automotive

1. GRADE12 AUTOMOTIVE SERVICNG
TOPIC 2 4TH QUARTER

2. FUNCTIONS OF TIRES

3. THINGS YOU SHOULD CHECK REGULARLY TO MAKE SURE
THAT SINGLE PALM PRINT IS AS HEALTHY AS POSSIBLE
AND READY TO PERFORM ITS CRITICAL FUNCTIONS:
 CORRECT TIRE INFLATION
MAINTAINING A SAFE TREAD DEPTH
CHECKING THE AGE OF YOUR TIRES
ROTATING TIRES REGULARLY
PROFESSIONAL WHEEL ALIGNMENTS

4. 7 PERFORMANCE OF TIRES
• FUEL EFFICIENCY

5. • WEAR LIFE

6. • DRY GRIP

7. • WET GRIP

8. • HANDLING STABILITY

9. • RIDE COMFORT-

10. • QUITENESS
https://www.bridgestone.com/products/basic_knowledge/fun
ction_and_performance/

11. TYPES OF TIRES

12. FOLLOWING ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TIRES:
1.ACCORDING TO THE STANDARD TYPES OF TIRES
1. ALL-SEASON TIRES -
2. TOURING TIRES
3. PERFORMANCE TIRES
4. SUMMER TIRES
5. TRACK AND COMPETITION
2.ACCORDING TO THE TRUCK AND SUV TIRES
1. HIGHWAY TIRES
2. ALL-TERRAIN TIRES
3. MUD-TERRAIN TIRES
4. ALL-PURPOSE OR TRAIL TIRES
5. RIBBED TIRES
6. SPORT TRUCK TIRES
3.ACCORDING TO THE SPECIAL TYPES OF TIRES
1. WINTER TIRES
2. TEMPORARY TIRES
3. TRAILER TIRES
4. ATV/UTV TIRES
5. LAWN AND GARDEN TIRES

13. ALL SEASON TIRES
All-season tires are manufactured to give comfort and
handling on the highway, as well as safe all-season traction.
This will typically feature symmetrical trend patterns and
surface grooves to hold a wet grip.

14. TOURING TIRES
These are manufactured to provide a comfortable ride and
reliable all-season traction with more sensitive handling. This
is also called as Grand touring tires. They usually have higher
speed ratings than all-season tires.
Performance sports and sedan vehicles use touring tires
because they typically require better handling skills than their
tires. When purchasing tires is to understand the different
types of tires, and which one will fit for you.
After deciding what tire type possibilities are for your vehicle,
you can learn which type is best for you based on your driving
skills.

15. PERFORMANCE TIRES
The performance tires are typically larger in sizes and lateral
grooves, particularly in wet and dry conditions.
They also have the common feature of substantially dense sips
and silica-rich mixed compounds for better grip, regardless of
the weather. These types of tires have a higher speed than
touring tires.
Performance tires are really designed for a broad type of
automobiles, including sports cars, utility vehicles, and luxury
vehicles. They are mainly used to improve handling,
particularly on wet roads.

16. SUMMER TIRES
Summer tires are also designed for performance in wet and dry
situations. They are not manufactured for all-season traction.
They are adapted for hot climate and provide grip and sensitive
handling in wet or dry conditions. The temperature range for
safe summer tires is above 45° Fahrenheit.
The summer tires typically have solid contact patches, grooves
with sufficient circumference for hydroplaning resistance, and
no ripping. They are used during warm periods or all year in
areas that are not found in a true winter.

17. TRACK AND COMPETITION TIRES
Track tires are used on oval track racing, where
maximum traction is required from each wheel for
steering and braking.
These are similar to road performance tires, in that
they are designed to deliver peak performance. This
type of tires is rarely used for daily driving.
Track and competition tires are used to provide
continuous road contact in dry seasons. They vary
from summer tires in their construction, often
offering a high-tech body and pavement
reinforcements such as a Kevlar or Aramid.

18. TRUCK AND SUV TIRES
Highway tires have an all-season running pattern
and are manufactured to handle the heavy loads of
trucks or SUVs. They are used to be very comfortable
on the road.

