Stevan Harnad: On Designing Green Open Access Self-Archiving Mandates for Universities and Research Funders
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Brussels Conference on University Open Access Policy
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Stevan Harnad: On Designing Green Open Access Self-Archiving Mandates for Universities and Research Funders
- 1. Why "green" open access self-archiving mandates must come before "gold" open access publishing or “Don’t over-reach: grasp what’s within immediate reach StevanHarnad Chaire de recherche du Canada en sciences cognitives Université de Québec à Montreal & Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 2. What is OA? • Free • Immediate • Permanent • Online • Access FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 3. Open access to what? • 2.5 million articles • Published yearly • In 25,000 peer reviewed journals • Across all scientific and scholarly disciplines • In all countries and languages • Don’t over-reach for open books, “open knowledge,” “open information” FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 4. Why provide OA? • Because it maximizes research uses and impact • Making it accessible to all users • Not just those who can afford to subscribe to the journal in which the article was published FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 5. How to provide OA? 1. By publishing in any journal at all, but self- archiving a copy free for all on the web 2. By publishing in a journal that makes its articles free for all on the web FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 6. What are "green" and " " OA? • OA self-archiving is green • OA publishing is gold OA FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 7. Why does green OA need to come before gold OA? 1. Because green OA can be provided by the research community and gold OA can only be provided by the publisher community 2. Because green OA can be mandated by research institutions and funders and gold OA cannot 3. Because the money to pay for gold OA is still locked up in journal subscriptions 4. Don’t over-reach for immediate gold OA FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 8. "Gratis" OA vs "Libre" OA • Gratis OA means free online access • Libre OA means free online access plus certain further re-use rights • Don’t over-reach for libre OA FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 9. Institutional repositories vs central repositories Institutional vs funder mandates • Deposit institutionally, harvest centrally • Don’t over-reach for direct central deposit FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 10. Parasitism? Catastrophe? • Subscriptions pay for publication • Authors contribute work for free • Peers review for free FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 11. Copyright, Embargoes • Desirable but not necessary to retain copyright • Immediategreen OA self-archiving can be mandated even if authors wish to comply with publisher OA embargoes • Don’t over-reach for copyright retention FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 12. The optimalgreen OA self-archiving mandate • Immediate Deposit/”Optional OA” • Deposit is sole means of submitting research for institutional performance review (“Liège model”) • “email eprint request” button for embargoed deposits • Don’t over-reach for immediate-OA mandates FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 13. Leveraged transition 1. Institutions and funders mandate ID/OA 2. Universal green OA 3. Subscriptions become unsustainable 4. Publishers downsize to peer review alone 5. Offload access-provision and archiving on institutional repositories 6. Journals convert to gold OA 7. Gold (much lower) OA fees paid out of institutional windfall subscription cancelation savings FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 14. No-fault peer review • Instead of charging for publication • Journals charge for each round go peer review • “No fault” • Rejected paper charges no longer wrapped into accepted paper fees • Journals not tempted to lower standards for more revenue FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 15. Versions • Author’s peer-reviewed final draft has the fewest publisher restrictions on it • Don’t over-reach for publisher’s version-of- record FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 16. Why does green OA need to come before gold OA? 1. Because green OA can be provided by the research community and gold OA can only be provided by the publisher community 2. Because green OA can be mandated by research institutions and funders and gold OA cannot 3. Because the money to pay for gold OA is still locked up in journal subscriptions 4. Don’t over-reach for immediate gold OA FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 17. EnablingOpenScholarship (EOS) FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 18. Mandated green OA levels (70%) vs self-selective (unmandated) green OA levels (20%) 90% 80% 70% 60% 2002 50% 2003 2004 40% 2005 2006 30% 2007 20% 2008 2009 10% 0% N= 63,518 FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 19. Logistic regression Set of 13 variables (plus one interaction) potentially influencing citation counts. FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 20. Exp(B)-1 values of logistic regression (N = 63,518) 3 Age JIF Auth_N Ref_N Page_N 2 Sci USA OA Age*OA 1 M CERN South Minho Queens 0 N=24,893 & 22,281 22,281& 5,796 22,281 & 4,798 22,281 & 2,834 zero/lo lo/med-lo lo/med-hi lo/hi 0 vs 1-4 cites 1-4 vs 5-9 cites 1-4 vs 10-19 cites 1-4 vs 20+ cites -1 FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 21. Cumulative number of citations per article for Mandated and Self- SelectedOAvsNOA articles (articles published in 2002) 25 20 Cumulative count of citations 15 OM ØM 10 OS ØS 5 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 OM N = 897 ØM N = 493 OS N = 1,098 ØS N = 3,269 FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 22. Separate proportions for OAvsNOA articles at each citation count 50% 45% N = 63,518 N(OA) = 44,497 N(NOA)= 19,021 40% 35% 30% 25% NOA 20% OA 15% 10% 5% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 >30 FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 23. Average cumulative number of citations per article as a function of article age for articles published in 1998-2009 FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 24. Average cumulative number of citations per article as a function of article age by field for articles published in 2000 FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 25. Separate proportions for OA vsNOA articles at each citation count FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 26. FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 27. OA citation advantage for mandated vsunmandatedOA 4 institutions (N = 63,518) 0.5 2002 0.4 2003 2004 0.3 2005 Citation ratios 2006 0.2 2007 2008 0.1 2009 0.0 O/Ø O S/Ø O M/Ø O S/Ø S O M/Ø S O M/Ø M O M/O S FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 28. ROAR &ROARMAP Registry of Open Access Repositories Registry of Open Access Repository Archiving Mandates • AGE : age of institution’s deposit mandate (in months) • STRENGTH: strength of institution’s deposit mandate • deposits : total number of deposits in institutional repository • rate : rate of deposit (number of days per year with 10-99 deposits) • RANK : Webometrics rank of institution FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 29. Scatter plot matrix : pairwise scatter plots of all variables FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 30. Leveraged transition 1. Institutions and funders mandate ID/OA 2. Universal green OA 3. Subscriptions become unsustainable 4. Publishers downsize to peer review alone 5. Offload access-provision and archiving on institutional repositories 6. Journals convert to gold OA 7. Gold (much lower) OA fees paid out of institutional windfall subscription cancelation savings FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 31. Grasp what is within immediate reach Don’t keep over-reaching and getting next to nothing for yet another decade… 90% 80% 70% 60% 2002 50% 2003 2004 40% 2005 30% 2006 20% 2007 10% 2008 0% 2009 N= 63,518 FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 32. EnablingOpenScholarship (EOS) FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
- 33. Thank you http://www.openscholarship.org FNRS Bruxelles 28 septembre 2011
Notes de l'éditeur
- - In order to display the OA advantage in a different way and show more graphically how it is distributed across the citation ranges, we calculated the proportions of OA articles at each citation count and compared them to those for NOA articles.- This Figure shows that as the citation count increases, the fraction of the total OA articles at each citation count overtakes the corresponding fraction of the total NOA articles.
- In order to explore the evolution of OA advantage over time and by field, we plot the average cumulative number of citations per article as a function of article age, by field, for articles published in 2000.These figures show for each field, the average cumulative number of citations per article for OA and non-OA articles. For fields, as an article gets older, and its cumulative citations grow, its OA advantage grows too. However, this advantage differ in magnitude depending on the field; it is relatively high for Chemistery, ClininicalMedecine, Physics and Biomedical Research and is relatively weak in Mathematics, Biology, Social Science and Health.
- These figures show that as the citation count increases, the fraction of the total OA articles at each citation count overtakes the corresponding fraction of the total NOA articles. The overtaking starts from 2 or 3 citations for Engineering, Mathematics and Social Science; from 4 or 5 citations and more for Biology; from 8 citations and more for Clinical Medecine; from 9 or 10 citations and more for Physics, Psychology, Chemistery and Earth Science; and from 11 or 12 citations and more for Biomedical research. However, for Health, the overtake is irregular for different levels of citation counts