à cette situation.
Dans les circonstances, au nom du gouvernement du Québec, je demande que des pouvoirs d'urgence
soient prévus le plus tôt possible permettant de prendre des mesures plus efficaces. Je demande en25
particulier que ces pouvoirs comprennent l'autorité d'arrêter et de détenir les personnes que le
Procureur général du Québec estime, pour des motifs raisonnables, être dédiées au renversement du
gouvernement par la violence et des moyens illégaux. Selon l'information que nous possédons et qui
vous est accessible, nous faisons face à un effort concerté pour intimider et renverser le
gouvernement et les institutions démocratiques de cette Province par la commission planifiée et30
systématique d'actes illégaux, y compris l'insurrection; il est clair que les individus engagés dans cet
effort concerté rejettent totalement le principe de la liberté dans le respect du droit.
Le gouvernement du Québec est convaincu de la nécessité de tels pouvoirs pour faire face à la crise
actuelle. Non seulement deux hommes complètement innocents sont menacés d'assassinat, mais
encore nous faisons face à une tentative de destruction de l'ordre social par une minorité ayant35
recours à la commission d'actes criminels; ce sont ces considérations qui amènent notre
gouvernement à faire cette demande.
Le gouvernement est confiant que par le recours à de tels pouvoirs, il pourra sans délai mettre un
frein à l'intimidation et à la terreur et assurer à tous les citoyens la paix et la sécurité.
Veuillez accepter, monsieur le Premier ministre l'expression de mes sentiments les meilleurs.40
Robert Bourassa
● (11.10 a.m.)
[Traduction]
J'ai aussi reçu des autorités civiles de la ville de Montréal une lettre ainsi conçue:
[Français]45
Monsieur le Premier Ministre,
Le Directeur du Service de la Police de Montréal nous informe que les moyens à sa disposition
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s'avèrent insuffisants et que l'assistance des gouvernements supérieurs est devenue essentielle pour
protéger la société du complot séditieux et de l'insurrection appréhendée dont les enlèvements
récents ont marqué le déclenchement.50
Nous vous communiquons de toute urgence ce rapport qui décrit l'ampleur de la menace et l'urgence
de renforcer les mécanismes pour la combattre.
Nous requérons, Monsieur le Premier Ministre, toute l'assistance que le gouvernement du Canada
jugera utile et désirable pour mener à bien la tâche de protéger la société et la vie des citoyens dans
ces heures difficiles.55
Le Président du Comité exécutif
Lucien Saulnier
Le Maire de Montréal
Jean Drapeau
[Traduction]60
M. MacDonald (Egmont): J'invoque le Règlement, monsieur l'Orateur. Le premier ministre
consentira-t-il à déposer les deux lettres?
Une voix: Elles figurent maintenant au hansard.
Le très hon. M. Trudeau: Oui, monsieur l'Orateur, nous pouvons les déposer. J'en ai des copies
ici. Je pourrais ajouter une longue lettre qui intéresserait peut-être la Chambre, mais je n'en65
donnerai pas lecture maintenant. Il s'agit d'une lettre adressée au maire de Montréal et au
président du Conseil exécutif par le directeur de la Sûreté municipale de la ville de Montréal. Ce
document aussi pourrait peut-être intéresser la Chambre. Peut-être pourrait-on imprimer les trois
lettres en appendice au hansard.
M. l'Orateur: La Chambre y consent-elle?70
Des voix: D'accord.
(Note de l'éditeur: Le texte des lettres en question figure à l'appendice).
Le très hon. M. Trudeau: A la suite de la proclamation de la loi et de l'approbation, par le
gouverneur en conseil, des ordres et règlements déposés au début de la séance, les nombreuses
forces policières de la région de Montréal ont reçu l'ordre d'augmenter et d'intensifier leurs75
activités. A partir de 4h30 du matin environ, on a procédé à bon nombre d'arrestations. Il y a une
heure, une centaine de personnes, je crois, avaient été arrêtées au cours de ces opérations. Non,
on me dit que leur nombre est d'environ 154.
La lettre par laquelle le gouvernement du Québec sollicitait des pouvoirs spéciaux faisait suite,
après un intervalle de plusieurs heures, à une première demande dudit gouvernement, sollicitant80
l'autorisation de déployer des troupes dans certaines parties de la province du Québec.
La Chambre doit savoir que le gouvernement du Québec, au début de la soirée d'hier, avait fait
savoir aux ravisseurs du FLQ, qu'en contrepartie de la remise de leurs deux otages, MM. James
Cross et Pierre Laporte, il s'engageait à leur fournir un sauf-conduit pour quitter le Canada, et à
recommander la libération conditionnelle de cinq des membres du FLQ actuellement incarcérés85
qui l'avaient sollicitée. La proposition n'a suscité aucune réponse positive.
Comme tous les députés, j'en suis sûr, je ressens un profond regret et une vive inquiétude de
ce que la situation nationale nécessite une telle proclamation, Nous tous à la Chambre, je le sais,
avons cru fermement que la démocratie se portait mieux au Canada que nulle part ailleurs, que le
Canada était le dernier endroit où des90
[Le très hon. M. Trudeau. {page break in original}]
hommes frustrés dans leurs ambitions eussent des raisons de recourir à la violence pour atteindre
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leurs fins politiques. J'en suis toujours persuadé. Pourtant, ces dernières années, nous avons dû
admettre l'existence au Canada d'un type d'homme nouveau et terrifiant: celui que l'on appelait
autrefois un anarchiste et qu'on désigne aujourd'hui comme un partisan de la révolution violente.95
Ces personnes prétendent travailler à la réforme sociale par des moyens inédits. En réalité, elles
cherchent à détruire l'ordre social établi par des tactiques clandestines et violentes.
En face de gens comme ceux-là et devant les déclarations compétentes sur le grave danger qui
menace personnes et propriétés dans la région de Montréal, le gouvernement ne pouvait pas agir
autrement qu'il ne l'a fait la nuit dernière. Étant donné l'aggravation rapide de la situation, dont a100
parlé le premier ministre M. Bourassa, et l'expiration du délai concernant la libération des otages,
l'urgence de la situation exigeait de toute évidence une action immédiate. Le manque de temps
pour prendre d'autres mesures et l'absence de quelque autre autorité législative nous a forcés à la
loi sur les mesures de guerre. Après avoir informé les chefs des partis d'opposition de notre
intention d'agir de la sorte, et sur réception des lettres que je viens de déposer, le gouvernement a105
proclamé la loi.
Le gouvernement reconnaît que les pouvoirs conférés par la loi sont beaucoup plus vastes que
ne l'exige la situation actuelle, malgré la gravité des événements. Pour cette raison, les règlements
qui ont été adoptés ne permettent l'exercice que d'un nombre limité de ces pouvoirs. Néanmoins,
je tiens à bien préciser aujourd'hui que le gouvernement considère le recours à la loi sur les110
mesures de guerre comme une simple mesure provisoire et, dans le sens précité, assez peu
satisfaisante.
Après un certain temps, lorsque le gouvernement aura acquis l'expérience nécessaire pour
évaluer le genre de loi que les circonstances pourront exiger, j'ai la ferme intention de discuter avec
les chefs des partis de l'opposition de l'opportunité de présenter une mesure législative d'une115
portée plus restreinte. A ce propos, je sollicite instamment des chefs de partis et de tous les
députés des suggestions constructives en vue de modifier les règlements. Ces suggestions seront
soigneusement étudiées en vue de leur éventuelle insertion dans toute nouvelle loi.
● (11.20 a.m.)
Puis-je dire en conclusion, monsieur l'Orateur, qu'aucun Canadien ne prend moins à la légère120
que moi la gravité de la situation actuelle au Canada de même que la sévérité des mesures qu'on a
demandé au gouvernement de prendre pour faire face à la situation. En même temps, le sort des
deux otages enlevés pèse très lourd dans mon esprit, tout comme pour chacun de nous.
Je reconnais, et d'autres aussi, je l'espère, que cette position extrême que le gouvernement
s'est vu contraint d'adopter est à certains égards un piège. C'est une technique bien connue des125
groupes révolutionnaires qui essaient de détruire la société par des actes de violence injustifiés
d'amener les autorités à prendre une attitude inflexible. Les révolutionnaires se servent alors de
ces preuves de prétendu autoritarisme pour justifier le recours à la violence dans leurs attaques
réitérées contre la structure sociale. J'exhorte tous les Canadiens de ne pas se laisser obséder par
ce que le gouvernement a fait aujourd'hui en réaction contre le terrorisme au point d'oublier ce130
qui a déclenché cette situation odieuse. Ce sont les révolutionnaires qui ont joué cette première
carte en choisissant le recours aux bombes, à l'assassinat et au rapt.
A ceux qui s'inquiéteront de l'étendue des pouvoirs que le gouvernement a assumés dans
cette conjoncture, je ne puis qu'assurer ma sympathie pour l'état d'esprit dans lequel ils se
trouvent et je les félicite de l'avoir fait connaître. Toutefois, je me hâte de leur rappeler que le135
dossier de notre Parlement en matière de législation relative aux libertés individuelles garantit sans
équivoque sa crédibilité et sa bonne foi.
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Je promets de tenir la Chambre au courant de tout changement aux règlements. En outre, je
m'engage à faire révoquer tous ces pouvoirs extraordinaires aussitôt qu'il sera démontré que la
violence et les menaces de violence qui en ont rendu l'adoption nécessaire auront pris fin. J'ai140
l'intention de réitérer cette assurance à la population du Canada par le truchement des organes de
diffusion plus tard aujourd'hui, et lui donner des explications sur l'initiative que le gouvernement a
prise à cet égard.
Il serait inconvenant de ma part, monsieur l'Orateur, de ne pas exprimer à la Chambre, avant
de me rasseoir, ma gratitude pour la compréhension dont font preuve à mon égard, depuis 24145
heures, les chefs des partis de l'opposition et des membres du Conseil privé, notamment le très
honorable député de Prince-Albert et le très honorable Lester B. Pearson. Je leur suis
reconnaissant des sages conseils qu'ils m'ont prodigués.
Des voix: Bravo!
150
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Appendix 2: DT | Le Devoir 17 Oct. 1970
La déclaration de M. Trudeau
Le Devoir, p. 7
Samedi le 17 octobre 1970
155
OTTAWA (PC) – Voici la traduction de la déclaration que le premier ministre, M. Pierre Elliot
Trudeau, a faite hier, en invoquant la loi des mesures de guerre:
« M. le président,160
« Il est de mon grave devoir d'informer la Chambre qu'à 4 00 heures ce matin, le
gouvernement a proclamé la loi des mesures de guerre. Nous avons pris cette mesure après avoir
étudié tous les faits, et surtout les lettres du premier ministre du Québec et des autorités de la ville
de Montréal qui nous rapportent une situation laissant redouter l'insurrection.
« Compte tenu de l'importance de ces lettres, je désire les soumettre toutes les deux, de165
même que la lettre du chef de la police de Montréal dont me parle la lettre des autorités civiques
de Montréal. Je suggère, si la Chambre y consent, qu'elles soient consignées au Hansard.
« Après la proclamation de la loi et l'approbation par le gouvernement en conseil des ordres et
règlements présentés au début de cette séance, les force [sic.] policières de la région de Montréal
ont reçu instruction d'accroître le volume et l’intensité de leurs activités.170
« Depuis environ 4 30 heures ce matin, on a procédé à un certain nombre d'arrestations. Il y a
une heure, le nombre des personnes détenues par suite de ces opérations atteignait environ 154.
« La lettre du gouvernement du Québec demandant des pouvoirs extraordinaires suivait de
quelques heures une requête antérieure du même gouvernement sollicitant le déploiement du
personnel des forces armées dans certainnes [sic.] régions de la province de Québec.175
« La Chambre doit savoir que le gouvernement du Québec avait déjà proposé, hier soir, aux
ravisseurs du FLQ en échange de la reddition de leurs deux otages, M. James Cross et M. Pierre
Laporte, la promesse d'un sauf-conduit hors du Canada et une recommandation de libération
conditionnelle pour cinq détenus du FLQ qui en ont fait la demande. Cette proposition n'a amené
aucune réponse positive.180
« Il est pour moi profondément regrettable et très inquiétant, tous les honorables membres de
cette chambre en conviendront, que la situation dans notre pays nécessite cette proclamation. Je
sais que pour nous tous, membres de cette chambre, nous avions cru très énergiquement que la
démocratie n'était nulle part plus saine qu'au Canada, que nulle part moins qu'ici les gens frustrés
avaient besoin de recourir à la violence pour atteindre leurs buts politiques. Je crois encore185
fermement que c'est le cas.
« Toutefois, depuis quelques années, nous avons été forcés de reconnaître au sein du Canada
l'existence d'un type d'individu nouveau et terrifiant, qu'autrefois on aurait appelé un anarchiste,
mais qu'on connaît aujourd'hui comme un révolutionnaire violent.
« Ces personnes prétendent chercher le changement social par des moyens nouveaux. En fait,190
ils cherchent la destruction de l'ordre social par des moyens clandestin et violents.
« Face à ces gens et devant les rapports irréfutables soulignant la gravité des risques imposés
aux citoyens et à la propriété dans la région de Montréal, le gouvernement n'a d'autre solution
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justifiée que d'agir comme il l'a fait la nuit dernière. Étant donné la détérioration rapide de la
situation, comme le mentionnait le premier ministre Bourassa, et vu l'expiration du délai offert195
pour la libération des otages, il est devenu évident que l'urgence de la situation exigeait des
mesures rapides.
« Faute de temps suffisant pour prendre d'autres mesures et de choix dans les moyens
législatifs, nous avons dû recourir à la loi des mesures de guerre. Après avoir informé les chefs des
partis d'opposition de notre intention d'agir en ce sens et sur réception des lettres que j'ai200
présentées, le gouvernement a proclamé la loi.
« Le gouvernement reconnaît que les pouvoirs accordés par la loi sont beaucoup plus
importants que ne le requiert la situation actuelle, nonobstant la gravité des événements. Pour
cette raison, les règlements adoptés ne permettent que l’exercice d'un nombre limité des pouvoirs
consentis par la loi.205
« Néanmoins, je veux préciser aujourd'hui que le gouvernement considère le recours à la loi
des mesures de guerre comme une action provisoire et, dans le sens expliqué auparavant, quelque
peu insatisfaisante.
« Quand il se sera écoulé assez de temps pour permettre au gouvernement d’acquérir
l’expérience nécessaire à l’évaluation du genre de statut approprié à ces circonstances, j'ai la ferme210
intention de discuter avec les chefs des partis d'opposition l'opportunité de créer une législation de
nature moins totalitaire. A cet égard, je demande à tous les honorables députés des suggestions
touchant l'amendement des règlements.
« Ces suggestions seront soigneusement étudiées pour être éventuellement incluses à de
nouveaux statuts.215
« Puis-je dire en conclusion, M. le président, qu'aucun Canadien ne considère plus que moi le
sérieux de la situation actuelle au Canada et la gravité des mesures que le gouvernement a été prié
d'adopter pour régler la situation. En même temps, le sort des deux otages enlevés me tient
vraiment à cœur, comme d'ailleurs à nous tous.
« Je reconnais, comme tout le monde, je l’espère, que cette position extrême où les220
gouvernements ont été acculés est à certains égards un piège. C'est une technique bien connue
des groupes révolutionnaires qui tentent de détruire la société par la violence injustifiée pour
inciter les autorités à prendre des attitudes inflexibles.
« Les révolutionnaires évoquent alors cette manifestation de prétendu autoritarisme pour
justifier leur besoin de recourir à la violence dans leurs attaques répétées contre la structure225
sociale.
« Je demande à tous les Canadiens de ne pas se laisser obséder par ce que le gouvernement a
fait aujourd'hui en réponse au terrorisme au point d'oublier qui a ouvert les hostilités dans ce jeu
haineux. Ce sont les révolutionnaires qui ont amorcé le mouvement en choisissant de recourir aux
bombes, au meurtre et aux enlèvements.230
« A ceux qui expriment leur inquiétude devant l'étendue des pouvoirs exercés pour le
gouvernement aux termes de cette mesure, je ne puis que répondre que je sympathise avec leur
attitude et que je les félicite de l'avoir exprimée.
« Je m'empresse toutefois de souligner que les antécédents législatifs de ce Parlement, dans le
domaine des libertés individuelles, contribuent sans équivoque à sa crédibilité et à la preuve de sa235
bonne foi.
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« Je m'engage à tenir la Chambre au courant de tout changement apporté aux règlements. De
plus, je m'engage à faire révoquer les pouvoirs extraordinaires dès qu'auront manifestement pris
fin la violence et les menaces de violence qui en ont nécessité l'adoption.
« Je désire réitérer cette assurance et offrir au peuple canadien, au cours de la journée, par240
l’intermédiaire des organes d'information, une explication sur les activités gouvernementales à cet
égard.
« Avant de me rasseoir, M. le président, je m'en voudrais de ne pas exprimer à la Chambre ma
gratitude pour la compréhension qui m'a été manifestée depuis 24 heures par les chefs des partis
d'opposition et par certains membres du Conseil privé, y compris le très honorable député de245
Prince Albert et le très honorable Lester B. Pearson.
« Je les remercie de leurs sages conseils. »
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Appendix 3: Source Text | Hansard (House of Commons Debates)
HOUSE OF COMMONS
Friday, October 16, 1970
Mr. Trudeau: Mr. Speaker, it is my grave duty to inform the House that at 4 a.m. this morning250
the government proclaimed the War Measures Act. This step was taken after consideration of all
the facts, and particularly of letters received from the Prime Minister of Quebec and the
authorities of the city of Montreal reporting a state of apprehended insurrection. The letter from
the Prime Minister of the province of Quebec, which was received at 3 a.m., reads as follows:
[Translation]255
Quebec City, October 16, 1970.
Mr. Prime Minister,
During the last few days the people of Quebec have been greatly shocked by the kidnappings of Mr.
James R. Cross, representative of the British Government in Montreal, and the Hon. Pierre Laporte,
Minister of Labour and Manpower and Minister of Immigration of Quebec, as well as by the threats260
to the security of the state and individuals expressed in communiqués issued by the Front de
Libération du Québec or on its behalf, and finally all the circumstances surrounding these events.
After consultation with authorities directly responsible for the administration of justice in Quebec, the
Quebec Government is convinced that the law, as it stands now, is inadequate to meet this situation
satisfactorily.265
Under the circumstances, on behalf of the Government of Quebec, I request that emergency powers
be provided as soon as possible so that more effective steps may be taken. I request particularly that
such powers encompass the authority to apprehend and keep in custody individuals who, the
Attorney General of Quebec has valid reasons to believe, are determined to overthrow the
government through violence and illegal means. According to the information we have and which is270
available to you, we are facing a concerted effort to Intimidate and overthrow the government and
the democratic institutions of this province through planned and systematic illegal action, including
insurrection. It is obvious that those participating in this concerted effort completely reject the
principle of freedom under the rule of law.
The Quebec Government is convinced that such powers are necessary to meet the present emergency.275
Not only are two completely innocent men threatened with death, but we are also faced with an
attempt by a minority to destroy social order through criminal action; it is for those reasons that our
government is making the present request.
The government Is confident that, through such powers, it will be able to put an immediate stop to
intimidation and terror and to ensure peace and security for all citizens.280
Please accept, Mr. Prime Minister, my very best regards.
Robert Bourassa
● (11:10 a.m.)
[English]
I also received from the civic authorities of the city of Montreal a letter addressed to me which285
reads as follows:
[Translation]
Mr. Prime Minister,
The chief of the Montreal Police has informed us that the means available to him are proving
inadequate and that the assistance of higher levels of government has become essential for the290
protection of society against the seditious plot and the apprehended insurrection in which the recent
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kidnappings were the first step.
We are forwarding as a matter of the utmost urgency the report describing the scope of the threat
and the urgent need to reinforce the machinery to cope with it.
We ask for every measure of assistance the federal government may deem useful and desirable in295
order to carry out the task of protecting society and the life of citizens in this difficult period.
Lucien Saulnier
Chairman of the Executive Committee
Jean Drapeau
Mayor of Montreal300
[English]
Mr. MacDonald (Egmont): On a point of order, Mr. Speaker, would the Prime Minister agree to
table those two letters?
An hon. Member: They are on record now in Hansard.
Mr. Trudeau: Yes, Mr. Speaker, if they can be tabled; I have some copies here. I might add a305
longer letter which would be of interest to the House but which I shall not read at this time. It is a
letter to the Mayor of Montreal and to the President of the Executive Council from the Director of
the Police Department of the city of Montreal. This document might also be of interest to the
House. Perhaps the three letters could be printed as an appendix to Hansard.
Mr. Speaker: Is this agreeable?310
Some hon. Members: Agreed.
(Editor's Note: For text of letters referred to above, see Appendix.)
Mr. Trudeau: Following the proclamation of the Act and the approval of the Governor in
Council of the orders and regulations tabled at the beginning of this sitting, the several police
forces in the Montreal area were instructed to increase the volume and the intensity of their315
activities. Commencing at approximately 4.30 a.m. this morning a number of arrests were made.
As of an hour ago, the number of persons taken into custody as a result of these operations was, I
believe, in the vicinity of 100. No, I am told it was approximately 154.
The letter from the government of Quebec requesting special powers followed by several
hours an earlier request from that government for the deployment of armed forces personnel in320
some parts of the province of Quebec.
The house will know that the government of Quebec had earlier yesterday evening proposed
to the FLQ kidnappers that in return for the surrender of their two hostages, Mr. James Cross and
Mr. Pierre Laporte, safe conduct out of Canada would be promised them and that parole would be
recommended of five FLQ members now in jail who had requested parole. That proposal brought325
no positive response.
It is a matter of deep regret and grave concern to me, as I am sure if is to all hon. members,
that the condition of our country makes necessary this proclamation. We in this House have all felt
very strongly, I know, that democracy was nowhere in a healthier state than in Canada; that
nowhere was there less need for frustrated330
[Mr. Trudeau. {page break in original}]
men to turn to violence to, attain their political ends. I still believe firmly that this is so. Yet in
recent years we have been forced to acknowledge the existence within Canada of a new and
terrifying type of person–one who in earlier times would have been described as an anarchist, but
who is now known as a violent revolutionary. These persons allege that they are seeking social335
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change through novel means. In fact they are seeking the destruction of the social order through
clandestine and violent means.
Faced with such persons, and confronted with authoritative assessments of the seriousness of
the risk to persons and property in the Montreal area, the government had no responsible choice
but to act as it did last night. Given the rapid deterioration as mentioned by Prime Minister340
Bourassa, and given the expiration of the time offered for the release of the hostages, it became
obvious that the urgency of the situation demanded rapid action. The absence both of adequate
time to take other steps or of alternative legislative authority dictated the use of the War Measures
Act. After informing the leaders of the opposition parties of our intention to act in this fashion, and
following receipt of the letters that I tabled a moment ago, the government proclaimed the Act.345
The government recognizes that the authority contained in the Act is much broader than is
required in the present situation, notwithstanding the seriousness of the events. For that reason
the regulations which were adopted permit the exercise of only a limited number of the powers
available under the Act. Nevertheless, I wish to make it clear today that the government regards
the use of the War Measures Act as only an interim and, in the sense mentioned above, somewhat350
unsatisfactory measure.
Following the passage of enough time to give the government the necessary experience to
assess the type of statute which may be required in these circumstances, it is my firm intention to
discuss with the leaders of the opposition parties the desirability of introducing legislation of a less
comprehensive nature. In this respect I earnestly solicit from the leaders and from all hon.355
members constructive suggestions for the amendment of the regulations. Such suggestions will be
given careful consideration for possible inclusion in any new statute.
● (11:20 a.m.)
May I say in conclusion, Mr. Speaker, that no Canadian takes less lightly than I the seriousness
of the present situation in Canada and the gravity of the measures which the government has been360
asked to assume in order to meet that situation. Coincidentally, the fate of the two kidnapped
hostages weighs very heavily in my mind, as it does on all of us.
I recognize, as I hope do others, that this extreme position into which governments have been
forced is in some respects a trap. It is a well known technique of revolutionary groups who attempt
to destroy society by unjustified violence to goad the authorities into inflexible attitudes. The365
revolutionaries then employ this evidence of alleged authoritarianism as justification for the need
to use violence in their renewed attacks on the social structure. I appeal to all Canadians not to
become so obsessed by what the government has done today in response to terrorism that they
forget the opening play in this vicious game. That play was taken by the revolutionaries; they chose
to use bombing, murder and kidnapping.370
To those who will voice concern at the extent of the powers assumed by the government
under this procedure, I can only say that I sympathize with their attitude, and applaud them for
speaking out. I hasten to suggest, however, that the legislative record of this Parliament in the field
of individual liberties contributes unequivocally to its credibility and good faith.
I promise that the House shall be kept fully informed if any changes in the regulations are375
made. Furthermore, I pledge that all extraordinary powers will be withdrawn as soon as it has been
demonstrated that there is a cessation of the violence and the threats of violence which made
necessary their introduction. I intend to repeat that assurance and offer an explanation of
government activities in this matter to the Canadian people through the public media later today.
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Before I sit down, Mr. Speaker, it would be inappropriate were I not to mention to the House380
my gratitude for the understanding which has been offered me in the last 24 hours by the leaders
of the opposition parties and by certain members of the Privy Council, including the right hon.
member for Prince Albert and the Right Hon. Lester B. Pearson. For their wise counsel I say, thank
you.
Some hon. Members: Hear, hear!385
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Works Cited
Baker, Mona. “Reframing Conflict in Translation.” Social Semiotics 17.2 (2007) : 151-169.
Taylor and Francis Online. Web. 17 Dec. 2015.
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10350330701311454>
Bélanger, Claude. “Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath.”
Marianopolis College Library. Marianopolis College, 2000. Web. 17 Dec. 2015.
<http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/chronos/october.htm>
Canada. Parlement. Chambre des Communes. Débats de la Chambre des Communes
Volume I. Débats XXVIIIème Législature, IIIème Session. Ottawa: L'Imprimeur de la
Reine pour le Canada, 1970. Scanned Copy Web. 24 Nov. 2015.
<http://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_CDC2803_01/1?r=0&s=1>
Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. House of Commons Debates Volume I. Debates
28th Parliament, 3rd Session. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer for Canada, 1970.
Scanned Copy Web. 24 Nov. 2015.
<http://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC2803_01/1?r=0&s=1>
Cohen-Almagor, Raphael. “The Terrorists' Best Ally: The Quebec Media Coverage of the
FLQ Crisis in October 1970.” Canadian Journal of Communication 25.2 (2000) :
251-284. Social Science Research Network. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.
<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2431687>
Gagnon, Chantal. “La visibilité de la traduction au Canada en journalisme politique : mythe
ou réalité ?” Journal des traducteurs. 57.4 (2012) : 943-959. Erudit.org. Web. 24 Nov.
2015. <http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1021226ar>
Gray, John. “How Trudeau halted the reign of terror.” The Globe and Mail. 30 Sep. 2000: n.
pag. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.
<http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/jgray2_sep30.html>
“La déclaration de M. Trudeau.” Le Devoir 17 Oct 1970 : 6. Scanned Copy Web. 24 Nov.
2015.
<https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Qh5Z_vBjo80C&dat=19701017&printsec=front
page&hl=en>
Mason, Ian. “Chapter 5: Discourse, Ideology and Translation.” Critical Readings in
Translation Studies. Ed. Mona Baker. New York: Routledge, 2009. 83-95. PDF.
Schäffner, Christina, et al. “Translation practices in political institutions: a comparison of
national, supranational, and non-governmental organisations.” Perspectives. 22.4
(2014) : 493-510. Taylor and Francis Online. Web 24 Nov. 2015.
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2014.948890>
Schwartzwald, Robert. “Chapter 7: The October Crisis and the FLQ Manifesto.” Translation
Effects: The Shaping of Modern Canadian Culture. Ed. Kathy Mezei et al. Montreal:
McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014. 105-118. Print.
Venuti, Lawrence. Translation Changes Everything: Theory and Practice. New York:

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1470899 MLT401

  • 1. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 STUDENT NUMBER: 1470899 MODULE CODE: MLT401 MODULE TITLE: Theory of Translation COURSEWORK ASSIGNMENT: Final Essay WORD COUNT: 2979 (excl. section headers, appendices, and footnotes.) 3064 (incl. footnotes.)
  • 2. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 Introduction Politicians around the world try to adapt their messages to target audiences. In translation, however, the control of their message is ceded to the translator who has a responsibility to translate however he or she feels is most ethically. A translator can, consciously or unconsciously, influence the text with their own ideological beliefs. In multilingual Canada, we have the opportunity to see the translation of a text to a large domestic audience. Through an analysis of two French translations of an English speech, we will demonstrate how ideology can affect translation outcomes. For this exercise, we will examine a Prime Minister's speech during an Anglo-Quebecois political crisis. This choice will ensure that the speech would have enough stature to be widely dispersed and read nationally, while being controversial enough that ideological differences could be a major influence on the translation. The translations chosen are an official government translation and a translation from a sovereignist (separatist) newspaper. The translations were produced nearly simultaneously and both appeared the day following the source text speech. Theoretical Background When considering the role of ideology and culture in political translations, we should examine the theoretical background that underpins our analysis. A major contributor in this area is Mona Baker, who examined how translators reframe aspects of political conflicts and influence political realities. Her work, Reframing Conflict in Translation, describes political tension as the result of overlapping and opposing narratives. These narratives are “stories that are temporally and causally constituted in such a way as to allow us to make moral decisions and act in the real world,” (Baker, 154-155). Because these stories guide the public's interpretation of and reaction to events, those who are responsible for creating (or framing) the causal links between events, such as activists, journalists, and translators, should be aware of how they choose to frame an event. Lexical choice, grammatical tense, paraphrase and paratext can all reframe a narrative. Such reframing, especially through systematic lexical changes can produce completely different impressions in different contexts. If they are influenced by political ideology, it is necessary to discover what choices in translation convey said ideology. Ian Mason argues that divergent translations may not be a conscious process of distortion, but nevertheless can reveal the underlying ideologies of the translator (Mason, 91-92). The role of the translator as a mediator can therefore distort the meaning of the source text in translation. If we consider that distortion can intentionally or unintentionally reframe narratives, which in turn drives the public's actions. If words can become reality, then in a crisis, it becomes even more important to choose them carefully when possible. Lawrence Venuti argues that political ideology can even affect the target text by way of the translator's unconscious. He argues that even an accomplished translator can influenced in such a way that he or she makes unconscious lexical choices with subtle connotations that can undermine the intentions of the author of the source text (Venuti 47). Such “slips” are telling because they reveal the ideological position of the translator which target audiences are often unable to distinguish from that of the source text author. Historical Context To give context to the political and social situation at the time of the translations, let us briefly examine the events leading up to and surrounding their production. The two translations that we will compare are from a speech given in October 1970 at the height of
  • 3. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 what is known as the October Crisis. In response to perceived discrimination and oppression from Anglophone Canada, a Quebecois revolutionary terrorist group calling itself the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) “aimed to separate Quebec from Canada through violence and terror,” (Cohen-Almagor 258). On October 5, 1970, the FLQ escalated its actions by kidnapping the British trade commissioner, James Cross, from his home in Montreal. They issued a communiqué demanding, among other things, the release of imprisoned FLQ members, $500,000 in gold, publication of their manifesto, and safe passage out of Canada (Gray pars. 12-16). The External Affairs Minister allowed the broadcast of the FLQ's manifesto – without, interestingly, Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau's permission – for “humanitarian reasons” (Cohen-Almagor 261), but a public debate began on whether or not to capitulate with the rest of the demands. This debate showed a disconnect both in culture and in time lag between Anglophone and Francophone Canada, as much of the breaking news was taking place in French without simultaneous translation (Schwartzwald 105). The government (broadly supported by the Anglophone press) was reluctant to cede any further, but some Francophone newspapers, notably the intellectual daily Le Devoir supported complying with the FLQ to find a peaceful solution (Bélanger pars. 7-8). On October 10, the FLQ abducted Pierre Laporte1, a provincial Minister of Labour, thereby intensifying the crisis. A few days later, when asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, Trudeau famously replied “Just watch me.” A statement signed by Quebec personalities, including Le Devoir's editor Claude Ryan, urged the government to negotiate with the FLQ to bring a peaceful end to the situation. Canadian army troops were moved into Quebec in order to support the regular police forces (Bélanger pars. 9, 12-14). As tensions in Quebec continued to rise, the Canadian government made a proposal to the FLQ which partially met their demands. On October 16, when the FLQ did not respond, Trudeau declared a state of “apprehended insurrection” and invoked the War Measures Act allowing the government sweeping powers including the suspension of civil liberties and arrests without charge. Ryan was one of the few voices who condemned the government's decision (Bélanger pars. 17-19). On October 18, Pierre Laporte was found dead in the trunk of a car. By the end of October, hundreds of people had been arrested under the War Measures Act. After negotiations, James Cross was released on December 3, and his kidnappers received safe passage to Cuba (Bélanger pars. 20, 22, 39). Data The two texts we are analyzing are both French Canadian translations of the same English language speech given by Prime Minister Trudeau2 on October 16th, 1970. The original speech was given in the House of Commons to inform the members of parliament that the government had proclaimed the War Measures Act. The first translation is the official translation of proceedings by the Parliament of Canada and features in the Hansard (see Appendix 1), the official report (transcript) of parliamentary debates. The second translation appeared as an adaptation of the speech into article form for the respected French-language (and pro-sovereignist) daily newspaper Le Devoir (see Appendix 2) on October 17th, 1970. 1 Coincidentally, Pierre Laporte had written as a journalist for Le Devoir a decade before the events of the October Crisis. 2 Trudeau spoke both English and French fluently and later addressed the country in both languages on this subject. I have not been able to find any reaction of his to La Devoir's translation of his speech.
  • 4. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 The Hansard translation (HT) is an unabridged record of the parliamentary session for the purpose of informing members of parliament and maintaining a historical record. It is therefore an institutional translation and is written according to its own constraints, rules, and standardization processes (Schäffner et al. 494). Le Devoir's translation (DT) is edited for practical newspaper concerns, but is intended to inform its intellectual Francophone target readership of the contents of Trudeau's Anglophone speech. However, according to Chantal Gagnon, the fact that the text was referred to as a translation means that the journalist responsible for the text probably had access to an early draft of the Hansard (Gagnon 949). Although both texts are translations of the same source text, they serve different target audiences, play different roles, and ultimately have differed significantly due to this. The Hansard is a publicly available document, but, as a lengthy government document, is much less likely to be a source of news for a member of the public than a newspaper like Le Devoir. Moreover, the Hansard should in theory be a more politically neutral translation, or at least supportive of the continued existence of the Federal government that employs them, as its translators are employed not by any political party or organization, but as civil servants working for the Canadian parliament as an institution. Le Devoir, by contrast, was a newspaper openly critical of the Federal government's actions during the crisis. Claude Ryan, the editor of Le Devoir was seen as a “symbol of […] nationalist opposition” to the Federal government (Gray par. 70). The rhetoric of the Hansard is much more formal and works to domesticize the text, perhaps to support the idea of a united Canada. Le Devoir has a less formal and more direct translation. Governmental Authority The most visible difference between the two translations is at the level of lexical choice. With the exception of the apocryphal Septuagint, it is not expected that two translators working separately would arrive at an identical translation, especially if said translations were intended for different purposes. However, the lexical differences between the HT and DT contain a number of disconnects that consistently connote differences in level of support for Trudeau's government. There is a notable difference specifically in connotations of authority. The Hansard's commanding, military use of l'ordre (order; HT 72) appears in Le Devoir as a more neutral instruction (instruction; DT 19); the authority of l'autorisation de déployer (the authorization to deploy; HT 78) is omitted as le déploiement (the deployment; DT 23); and autorité législative (legislative authority; HT 100) is conveyed as the more neutral moyens législatifs (legislative means; DT 47-48) which does not necessarily acknowledge the government's right to declare martial law, only its ability. Governmental Capability Similarly, the Hansard and Le Devoir portray the government's capability and decisiveness in different ways. The parliamentary publication describes the official negotiations with the FLQ with the government in a position of strength in the phrase avait fait savoir (had made it known; HT 79-80), whereas the newspaper used implied equality between the government and the FLQ with avait déjà proposé (had already proposed; DT 25). The Hansard regularly portrays decisions and even concessions as motivated by the government rather than the terrorist actions. When recognizing the threat, Canadians are told avons dû admettre (we have had to admit; HT 90-91) the existence of domestic terrorism. In giving a time frame for changes to the controversial laws, the Hansard reports
  • 5. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 they will occur lorsque le gouvernement aura acquis l'expérience nécessaire (once the government had gained the necessary experience; HT 110). Le Devoir, by contrast, uses the passive voice and external grammatical agents in these situations, with the effect of portraying the government as less decisive and more reactive. Canadians été forcés de reconnaître (were forced to recognize; DT 36) terrorists' existence – by the terrorists themselves, it is implied. The legislative changes will come after assez de temps pour permettre au gouvernement d'acquérir l'expérience nécessaire (enough time to permit the government to gain the necessary experience; DT 58-59), with the connotation that the government requires permission. Finally, in a particularly divergent translation, the change the law will make the government's actions become plus restreinte (more restrained; HT 113) or moins totalitaire (less totalitarian; DT 61), depending on the target text. The DT passes negative value judgments on the act. FLQ Portrayal The two texts also portray the FLQ in slightly different terms. While neither text condones the FLQ's violence, the Hansard is more forceful in denying legitimacy to their actions. Canada is described as the last place men eussent des raisons de recourir à la violence (could have had reasons to turn to violence; HT 89) or avaient besoin de recourir à la violence (needed to turn to violence; DT 34). Likewise, terrorists use the government's actions to justifier le recours à la violence (justify turning to violence; HT 125) or justifier leur besoin de recourir à la violence (justify their need to turn to violence; DT 74). The Hansard examples frame the FLQ's motivation as calculated 'reasons', while Le Devoir implies that the causes are instinctive 'needs'. Moreover, the grammatical forms of these translations carry a divergence in meaning. Eussent is the Subjunctive Imperfect verb construction to convey a sense of doubt around said 'reasons'; avaient is the Indicative Imperfect construction which implies the reality of the 'needs'. This difference in grammatical certainty is employed to opposite effect when describing the FLQ as modern anarchists. The Hansard states on appelait […] un anarchiste (we called […] an anarchist; HT 91-92) in the factual Indicative Imperfect form; Le Devoir,by contrast, states on aurait appelé un anarchiste (we would have called an anarchist; DT 37) in the Conditional Imperfect form, limiting the certainty of the statement. With regards to the FLQ's activities, the Hansard implies a military element by describing tactiques (tactics; HT 94), while Le Devoir is more neutral with moyens (means; DT 40). These choices imply different levels of threat from the revolutionary group. Distancing Language The stated purpose of Pierre Trudeau's speech was to inform the House of Commons of the decision to invoke the War Measures Act and declare martial law during peacetime. As this decision was controversial at the time, the English version of the speech often uses the passive voice and emphasizes the collective decision of the government rather than that of the Prime Minister. French is less tolerant of this stylistic ambiguity than English3, therefore the sentences' grammatical agents become named in translation. The Hansard tends to distance the controversial actions from Trudeau by avoiding first-person pronouns, for 3 A French adage often attributed to the writer Antoine de Rivarol (1753-1801) says, “Ce qui n'est pas clair n'est pas français.” (That which is not clear is not French.)
  • 6. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 example, by giving responsibility to Le gouvernement (The government; HT 5) rather than Le Devoir's Nous (We; DT 11). The Hansard also gives final approval to le gouverneur en conseil (the Governor in Council; HT 70-71), while Le Devoir attributes the approval to le gouvernement en conseil (the government in council; DT 17). It appears that this may be a typographical error, but it has the effect of seeming to reiterate the government's participation. The name of the War Measures Act itself is translated with subtle difference: la loi sur les mesures de guerre (the law on war measures; HT 4-5, 107-108) or la loi des mesures de guerre (the law of war measures; DT 11, 55-56). The first translation choice implies a distance from the actual acts themselves, by being a law on their subject, rather than the intimacy denoted in the second as a law consisting of war measures. Finally, when describing a popular record on personal liberty, the Hansard includes Trudeau in notre parlement (our parliament; HT 133) while Le Devoir distances the Prime Minister by not explicitly including him in ce parlement (this parliament; DT 83). Temporal Differences A final major difference between the two translations is how time is presented. Because Trudeau's speech is meant to inform the House of Commons of the previous night's events, he gives a summary with a time-frame. In presenting the rationale for his decisions, he reads two letters from local authorities requesting assistance. The Hansard records the time of their receipt as 3 am, but Le Devoir omits this information, along with the letters, in favor of a brief summary presented as translation. The early letters' early hour helps to explain why the War Measures Act was declared at 4 am. The government is portrayed as decisive after a long night of hard work, rather than a secret plot sprung on the public in the middle of the night. Later in the speech, Trudeau explains the letters faisait suite, après un intervalle de plusieurs heures, (followed, after an interval of several hours,; HT 76-77) a previous request. This contrasts with Le Devoir's report that the letters suivait de quelques heures (followed by a few hours; DT 22-23) the previous request. The first implies that the government was not trying to rush the negotiations they had tried to initiate au début de la soirée d'hier (early yesterday evening; HT 79) rather than simply hier soir (yesterday evening; DT 25). The Hansard gives a fuller time-frame of events and emphasizes the time given to exploring alternative solutions, before purposefully acting at 4 am. As we can see in Table 1, the Hansard consistently conveyed a greater sense of urgency in the government's and Trudeau's actions than Le Devoir. When describing an official response to a national crisis, the Hansard implies that the government is working diligently and frantically to find a solution. Le Devoir generally maintains the temporal relationship between events, but not the exigency that drives them into each other. This lack of urgency conveys the feeling previously discussed concerning the capability of the government to successfully handle the crisis. Table 1 The Hansard Le Devoir A la suite de (Following; HT 70) Après (After; DT 17) une action immédiate (an immediate action; HT 99) des mesures rapides (rapid actions; DT 45-46) je viens de déposer (I have just submitted; HT 101) j'ai présentées (I have presented; DT 49-50) je sollicite instamment (I urgently solicit; HT 113) je demande (I ask for; DT 61) plus tard aujourd'hui (later today; HT 139) au cours de la journée (over the course of the day; DT 89)
  • 7. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 Conclusion We can see that thorough choices in translation, an ideological disconnect between the two texts has grown. By portraying the government's authority, capability and responsibility in conflicting ways, the Hansard's ideological support is confirmed as well as Le Devoir's opposition. The Hansard linguistically denies any support for the FLQ. Le Devoir by contrast was a newspaper which recognized the severity of the social problems that the terrorist group claimed to be fighting. It could understand the FLQ's frustration even while categorically opposing their violent actions. These different sentiments are made clear even when the same source text is used. The different portrayals of time contributed to subtle differences in impressions of how intensely the government's actions were, again implying competence or a lack thereof. This textual analysis is far from comprehensive. Le Devoir published the letters presented in the speech in separate articles which have not been analyzed here. Nonetheless, ideological changes between the texts are clearly differentiated. It would be interesting in future studies to examine the effects of such ideological differences on receptive target audiences. This was, however, beyond the scope of this paper.