19. ALL-TERRAIN TIRES
The All-terrain tires typically come with a more aggressive
tread pattern than highway or trail tires. These tires consist of
thread blocks and more voids, which give traction in off-road
driving situations.
All-terrain tires often have a severe weather service symbol.
They are manufactured to run on gravel, sand, and light soil.
They provide highway stability and comfort in addition to off-
road thrills. Vehicles that may require all-terrain tires are Light
trucks, Pickup trucks, SUVs, and Campers.

20. MUD-TERRAIN TIRES
Mud-terrain tires have very aggressive tread patterns with
much larger tread blocks also more voids. This feature
provides the tire to gain more traction in soft areas such as
deep mud and sand.
They have competitive pavement features that increase
traction on softer terrain giving the tire an even more rigid
look. Mud-terrain tires are usually less comfortable on the
roads and are quieter than the less aggressive tire choices

21. ALL-PURPOSE OR TRAIL TIRES
The All-purpose is also known as trail tires. These tires are only
slightly more rugged than a usual highway tire. These tires
typically have fewer sipes than highway truck tires.
All-purpose running patterns will involve overlapping blocks to
give a moderate off-road grip in loose road situations. The all-
purpose tires are related to as very lightweight all-terrain tires.

22. RIBBED TIRES
These are the type of tires, which are designed for highway
handling and long-lasting mileage. They usually consist of a
solid rib trader design, for extended stability, under a heavy
load.
It also increases traction in wet weather. Ribbed tires are
excellent for commercial vehicles that have very high highway
mileage. Rib pattern tires have good directional stability
therefore, they are used for the steering wheels of trucks and
buses.

23. SPORT TRUCK TIRES
The sport truck tires are manufactured keeping in mind the
sensitivity of sports cars and are perfect for high-performance
SUVs. This type of tires is similar to highway tires.
They have all-weather running patterns that are adapted to
different weather situations. Truck tires usually have sipes for
increased traction, even though not as sipes seen on highway
tires.
Performance truck tires also have a higher speed rating than
highway tires. Some of these tires will have an asymmetric
tread pattern.

24. SPECIAL TYPES OF TIRES
• 1 WINTER TIRES
The winter tires are manufactured for the possible traction in
severe winter situations of less than 45 degrees. Winter tires
come in a type of uses and are produced for a wide variety of
vehicles.
They have heavy sipes and deep perimeter grooves that act to
eject snow and slush buildup from contact patches. Studded
and non-studded are the two types of winter tires.
Studded winter tires have tiny metal studs or pins, that are
designed to deliver the peak of traction in icy driving surfaces.
Non-studded tires are made for excellent traction in winter
requirements, and, likewise, give a decent grip on snow.

25. TEMPORARY SPARE TIRES
These tires are available in short or full sizes.
Compact temporary spares and a.k.a. donut spares
are for only temporary use.
Temporary spare tires typically rated for up to 50
miles at speeds up to 80 to 50 mph. They usually
demand higher air pressures than standard tires.
Full-size spares are usually shaped similar to the
tires on a vehicle.

26. TRAILER TIRES
These tires are available in two construction bias-ply or radial
ply. Bias-ply tires can carry more weight over a longer period of
time. But, they wear more irregularly and have a thicker ride
than radial tires.
Radial ply tires give a stable ride and are better suitable for
highway driving. Trailer tires are designed for boat trailers,
camper, and utility trailers and assure a reliable towing
experience

27. ATV OR UTV TIRES
These tires are prepared in mud, sand, all-terrain, and racing
models. They can highlight large individual moving blocks and
large openings for providing excellent traction in sand, mud,
gravel, and rocks.
Generally, the more aggressive the tread pattern is, the more
aggressive the usage can be. Our pick for the most reliable ATV
tires is the ITP Mud Lite at Mud Terrain ATV tires.

28. LAWN AND GARDEN TIRES
The lawn and garden tires are reliable in use and you see
yourself these tires every day. This involves Dolly (a.k.a. hand
truck) tires, wheelbarrow tires, lawn mower tires, and golf cart
tires.

29. TIRE SIZES MEANING

30. WHY TIRES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT
PART OF A CAR?
• WHY ARE TYRES IMPORTANT? THINK ABOUT IT, TYRES ARE THE ONLY THING IN YOUR VEHICLE THAT
ACTUALLY TOUCH THE FLOOR. THIS MEANS THAT THEY ARE IN CONTROL OF YOUR STEERING, BREAKING,
ACCELERATION AND ABSORBING ALL THE BUMPS THAT THE ROAD MAY THROW AT YOU

31. TIRE SIZE MEANINGS
• HERE’S WHAT THOSE NUMBERS AND INDICATORS ON THE SIDEWALL INDICATE AND HOW TO UNDERSTAND THEM:
• A: TIRE TYPE THE FIRST LETTER IN THE CODE TELLS YOU WHAT CLASS OF TIRE IT IS.
• P STANDS FOR PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRE. P-CLASS TIRES INCLUDE CARS, SUVS, CROSSOVERS, MINIVANS AND SMALLER
PICKUP TRUCKS.
• LT MEANS LIGHT TRUCK TIRE, DESIGNED FOR VEHICLES THAT ARE CAPABLE OF CARRYING HEAVY LOADS, TOWING
TRAILERS, OR FOR THOSE LOOKING FOR AN EXTRA HEAVY DUTY OPTION. THESE ARE OFTEN EQUIPPED ON THREE-QUARTER
OR 1 TON TRUCKS AND SUVS.
• ST STANDS FOR SPECIAL TRAILER. THESE TIRE SIZES ARE MEANT FOR TRAILERS, INCLUDING FIFTH WHEELS AND OTHER
TRAVEL TRAILERS, AS WELL AS BOAT AND UTILITY TRAILERS.

32. IF THERE’S NO LETTER BEFORE THE FIRST NUMBER, YOU HAVE A METRIC TIRE MOST COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS EUROPEAN SIZE. IT’S ALSO
MEASURED IN MILLIMETERS BUT MAY HAVE A DIFFERENT LOAD CAPACITY THAN A P OR LT TIRE.
B: TIRE WIDTH THE THREE-DIGIT NUMBER FOLLOWING THE LETTER IS THE TIRE’S WIDTH (FROM SIDE TO SIDE, LOOKING AT THE TIRE HEAD ON)
IN MILLIMETERS. THIS MAY ALSO BE REFERRED TO AS THE SECTION WIDTH.
C: ASPECT RATIO THE FORWARD SLASH SEPARATES THE TIRE WIDTH NUMBER FROM THE TWO-DIGIT ASPECT RATIO. THE BIGGER THE ASPECT
RATIO, THE HIGHER/TALLER THE TIRE’S SIDEWALL, OR “PROFILE” AS IT’S SOMETIMES CALLED.
THE ASPECT RATIO IS INDICATED ON THE TIRE SIDEWALL AS A PERCENTAGE. IT’S THE HEIGHT OF THE SIDEWALL MEASURED FROM WHEEL RIM
TO TOP OF THE TREAD, EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF TIRE WIDTH.
IN THIS EXAMPLE, THE ASPECT RATIO IS 65, MEANING THE SIDEWALL IS 65 PERCENT AS HIGH AS THE TIRE IS WIDE. TO GET THE SIDEWALL
HEIGHT, TAKE THE TIRE WIDTH OF 215 MM AND CONVERT IT TO INCHES (8.46). THEN MULTIPLY THIS BY 65% (.65). THIS GIVES YOU AN
ANSWER OF 5.5, THE SIDEWALL HEIGHT IN INCHES.
D: CONSTRUCTION TYPE THIS SINGLE LETTER TELLS YOU ABOUT THE INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE TIRE.
R IS FOR RADIAL TIRES, THE INDUSTRY STANDARD FOR MOST TIRES TODAY. THEY HAVE BETTER ROAD GRIP, LOWER ROLLING RESISTANCE FOR
BETTER GAS MILEAGE, RIDE COMFORTAND DURABILITY THAN PREVIOUS GENERATIONS OF TIRES. IN A RADIAL TIRE, THE PLIES — LAYERS OF
STRONG CORDS MADE OF A BLEND OF POLYESTER, STEEL AND FABRIC AND COATED WITH RUBBER — ARE LAID PERPENDICULAR TO THE
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL.