1. Biology

2. Key Words
SOME THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW

3. Cell
 Basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotes don’t have a real nucleus
 Eukaryotes have a nucleus with a double membrane
 Plant vs. Animal
 Plant cells have a rigid cell wall and chloroplasts
 Animal cells have lysosomes

4. Regulation & Feed Back
 Regulation
 The adaptation of form or
behavior of an organism to
changed conditions.
 Feedback
 A cause and effect chain
that loops back to the
beginning.

5. Reproduction
 The creation of a new
organism from a
“parent.”
 The known methods
of reproduction are
broadly grouped into
two main
types: sexual and
asexual.

6. Enzymes
 Catalyst in chemical reactions
 The purpose of an enzyme in a cell is to allow
the cell to carry out chemical reactions very
quickly.

7. Emergent Property & Homeostasis
 Emergent Property
 The emergence of
properties at each step of
the levels of organization.
 Homeostasis
 The tendency of a system
to stay under stable
conditions.

8. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
 Contains the genetic information
used in the development and
growth of an organism.
 Made up of nucleotides which
are formed from a 5-carbon
sugar, a phosphate group, and
one of 4 nitrogen bases (Adenine,
Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.)

9. Metabolism
 A set of chemical
reactions that occur to sustain
life.
 Catabolism
 A set of metabolic reactions that break down big,
complex molecules.
 Anabolism
 A set of metabolic reactions that synthesize larger, more
complex compounds.

10. Biodiversity
 The degree of variety of
organisms in a given
specific area or
location.
 Biodiversity
includes genetic
variation within species
and the variety
of habitat types

11. Evolution
 Any change between successive generations in
the inherited traits of populations.

12. Open System & Stimuli
 Open System
 A system that exchanges energy and materials with its
outside environment.
 Stimuli
 A change that elicits or causes a response.

13. Taxonomy
 The science of  Taxa:
identifying, naming,
and classifying
organisms.
 Uses Binomial
Nomenclature
 Uses two names

14. Characteristics of Life
WHAT MAKES LIFE, LIFE.

15. Cellular and Organized
 Single-cell
organisms have
everything they
need to be self-
sufficient.
 In multicellular
organisms,
specialization
increases until
some cells do only
certain things.

16. Reproduces
 Reproduction is not essential for the survival of
individual organisms, but must occur for a
species to survive.
 All living things reproduce in one of the
following ways:
 Asexual reproduction - Producing offspring without
the use of gametes.
 Sexual reproduction - Producing offspring by the
joining of sex cells.

17. Genetic Code
 Offspring resemble
parents because
they inherit their
traits.
 Nucleic acids is life’s
manual, its blueprint
to make an
organism.

18. Grows and Develops
 An organism develops when it matures.
 Cell division is the orderly formation of new cells.
 Cell enlargement is the increase in size of a cell.
 Cells grow to a certain size and then divide.
 An organism gets larger as the number of its
cells and size of its cells increases.

19. Energy
 Living things take in energy and use it for
maintenance and growth.

20. Responds
 Living things will make
changes in response
to a stimulus in their
environment.
 A behavior is a
complex set of
responses.

21. Adapts and Evolves
 Adaptations are traits
giving an organism an
advantage in a certain
environment.
 Variation of individuals is
important for a healthy
species.

22. Homeostasis
 The ability of
a system or
living organism
to adjust its
internal
environment
to maintain a
stable
equilibrium.

23. “CHARRGED”
 C – Cellular and Organized
 H – Homeostasis
 A – Adapts and Evolves
 R – Responds
 R – Reproduces
 G – Grows and Develops
 E – Energy
 D – DNA, Genetic Code

24. Themes of Biology
THE MAIN POINTS

25. Cell
 Cells are every
organism’s basic units of
structure and function.
The two main types of
cells are Prokaryotic
cells (in Bacteria and
Archaea) and
Eukaryotic cells (in
Protists, Plants, Fungi,
and Animals).

26. Heritable Information
 The continuity of life
depends on the
inheritance of biological
information in the form
of DNA molecules. This
genetic information is
encoded in the
nucleotide sequences
of the DNA.

27. Emergent Properties
 The living world has a
hierarchical organization,
extending from molecules
to the biosphere. With
each step upward in level,
system properties emerge
as a result of interactions
among components at
the lower levels.

28. Regulation
 Feedback
mechanisms
regulate
biological
systems. In some
cases, the
regulation
maintains a
relatively steady
state for internal
factors such as
body
temperature.

29. Interaction with the Environment
 Organisms are open
systems that
exchange materials
and energy with their
surroundings. An
organism’s
environment includes
other organisms as
well as nonliving
factors.

30. Energy and Life
 All organisms must perform work, which requires
energy. Energy flows from sunlight to producers
to consumers.

31. Unity and Diversity
 Biologists group the diversity of life into three
domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. As
diverse as life is, we can also find unity, such as
a universal genetic code.
 The more closely related two species are, the
more characteristics they share.

32. Evolution
 Evolution, biology’s core theme, explains both
the unity and diversity of life. The Darwinian
theory of natural selection accounts for
adaptation of populations to their environment
through the differential reproductive success of
varying
individuals.

33. Structure and Function
 Form and function are correlated at all levels of
biological organization

34. Scientific Inquiry
 The process of science includes observation-
based discovery and the testing of explanations
through hypothesis-based inquiry. Scientific
credibility depends on the repeatability of
observations and experiments.

35. “LUDEECRISS”
 L – Life and Energy
 U – Unity and Diversity
 D – DNA
 E – Evolution
 E – Emergent Property
 C – Cell
 R – Regulation
 I – Interacts with its Environment
 S – Structure and Function
 S – Scientific Inquiry

36. Levels of Organization
MICRO TO MACRO

37.  Molecules
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs
 Organ Systems
 Organism
 Population, same species, area, & time
 Community
 Ecosystem
 Biosphere
 Cosmos