Presentation on Parental Alienation assessment and intervention given to the Australian Family Law Pathways Network (FLPN) in May 2018. This presentation was attended by family law practitioners, independent children's lawyers (ICL) and family consultants (custody evaluators).
The scope of the presentation covered definitions of parental alienation, how parental alienation is situated in family law and family violence, evaluation, assessment and evidence-based intervention to remediate parent-child relationships.
PARQ validated instrument to differentiate alienation and estrangement:
Bernet, W, Gregory, N, Reay, KM & Rohner, RP 2017.
DSM 5 category: 'Child Affected by Parental Relationship Distress“when the focus of clinical attention is the negative effects of parental relationship discord:Bernet, W, Wamboldt, MZ & Narrow, WE 2016
DSM 5 psychological abuse
“may include negative attributions of the other’s intentions, hostility toward or scapegoating of the other, and unwarranted feelings of estrangement.”
Expert’ discussions about PA lack consistency
Family law must distinguish reasons for a child’s resistance to contact or rejection of a parent
Different assessment criteria and different interventions depending on nature of rejection.
Conflation of alignment, estrangement (abuse, neglect, FV), enmeshment, alienation
Is enmeshment a separate category or subsumed within alienation?
1: Institutions and authority figures who provide a clear and unambiguous expectation that the children will repair their relationship with the alienated or targeted parent,
2: Parents who refrain from interfering and undermining behaviors. Immediate and automatic sanctions imposed for any and all violations
3: An alienating or favoured parent who assumes responsibility for their role in the situation
4: Parents refraining from negative communication with each other
5: Parents who intervene and contradict the children should they complain about the other parent. They encourage the children to work out their issues directly with that parent
6: Children who refrain from negative communication with one parent about the other and comply with the parenting plan
7: A mechanism to ensure that any therapists for the children are informed of these elements and actively support the goal of the children having a positive relationship with both parents
8: A mechanism to ensure that the parents and the children follow the parenting plan and imposition of immediate and automatic sanctions on the parent who interferes with the other parent's time and/or interferes with the children’s relationship with the other parent
Baker, J. A. Dr. In ASSOCIATION OF FAMILY AND CONCILIATION COURTS, NEW YORK CHAPTER (AFCC - NY) The Spectrum of Parental Alienation and Estrangement: Challenges for Mental Health Professionals, Attorneys & the Court, 14 June 2014
Child inclusive-child focused practice-favour children’s subjective testimony.
Conflating alignment, estrangement, enmeshment and alienation
Targeted parent is implicated in the ‘alienated child’ formulation of PA, e.g. rigid, non-empathic, conflict avoidant
Lack of a framework/methodology for Family law to order/enforce interventions to place alienated children with their rejected parents when it is against the children’s will.
A relationship issue not an abuse problem-unlike FV/DV
That is, that the child largely alienates themselves from a parent as a distressed response to multiple factors in their relational and family context (“alienated child” formulation of PA.)
Consistent with the child focused, child centric principles in section 60 B
Altobelli, T 2011
Family consultants/single experts unfamiliar with PA assessment and ‘fear’ of ordering counter-intuitive interventions.
Do not consider (or know about) evidence based interventions (e.g FBAC)
‘Don’t know what to do’-when confronted by harsh, irrational parental rejection.
A delusional family system
Alienated child +Alienating parent-Targeted parent=metastable family system
A traumatised targeted/alienated parent
Disabled and discouraged as a parent
Uncooperative child an uncooperative favoured/alienating parent
Intervention takes place whilst alienation trauma continues
If the alienated child remains in the care of their favoured/alienating parent
A case of ‘prescribing the symptom’
However, perceived ‘problem’ of the rejected parent is the solution
Adolescent/teenage murders inspired by ‘Slender Man’
Radicalisation
“Alienated parents…find themselves in a double-bind situation: if they pursue a relationship with their resistant children, they are labeled aggressive or insensitive to their children’s feelings. But if they do not pursue their visits, they are accused of abandoning their children.”
Gottlieb.L 2009 p 209.
PAS is ‘junk science’- lacking empirical validation
Claims that parental alienation syndrome has not met the criteria for scientific merit
Parental alienation has not been recognised by professional associations
Parental alienation does not exist
Advocates for parental alienation claim that allegations of abuse are always false
”Dr Richard Gardner and his followers support paedophilia”.
So let us start out with some simple definitions of what we talking about.
First you will see Richard Gardner’s original definition in 1985 and then you see a more recent definition by Richard Warshak. Watching a hold on to the idea the central idea that the child develops negative attitudes, and versions or rejections of a parent or parenting figure with whom they would normally have enjoyed a loving and normal relationship that is really are starting point with a question start.
Some definitions of Parental Alienation:
“One parent deliberately damages, and in some cases destroys, the previously healthy, loving relationship between his or her child and the child’s other parent”.
“A form of emotional child abuse where a custodial/residential parent belittles or vilifies the other parent to the child”
“A set of strategies that a parent uses to foster a child’s rejection of the other parent”.
Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is determined by the extent to which efforts of the alienating parent have been successfully manifest in the child, and not by the parents efforts alone.
Clinical-pathological parental alienation
Attachment based parental alienation (AB-PA), (Childress, C.A 2015).
Campaign of denigration (against the rejected parent in conjunction with the favoured/alienating parent),
Weak, frivolous, or absurd rationalisations for the deprecation,
Lack of ambivalence,
‘Splitting’/dissociation-The "independent thinker" phenomenon.
Reflexive support of the alienating parent in the parental conflict,
Absence of guilt over cruelty to and/or exploitation of the alienated parent,
Presence of “borrowed scenarios”., and
Spread of the animosity to the friends and/or extended family of the alienated parent.
(Gardner 1999, p. 98)
There are many reasons why the relationship between children and parents rupture, there are many reasons why children refuse to spend time with parents. I am only here to talk about one of those reasons. And that is parental alienation or what Kelly and Johnson called pathological alienation.
Now I have taken Kelly and Johnson’s model for spectrum and have modified it to show the pathological alienation of the child to be influenced by a hostile favoured or alienating parent not emphasise this process is dominating process that supersedes all supervenes all other issues the child faces usually in the context of a high conflict separation and divorce
We also know the children will quite rightly rejected parent who is being abusive towards them where they been involved in family abuse; estranged. Parents who restrict or withdraw their child in contact with an abusive parent call protective parents would draw a very clear distinction between protective parenting and alienation is not the same thing nor are they to be confused.
We also know the children naturally form alignments with parents and sometimes these alignments could be superficially hostile driven by quite understandable
All phenomena such as parenting styles personalities are anger and grief and confused emotional responses in the wake of separation and divorce yet such children maintain ambivalence towards the parent against whom they are aligned. And in particular the parent with whom they are aligned does not exploit that situation.
Sometimes parental alienation and extreme alignment have been confused or conflated. To me this is an exercise in political correctness. Yes, children can be extremely aligned with the clear distinction as will discuss later is the role of a favourite or alienating parent in creating that alienation which is very distant date from alignment by amongst other things the loss of ambivalence and reflexive support of the favoured or alienating parent
“[Custody evaluations] involve clinical interviews, taking a careful history, perhaps psychological testing, observations of parents and children, speaking with other people who have some other information that may assist the assessor…So I think the way to assess alienation is to use multiple methods to gain information about the family.” P4. Fidler, BJ, Bala, N & Saini, MA 2012, 'Assessment and Measurement Tools for Alienation', in Children Who Resist Post Separation Parental Contact: A Differential Approach for Legal and Mental Health
Clinical judgment, multiple sources
Educated opinion-based upon (social) science but is not science:
Fidler, BJ, Bala, N & Saini, MA 2012,
Absence of universally agreed, validated, reliable assessment instruments & methodologies
Also true for other relational presentations
Existing instruments (personality, relational, parenting inventories) provide indicators, predispositions, statistical possibilities but not certainties
Gardner’s (1985) 8 criteria are phenomenological domains of PA-not diagnostic criteria.
In particular a survey conducted of self-reporting adults claiming to have been targets of parental alienation identified the number of alienating strategies and behaviours that significantly correlated with those strategies described by adult alienated children representing alienating strategies
Amy J. L. Baker & Darnall, 2006.
It may be possible to assess PA by a combination of observed behaviours of children rejecting contact with a targeted parent AND the behaviours and actions of the favoured parent
Favoured/alienating parenting may be directly observed OR
Indirectly observed by reports from children and others (collateral contacts)
Parental alienation behaviours and alienating outcomes in children have been found to be highly correlated
Amy J. L. Baker & Darnall, 2006; Amy. J. L. Baker & Eichler, 2016.
Identified parental alienation strategies: Baker, AJL & Darnall, D 2006.
Alienating strategy
Example
(1) BadmouthingTargeted parent portrayed as dangerous, mean, abandoning; using the targeted parent’s first name with the child instead of “Mum or “Dad”.
(2) Limiting/interfering with parenting timeMoving away, arranging activities during scheduled time with rejected parent, calling during contact; giving child “choice” about whether to have contact, etc.
(3) Limiting/interfering with contact
Mail or phone contact (blocking, intercepting, or monitoring calls and mail, etc.
Alienating strategy
Example
(4) Limiting/interfering with symbolic contact
Limiting mentioning, no photographs, having child call someone else “Mum” or “Dad”; changing child’s name, etc.
(5) Interfering with information
Refusing to communicate, using child as messenger not giving important school and medical information, etc.
Alienating strategy
Example
(6) Emotional manipulationWithdrawing love, inducing guilt, interrogating child, forcing child to choose/express loyalty or reject, rewarding for rejection, etc.
Fostering dependency (enmeshment), child having to spy, keep secrets, etc
(7) Unhealthy alliance
(8) Miscellaneous
Badmouthing to friends, teachers, doctors, interfering with child’s counselling, creating conflict between child and rejected parent, etc.
Baker and Darnall (2006) identify up to 1,300 actions, categorized into 66 strategies. These strategies are summarized into 7 groups, and a miscellaneous group
“[Custody evaluations] involve clinical interviews, taking a careful history, perhaps psychological testing, observations of parents and children, speaking with other people who have some other information that may assist the assessor…So I think the way to assess alienation is to use multiple methods to gain information about the family.” P4. Fidler, BJ, Bala, N & Saini, MA 2012, 'Assessment and Measurement Tools for Alienation', in Children Who Resist Post Separation Parental Contact: A Differential Approach for Legal and Mental Health
“[Custody evaluations] involve clinical interviews, taking a careful history, perhaps psychological testing, observations of parents and children, speaking with other people who have some other information that may assist the assessor…So I think the way to assess alienation is to use multiple methods to gain information about the family.” P4. Fidler, BJ, Bala, N & Saini, MA 2012, 'Assessment and Measurement Tools for Alienation', in Children Who Resist Post Separation Parental Contact: A Differential Approach for Legal and Mental Health
“[Custody evaluations] involve clinical interviews, taking a careful history, perhaps psychological testing, observations of parents and children, speaking with other people who have some other information that may assist the assessor…So I think the way to assess alienation is to use multiple methods to gain information about the family.” P4. Fidler, BJ, Bala, N & Saini, MA 2012, 'Assessment and Measurement Tools for Alienation', in Children Who Resist Post Separation Parental Contact: A Differential Approach for Legal and Mental Health
Sanctions will provide alienating parents with an incentive to engage in therapy.
Both parents, more capable, skilled and attuned to their children
Where possible
The available evidence suggests that the degree of change required may depend on the severity of the alienation
Further, any family therapy program for parental alienation should:
Provide each family member with psychoeducation about parental alienation and its sequelae;
Protect the targeted children from harm caused by the alienation;
Use therapeutic intervention that reduces the targeted child’s distress and improves psychological well-being;
Templer, K, Matthewson, M, Haines, J & Cox, G 2016,
Further, any family therapy programme for parental alienation should:
Challenge child’s distorted thinking and teach them critical thinking skills;
Work to improve the targeted parent-child relationship;
Templer, K, Matthewson, M, Haines, J & Cox, G 2016, Prepare the alienating parent for an improvement in the quality of the targeted parent-child relationship and challenge their distorted thinking
Employ conflict resolution techniques to repair the co-parenting relationship
Establish healthy boundaries and communication within the family
Templer, K, Matthewson, M, Haines, J & Cox, G 2016
1. The therapist may "join" with the children or the alienating parent against the targeted parent
2. The children will still be exposed to negative messages about the targeted parent
3. The process of therapy may encourage or force the children entrench their position by "making the case" for the rejection of the targeted parent,
4. The therapy identifies the targeted parent as the problem
Baker, J. A. 14 June 2014, Reay, K. (2015).
5. The environment is not reparative because it does not allow the targeted parent to function as a parent,
6. It is unlikely that the alienating parent will deliver the children, even if ordered to do so if the therapist ‘outs’ them, appears to support reconciliation or focuses on their behavior,
7. Most therapists are not trained to deal with the unique issues in alienation cases,
Baker, J. A. 14 June 2014, Reay, K. (2015).
Now will quickly cover constructive intervention programs that operate and the family Court mandates in the US, Canada and soon in Australia. I am one of three trained facilitators of this program in Australia in Australia
At least one of these programs has been running for quite some time and has been well research for efficacy. They all share the following common factors:
They are residential programmes
They are mandated programs and the child’s attendance is enforced
The court mandate usually involves a change in parental responsibility and residence
Released to these programs there is an enforced exclusion between the favoured parent and the alienated child.
Where there is enforced exclusion, there is an after-care program that facilitates a different relationship between formally alienating parent and child
The alienated child and the rejected parent are always brought togetherOvercoming Boundaries (USA)
Voluntary
No exclusion period
Family Reflections Reconciliation Programme (FRRP) (Canada), Reay. K
Analogous to FBAC
Since 2012
Efficacy study
This programme is highly effective in the long run. However what is interesting is that the research shows that the failures are entirely due to premature and at times unlawful contact usually instigated by the alienating parent.
23 Rejected parent-alienated children families
All with prior failed experience of counselling, family therapy, other court ordered ‘family counselling’ or other intervention
57 alienated children
40 of 57 >12 y.o
22 >14 y.o
33% rejected their mother
Evenly divided by gender