  • 8. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 Appendix 1: HT | Hansard (Débats de la Chambre des Communes) CHAMBRE DES COMMUNES Le vendredi 16 octobre 19705 Le très hon. M. Trudeau: Monsieur l'Orateur, j'ai le grave devoir d'informer la Chambre qu'à 4 heures ce matin, le gouvernement a proclamé la mise en application de la loi sur les mesures de guerre. Le gouvernement n'a pris cette décision qu'après avoir tenu compte de tous les faits, et surtout des lettres reçues du premier ministre du Québec et des autorités de la ville de Montréal, faisant état du danger d'insurrection. La lettre du premier ministre du Québec, reçue à 3 heures ce10 matin, dit ceci: [Français] Québec, le 16 octobre 1970 Monsieur le Premier ministre, Au cours des derniers jours, la population du Québec a été bouleversée par les enlèvements de15 monsieur James R. Cross, représentant du gouvernement britannique à Montréal, et de l'honorable Pierre Laporte, ministre du Travail et de la Main-d’œuvre et ministre de l'Immigration du Québec, ainsi que par les menaces proférées contre la sécurité de l'État et des personnes dans des communiqués émis par le Front de Libération du Québec ou en son nom, et enfin par l'ensemble des circonstances reliées à ces événements.20 Après consultation des autorités directement responsables de l'administration de la justice au Québec, le gouvernement du Québec est convaincu que la loi, dans son état actuel, ne permet pas de répondre d'une façon satisfaisante à cette situation. Dans les circonstances, au nom du gouvernement du Québec, je demande que des pouvoirs d'urgence soient prévus le plus tôt possible permettant de prendre des mesures plus efficaces. Je demande en25 particulier que ces pouvoirs comprennent l'autorité d'arrêter et de détenir les personnes que le Procureur général du Québec estime, pour des motifs raisonnables, être dédiées au renversement du gouvernement par la violence et des moyens illégaux. Selon l'information que nous possédons et qui vous est accessible, nous faisons face à un effort concerté pour intimider et renverser le gouvernement et les institutions démocratiques de cette Province par la commission planifiée et30 systématique d'actes illégaux, y compris l'insurrection; il est clair que les individus engagés dans cet effort concerté rejettent totalement le principe de la liberté dans le respect du droit. Le gouvernement du Québec est convaincu de la nécessité de tels pouvoirs pour faire face à la crise actuelle. Non seulement deux hommes complètement innocents sont menacés d'assassinat, mais encore nous faisons face à une tentative de destruction de l'ordre social par une minorité ayant35 recours à la commission d'actes criminels; ce sont ces considérations qui amènent notre gouvernement à faire cette demande. Le gouvernement est confiant que par le recours à de tels pouvoirs, il pourra sans délai mettre un frein à l'intimidation et à la terreur et assurer à tous les citoyens la paix et la sécurité. Veuillez accepter, monsieur le Premier ministre l'expression de mes sentiments les meilleurs.40 Robert Bourassa ● (11.10 a.m.) [Traduction] J'ai aussi reçu des autorités civiles de la ville de Montréal une lettre ainsi conçue: [Français]45 Monsieur le Premier Ministre, Le Directeur du Service de la Police de Montréal nous informe que les moyens à sa disposition
  • 9. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 s'avèrent insuffisants et que l'assistance des gouvernements supérieurs est devenue essentielle pour protéger la société du complot séditieux et de l'insurrection appréhendée dont les enlèvements récents ont marqué le déclenchement.50 Nous vous communiquons de toute urgence ce rapport qui décrit l'ampleur de la menace et l'urgence de renforcer les mécanismes pour la combattre. Nous requérons, Monsieur le Premier Ministre, toute l'assistance que le gouvernement du Canada jugera utile et désirable pour mener à bien la tâche de protéger la société et la vie des citoyens dans ces heures difficiles.55 Le Président du Comité exécutif Lucien Saulnier Le Maire de Montréal Jean Drapeau [Traduction]60 M. MacDonald (Egmont): J'invoque le Règlement, monsieur l'Orateur. Le premier ministre consentira-t-il à déposer les deux lettres? Une voix: Elles figurent maintenant au hansard. Le très hon. M. Trudeau: Oui, monsieur l'Orateur, nous pouvons les déposer. J'en ai des copies ici. Je pourrais ajouter une longue lettre qui intéresserait peut-être la Chambre, mais je n'en65 donnerai pas lecture maintenant. Il s'agit d'une lettre adressée au maire de Montréal et au président du Conseil exécutif par le directeur de la Sûreté municipale de la ville de Montréal. Ce document aussi pourrait peut-être intéresser la Chambre. Peut-être pourrait-on imprimer les trois lettres en appendice au hansard. M. l'Orateur: La Chambre y consent-elle?70 Des voix: D'accord. (Note de l'éditeur: Le texte des lettres en question figure à l'appendice). Le très hon. M. Trudeau: A la suite de la proclamation de la loi et de l'approbation, par le gouverneur en conseil, des ordres et règlements déposés au début de la séance, les nombreuses forces policières de la région de Montréal ont reçu l'ordre d'augmenter et d'intensifier leurs75 activités. A partir de 4h30 du matin environ, on a procédé à bon nombre d'arrestations. Il y a une heure, une centaine de personnes, je crois, avaient été arrêtées au cours de ces opérations. Non, on me dit que leur nombre est d'environ 154. La lettre par laquelle le gouvernement du Québec sollicitait des pouvoirs spéciaux faisait suite, après un intervalle de plusieurs heures, à une première demande dudit gouvernement, sollicitant80 l'autorisation de déployer des troupes dans certaines parties de la province du Québec. La Chambre doit savoir que le gouvernement du Québec, au début de la soirée d'hier, avait fait savoir aux ravisseurs du FLQ, qu'en contrepartie de la remise de leurs deux otages, MM. James Cross et Pierre Laporte, il s'engageait à leur fournir un sauf-conduit pour quitter le Canada, et à recommander la libération conditionnelle de cinq des membres du FLQ actuellement incarcérés85 qui l'avaient sollicitée. La proposition n'a suscité aucune réponse positive. Comme tous les députés, j'en suis sûr, je ressens un profond regret et une vive inquiétude de ce que la situation nationale nécessite une telle proclamation, Nous tous à la Chambre, je le sais, avons cru fermement que la démocratie se portait mieux au Canada que nulle part ailleurs, que le Canada était le dernier endroit où des90 [Le très hon. M. Trudeau. {page break in original}] hommes frustrés dans leurs ambitions eussent des raisons de recourir à la violence pour atteindre
  • 10. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 leurs fins politiques. J'en suis toujours persuadé. Pourtant, ces dernières années, nous avons dû admettre l'existence au Canada d'un type d'homme nouveau et terrifiant: celui que l'on appelait autrefois un anarchiste et qu'on désigne aujourd'hui comme un partisan de la révolution violente.95 Ces personnes prétendent travailler à la réforme sociale par des moyens inédits. En réalité, elles cherchent à détruire l'ordre social établi par des tactiques clandestines et violentes. En face de gens comme ceux-là et devant les déclarations compétentes sur le grave danger qui menace personnes et propriétés dans la région de Montréal, le gouvernement ne pouvait pas agir autrement qu'il ne l'a fait la nuit dernière. Étant donné l'aggravation rapide de la situation, dont a100 parlé le premier ministre M. Bourassa, et l'expiration du délai concernant la libération des otages, l'urgence de la situation exigeait de toute évidence une action immédiate. Le manque de temps pour prendre d'autres mesures et l'absence de quelque autre autorité législative nous a forcés à la loi sur les mesures de guerre. Après avoir informé les chefs des partis d'opposition de notre intention d'agir de la sorte, et sur réception des lettres que je viens de déposer, le gouvernement a105 proclamé la loi. Le gouvernement reconnaît que les pouvoirs conférés par la loi sont beaucoup plus vastes que ne l'exige la situation actuelle, malgré la gravité des événements. Pour cette raison, les règlements qui ont été adoptés ne permettent l'exercice que d'un nombre limité de ces pouvoirs. Néanmoins, je tiens à bien préciser aujourd'hui que le gouvernement considère le recours à la loi sur les110 mesures de guerre comme une simple mesure provisoire et, dans le sens précité, assez peu satisfaisante. Après un certain temps, lorsque le gouvernement aura acquis l'expérience nécessaire pour évaluer le genre de loi que les circonstances pourront exiger, j'ai la ferme intention de discuter avec les chefs des partis de l'opposition de l'opportunité de présenter une mesure législative d'une115 portée plus restreinte. A ce propos, je sollicite instamment des chefs de partis et de tous les députés des suggestions constructives en vue de modifier les règlements. Ces suggestions seront soigneusement étudiées en vue de leur éventuelle insertion dans toute nouvelle loi. ● (11.20 a.m.) Puis-je dire en conclusion, monsieur l'Orateur, qu'aucun Canadien ne prend moins à la légère120 que moi la gravité de la situation actuelle au Canada de même que la sévérité des mesures qu'on a demandé au gouvernement de prendre pour faire face à la situation. En même temps, le sort des deux otages enlevés pèse très lourd dans mon esprit, tout comme pour chacun de nous. Je reconnais, et d'autres aussi, je l'espère, que cette position extrême que le gouvernement s'est vu contraint d'adopter est à certains égards un piège. C'est une technique bien connue des125 groupes révolutionnaires qui essaient de détruire la société par des actes de violence injustifiés d'amener les autorités à prendre une attitude inflexible. Les révolutionnaires se servent alors de ces preuves de prétendu autoritarisme pour justifier le recours à la violence dans leurs attaques réitérées contre la structure sociale. J'exhorte tous les Canadiens de ne pas se laisser obséder par ce que le gouvernement a fait aujourd'hui en réaction contre le terrorisme au point d'oublier ce130 qui a déclenché cette situation odieuse. Ce sont les révolutionnaires qui ont joué cette première carte en choisissant le recours aux bombes, à l'assassinat et au rapt. A ceux qui s'inquiéteront de l'étendue des pouvoirs que le gouvernement a assumés dans cette conjoncture, je ne puis qu'assurer ma sympathie pour l'état d'esprit dans lequel ils se trouvent et je les félicite de l'avoir fait connaître. Toutefois, je me hâte de leur rappeler que le135 dossier de notre Parlement en matière de législation relative aux libertés individuelles garantit sans équivoque sa crédibilité et sa bonne foi.
  • 11. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 Je promets de tenir la Chambre au courant de tout changement aux règlements. En outre, je m'engage à faire révoquer tous ces pouvoirs extraordinaires aussitôt qu'il sera démontré que la violence et les menaces de violence qui en ont rendu l'adoption nécessaire auront pris fin. J'ai140 l'intention de réitérer cette assurance à la population du Canada par le truchement des organes de diffusion plus tard aujourd'hui, et lui donner des explications sur l'initiative que le gouvernement a prise à cet égard. Il serait inconvenant de ma part, monsieur l'Orateur, de ne pas exprimer à la Chambre, avant de me rasseoir, ma gratitude pour la compréhension dont font preuve à mon égard, depuis 24145 heures, les chefs des partis de l'opposition et des membres du Conseil privé, notamment le très honorable député de Prince-Albert et le très honorable Lester B. Pearson. Je leur suis reconnaissant des sages conseils qu'ils m'ont prodigués. Des voix: Bravo! 150
  • 12. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 Appendix 2: DT | Le Devoir 17 Oct. 1970 La déclaration de M. Trudeau Le Devoir, p. 7 Samedi le 17 octobre 1970 155 OTTAWA (PC) – Voici la traduction de la déclaration que le premier ministre, M. Pierre Elliot Trudeau, a faite hier, en invoquant la loi des mesures de guerre: « M. le président,160 « Il est de mon grave devoir d'informer la Chambre qu'à 4 00 heures ce matin, le gouvernement a proclamé la loi des mesures de guerre. Nous avons pris cette mesure après avoir étudié tous les faits, et surtout les lettres du premier ministre du Québec et des autorités de la ville de Montréal qui nous rapportent une situation laissant redouter l'insurrection. « Compte tenu de l'importance de ces lettres, je désire les soumettre toutes les deux, de165 même que la lettre du chef de la police de Montréal dont me parle la lettre des autorités civiques de Montréal. Je suggère, si la Chambre y consent, qu'elles soient consignées au Hansard. « Après la proclamation de la loi et l'approbation par le gouvernement en conseil des ordres et règlements présentés au début de cette séance, les force [sic.] policières de la région de Montréal ont reçu instruction d'accroître le volume et l’intensité de leurs activités.170 « Depuis environ 4 30 heures ce matin, on a procédé à un certain nombre d'arrestations. Il y a une heure, le nombre des personnes détenues par suite de ces opérations atteignait environ 154. « La lettre du gouvernement du Québec demandant des pouvoirs extraordinaires suivait de quelques heures une requête antérieure du même gouvernement sollicitant le déploiement du personnel des forces armées dans certainnes [sic.] régions de la province de Québec.175 « La Chambre doit savoir que le gouvernement du Québec avait déjà proposé, hier soir, aux ravisseurs du FLQ en échange de la reddition de leurs deux otages, M. James Cross et M. Pierre Laporte, la promesse d'un sauf-conduit hors du Canada et une recommandation de libération conditionnelle pour cinq détenus du FLQ qui en ont fait la demande. Cette proposition n'a amené aucune réponse positive.180 « Il est pour moi profondément regrettable et très inquiétant, tous les honorables membres de cette chambre en conviendront, que la situation dans notre pays nécessite cette proclamation. Je sais que pour nous tous, membres de cette chambre, nous avions cru très énergiquement que la démocratie n'était nulle part plus saine qu'au Canada, que nulle part moins qu'ici les gens frustrés avaient besoin de recourir à la violence pour atteindre leurs buts politiques. Je crois encore185 fermement que c'est le cas. « Toutefois, depuis quelques années, nous avons été forcés de reconnaître au sein du Canada l'existence d'un type d'individu nouveau et terrifiant, qu'autrefois on aurait appelé un anarchiste, mais qu'on connaît aujourd'hui comme un révolutionnaire violent. « Ces personnes prétendent chercher le changement social par des moyens nouveaux. En fait,190 ils cherchent la destruction de l'ordre social par des moyens clandestin et violents. « Face à ces gens et devant les rapports irréfutables soulignant la gravité des risques imposés aux citoyens et à la propriété dans la région de Montréal, le gouvernement n'a d'autre solution
  • 13. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 justifiée que d'agir comme il l'a fait la nuit dernière. Étant donné la détérioration rapide de la situation, comme le mentionnait le premier ministre Bourassa, et vu l'expiration du délai offert195 pour la libération des otages, il est devenu évident que l'urgence de la situation exigeait des mesures rapides. « Faute de temps suffisant pour prendre d'autres mesures et de choix dans les moyens législatifs, nous avons dû recourir à la loi des mesures de guerre. Après avoir informé les chefs des partis d'opposition de notre intention d'agir en ce sens et sur réception des lettres que j'ai200 présentées, le gouvernement a proclamé la loi. « Le gouvernement reconnaît que les pouvoirs accordés par la loi sont beaucoup plus importants que ne le requiert la situation actuelle, nonobstant la gravité des événements. Pour cette raison, les règlements adoptés ne permettent que l’exercice d'un nombre limité des pouvoirs consentis par la loi.205 « Néanmoins, je veux préciser aujourd'hui que le gouvernement considère le recours à la loi des mesures de guerre comme une action provisoire et, dans le sens expliqué auparavant, quelque peu insatisfaisante. « Quand il se sera écoulé assez de temps pour permettre au gouvernement d’acquérir l’expérience nécessaire à l’évaluation du genre de statut approprié à ces circonstances, j'ai la ferme210 intention de discuter avec les chefs des partis d'opposition l'opportunité de créer une législation de nature moins totalitaire. A cet égard, je demande à tous les honorables députés des suggestions touchant l'amendement des règlements. « Ces suggestions seront soigneusement étudiées pour être éventuellement incluses à de nouveaux statuts.215 « Puis-je dire en conclusion, M. le président, qu'aucun Canadien ne considère plus que moi le sérieux de la situation actuelle au Canada et la gravité des mesures que le gouvernement a été prié d'adopter pour régler la situation. En même temps, le sort des deux otages enlevés me tient vraiment à cœur, comme d'ailleurs à nous tous. « Je reconnais, comme tout le monde, je l’espère, que cette position extrême où les220 gouvernements ont été acculés est à certains égards un piège. C'est une technique bien connue des groupes révolutionnaires qui tentent de détruire la société par la violence injustifiée pour inciter les autorités à prendre des attitudes inflexibles. « Les révolutionnaires évoquent alors cette manifestation de prétendu autoritarisme pour justifier leur besoin de recourir à la violence dans leurs attaques répétées contre la structure225 sociale. « Je demande à tous les Canadiens de ne pas se laisser obséder par ce que le gouvernement a fait aujourd'hui en réponse au terrorisme au point d'oublier qui a ouvert les hostilités dans ce jeu haineux. Ce sont les révolutionnaires qui ont amorcé le mouvement en choisissant de recourir aux bombes, au meurtre et aux enlèvements.230 « A ceux qui expriment leur inquiétude devant l'étendue des pouvoirs exercés pour le gouvernement aux termes de cette mesure, je ne puis que répondre que je sympathise avec leur attitude et que je les félicite de l'avoir exprimée. « Je m'empresse toutefois de souligner que les antécédents législatifs de ce Parlement, dans le domaine des libertés individuelles, contribuent sans équivoque à sa crédibilité et à la preuve de sa235 bonne foi.
  • 14. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 « Je m'engage à tenir la Chambre au courant de tout changement apporté aux règlements. De plus, je m'engage à faire révoquer les pouvoirs extraordinaires dès qu'auront manifestement pris fin la violence et les menaces de violence qui en ont nécessité l'adoption. « Je désire réitérer cette assurance et offrir au peuple canadien, au cours de la journée, par240 l’intermédiaire des organes d'information, une explication sur les activités gouvernementales à cet égard. « Avant de me rasseoir, M. le président, je m'en voudrais de ne pas exprimer à la Chambre ma gratitude pour la compréhension qui m'a été manifestée depuis 24 heures par les chefs des partis d'opposition et par certains membres du Conseil privé, y compris le très honorable député de245 Prince Albert et le très honorable Lester B. Pearson. « Je les remercie de leurs sages conseils. »
  • 15. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 Appendix 3: Source Text | Hansard (House of Commons Debates) HOUSE OF COMMONS Friday, October 16, 1970 Mr. Trudeau: Mr. Speaker, it is my grave duty to inform the House that at 4 a.m. this morning250 the government proclaimed the War Measures Act. This step was taken after consideration of all the facts, and particularly of letters received from the Prime Minister of Quebec and the authorities of the city of Montreal reporting a state of apprehended insurrection. The letter from the Prime Minister of the province of Quebec, which was received at 3 a.m., reads as follows: [Translation]255 Quebec City, October 16, 1970. Mr. Prime Minister, During the last few days the people of Quebec have been greatly shocked by the kidnappings of Mr. James R. Cross, representative of the British Government in Montreal, and the Hon. Pierre Laporte, Minister of Labour and Manpower and Minister of Immigration of Quebec, as well as by the threats260 to the security of the state and individuals expressed in communiqués issued by the Front de Libération du Québec or on its behalf, and finally all the circumstances surrounding these events. After consultation with authorities directly responsible for the administration of justice in Quebec, the Quebec Government is convinced that the law, as it stands now, is inadequate to meet this situation satisfactorily.265 Under the circumstances, on behalf of the Government of Quebec, I request that emergency powers be provided as soon as possible so that more effective steps may be taken. I request particularly that such powers encompass the authority to apprehend and keep in custody individuals who, the Attorney General of Quebec has valid reasons to believe, are determined to overthrow the government through violence and illegal means. According to the information we have and which is270 available to you, we are facing a concerted effort to Intimidate and overthrow the government and the democratic institutions of this province through planned and systematic illegal action, including insurrection. It is obvious that those participating in this concerted effort completely reject the principle of freedom under the rule of law. The Quebec Government is convinced that such powers are necessary to meet the present emergency.275 Not only are two completely innocent men threatened with death, but we are also faced with an attempt by a minority to destroy social order through criminal action; it is for those reasons that our government is making the present request. The government Is confident that, through such powers, it will be able to put an immediate stop to intimidation and terror and to ensure peace and security for all citizens.280 Please accept, Mr. Prime Minister, my very best regards. Robert Bourassa ● (11:10 a.m.) [English] I also received from the civic authorities of the city of Montreal a letter addressed to me which285 reads as follows: [Translation] Mr. Prime Minister, The chief of the Montreal Police has informed us that the means available to him are proving inadequate and that the assistance of higher levels of government has become essential for the290 protection of society against the seditious plot and the apprehended insurrection in which the recent
  • 16. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 kidnappings were the first step. We are forwarding as a matter of the utmost urgency the report describing the scope of the threat and the urgent need to reinforce the machinery to cope with it. We ask for every measure of assistance the federal government may deem useful and desirable in295 order to carry out the task of protecting society and the life of citizens in this difficult period. Lucien Saulnier Chairman of the Executive Committee Jean Drapeau Mayor of Montreal300 [English] Mr. MacDonald (Egmont): On a point of order, Mr. Speaker, would the Prime Minister agree to table those two letters? An hon. Member: They are on record now in Hansard. Mr. Trudeau: Yes, Mr. Speaker, if they can be tabled; I have some copies here. I might add a305 longer letter which would be of interest to the House but which I shall not read at this time. It is a letter to the Mayor of Montreal and to the President of the Executive Council from the Director of the Police Department of the city of Montreal. This document might also be of interest to the House. Perhaps the three letters could be printed as an appendix to Hansard. Mr. Speaker: Is this agreeable?310 Some hon. Members: Agreed. (Editor's Note: For text of letters referred to above, see Appendix.) Mr. Trudeau: Following the proclamation of the Act and the approval of the Governor in Council of the orders and regulations tabled at the beginning of this sitting, the several police forces in the Montreal area were instructed to increase the volume and the intensity of their315 activities. Commencing at approximately 4.30 a.m. this morning a number of arrests were made. As of an hour ago, the number of persons taken into custody as a result of these operations was, I believe, in the vicinity of 100. No, I am told it was approximately 154. The letter from the government of Quebec requesting special powers followed by several hours an earlier request from that government for the deployment of armed forces personnel in320 some parts of the province of Quebec. The house will know that the government of Quebec had earlier yesterday evening proposed to the FLQ kidnappers that in return for the surrender of their two hostages, Mr. James Cross and Mr. Pierre Laporte, safe conduct out of Canada would be promised them and that parole would be recommended of five FLQ members now in jail who had requested parole. That proposal brought325 no positive response. It is a matter of deep regret and grave concern to me, as I am sure if is to all hon. members, that the condition of our country makes necessary this proclamation. We in this House have all felt very strongly, I know, that democracy was nowhere in a healthier state than in Canada; that nowhere was there less need for frustrated330 [Mr. Trudeau. {page break in original}] men to turn to violence to, attain their political ends. I still believe firmly that this is so. Yet in recent years we have been forced to acknowledge the existence within Canada of a new and terrifying type of person–one who in earlier times would have been described as an anarchist, but who is now known as a violent revolutionary. These persons allege that they are seeking social335
  • 17. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 change through novel means. In fact they are seeking the destruction of the social order through clandestine and violent means. Faced with such persons, and confronted with authoritative assessments of the seriousness of the risk to persons and property in the Montreal area, the government had no responsible choice but to act as it did last night. Given the rapid deterioration as mentioned by Prime Minister340 Bourassa, and given the expiration of the time offered for the release of the hostages, it became obvious that the urgency of the situation demanded rapid action. The absence both of adequate time to take other steps or of alternative legislative authority dictated the use of the War Measures Act. After informing the leaders of the opposition parties of our intention to act in this fashion, and following receipt of the letters that I tabled a moment ago, the government proclaimed the Act.345 The government recognizes that the authority contained in the Act is much broader than is required in the present situation, notwithstanding the seriousness of the events. For that reason the regulations which were adopted permit the exercise of only a limited number of the powers available under the Act. Nevertheless, I wish to make it clear today that the government regards the use of the War Measures Act as only an interim and, in the sense mentioned above, somewhat350 unsatisfactory measure. Following the passage of enough time to give the government the necessary experience to assess the type of statute which may be required in these circumstances, it is my firm intention to discuss with the leaders of the opposition parties the desirability of introducing legislation of a less comprehensive nature. In this respect I earnestly solicit from the leaders and from all hon.355 members constructive suggestions for the amendment of the regulations. Such suggestions will be given careful consideration for possible inclusion in any new statute. ● (11:20 a.m.) May I say in conclusion, Mr. Speaker, that no Canadian takes less lightly than I the seriousness of the present situation in Canada and the gravity of the measures which the government has been360 asked to assume in order to meet that situation. Coincidentally, the fate of the two kidnapped hostages weighs very heavily in my mind, as it does on all of us. I recognize, as I hope do others, that this extreme position into which governments have been forced is in some respects a trap. It is a well known technique of revolutionary groups who attempt to destroy society by unjustified violence to goad the authorities into inflexible attitudes. The365 revolutionaries then employ this evidence of alleged authoritarianism as justification for the need to use violence in their renewed attacks on the social structure. I appeal to all Canadians not to become so obsessed by what the government has done today in response to terrorism that they forget the opening play in this vicious game. That play was taken by the revolutionaries; they chose to use bombing, murder and kidnapping.370 To those who will voice concern at the extent of the powers assumed by the government under this procedure, I can only say that I sympathize with their attitude, and applaud them for speaking out. I hasten to suggest, however, that the legislative record of this Parliament in the field of individual liberties contributes unequivocally to its credibility and good faith. I promise that the House shall be kept fully informed if any changes in the regulations are375 made. Furthermore, I pledge that all extraordinary powers will be withdrawn as soon as it has been demonstrated that there is a cessation of the violence and the threats of violence which made necessary their introduction. I intend to repeat that assurance and offer an explanation of government activities in this matter to the Canadian people through the public media later today.
  • 18. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 Before I sit down, Mr. Speaker, it would be inappropriate were I not to mention to the House380 my gratitude for the understanding which has been offered me in the last 24 hours by the leaders of the opposition parties and by certain members of the Privy Council, including the right hon. member for Prince Albert and the Right Hon. Lester B. Pearson. For their wise counsel I say, thank you. Some hon. Members: Hear, hear!385
  • 19. © C opyrightSpencerR uss 2016 Works Cited Baker, Mona. “Reframing Conflict in Translation.” Social Semiotics 17.2 (2007) : 151-169. Taylor and Francis Online. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10350330701311454> Bélanger, Claude. “Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath.” Marianopolis College Library. Marianopolis College, 2000. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. <http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/chronos/october.htm> Canada. Parlement. Chambre des Communes. Débats de la Chambre des Communes Volume I. Débats XXVIIIème Législature, IIIème Session. Ottawa: L'Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1970. Scanned Copy Web. 24 Nov. 2015. <http://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_CDC2803_01/1?r=0&s=1> Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. House of Commons Debates Volume I. Debates 28th Parliament, 3rd Session. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer for Canada, 1970. Scanned Copy Web. 24 Nov. 2015. <http://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC2803_01/1?r=0&s=1> Cohen-Almagor, Raphael. “The Terrorists' Best Ally: The Quebec Media Coverage of the FLQ Crisis in October 1970.” Canadian Journal of Communication 25.2 (2000) : 251-284. Social Science Research Network. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2431687> Gagnon, Chantal. “La visibilité de la traduction au Canada en journalisme politique : mythe ou réalité ?” Journal des traducteurs. 57.4 (2012) : 943-959. Erudit.org. Web. 24 Nov. 2015. <http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1021226ar> Gray, John. “How Trudeau halted the reign of terror.” The Globe and Mail. 30 Sep. 2000: n. pag. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. <http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/jgray2_sep30.html> “La déclaration de M. Trudeau.” Le Devoir 17 Oct 1970 : 6. Scanned Copy Web. 24 Nov. 2015. <https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Qh5Z_vBjo80C&dat=19701017&printsec=front page&hl=en> Mason, Ian. “Chapter 5: Discourse, Ideology and Translation.” Critical Readings in Translation Studies. Ed. Mona Baker. New York: Routledge, 2009. 83-95. PDF. Schäffner, Christina, et al. “Translation practices in political institutions: a comparison of national, supranational, and non-governmental organisations.” Perspectives. 22.4 (2014) : 493-510. Taylor and Francis Online. Web 24 Nov. 2015. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2014.948890> Schwartzwald, Robert. “Chapter 7: The October Crisis and the FLQ Manifesto.” Translation Effects: The Shaping of Modern Canadian Culture. Ed. Kathy Mezei et al. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014. 105-118. Print. Venuti, Lawrence. Translation Changes Everything: Theory and Practice. New York: