Thesis Presentation Template[Conflict 1]

Nanomaterials Research Lab.
Sumeet.Changla
(Sumeet.changla@mavs.uta.edu)
The University of Texas at Arlington
Arlington, Texas, USA
Email: Sumeet.changla@mavs.uta.edu
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
QUATERNARY NITRATE/NITRITE MOLTEN SALT AS
ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER FLUID & ENERGY
STORAGE MATERIAL IN CONCENTRATED SOLAR
POWER PLANT
Sumeet Changla
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Sumeet.Changla
• Photovoltaic and Concentrated Solar Power
• Heat Transfer Fluid and Thermal Energy Storage
• Material synthesize Procedure
• Results and Discussion
• Material Characterization
• Conclusion
• Future Work
Table of content
2

Sumeet.Changla
• Photovoltaic system
 Electricity is produced by photoelectric effect.
 Monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium
telluride are some of the material used for photovoltaic to produce electricity
• Advantage of PV system
 No green house gas emissions
 Works on direct and diffusive radiation
 Low cost
• Disadvantage of PV system [1]
 Intermittency and unpredictable nature of sunlight.
 Dispatchable power.
 Electricity produced is DC, is converted to AC using grid tie inverter
 Battery used to store energy is expensive
Photovoltaic System
3
Source : Review and comparison of different solar technology [1]

Sumeet.Changla
• Concentrated Solar Power
• CSP uses mirrors as reflector to focus sun’s ray to produce electricity
• High temperature fluid is heated by sun’s ray which in turn produce steam which runs a heat
engine, a steam turbine and generator
• Following are components of CSP:
• Mirrors
 Parabolic dish, heliostats, Flat mirrors
• Heat Transfer Fluids
 Synthetic oil, Molten salt, air, water
• Power conversion module
 Turbine, Generator
• Thermal energy storage system
 Sensible heat storage
 Latent heat storage system
 Thermochemical energy storage
Components of Concentrated Solar Power
4
Source:
http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/stuff/contentmgr/files/0/11f0d54e06824e6be32b2954e477613e
resized/80_630_225_how_it_works_630_225.jpg [20]

Sumeet.Changla
Concentrated Solar Power Tower
5
Source: Summary report for concentrating solar power thermal storage workshop [6]
Source: i.bnet.com/blogs/gemasolar-2011-9b.jpg [2] Source: www.evwind.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/csp-AndaSol_Storage_Tank_Foreground_l.jpg [3]
Source: www.abc.net.au/radionational/image/5287988-3x2-700x467.jpg [4]

Sumeet.Changla
CSP and its Advantages
6
• Advantage of CSP with storage
• Thermal Energy Storage
• Power demand mismatch can be solved
Source : Technology roadmap solar thermal electricity _ 2014 edition [6] Source: www.psaila.net/Features/sun/content/bin/images/large/1940084.jpg [5]

Sumeet.Changla
• Following are the properties Thermal Energy Storage material [8]
Present Energy Storage Medium
7
Properties Solar salt (NaNO3+ KNO3) (TES)
Freezing Point (o
C) 220
Upper Limit Temperature 600
Density @ 300o
C (kg/m3
) 1899
Viscosity @ 300o
C ( Centipoise) 3.26
Heat Capacity @ 300o
C ( KJ/Kg-o
C) 1.49

Sumeet.Changla
• Drawback
 Low energy storage capacity
 High Freezing Point
• Solution
 Low freezing point
 High specific heat capacity by adding nanoparticle
• Drawback of current heat transfer Fluid
 Chemical Decomposition at higher temperature [19]
 High Vapor Pressure 10 bar @ 390o
C which is undesirable property [19]
Drawback of TES and HTF material
8

Sumeet.Changla
• Solar salt a NaNO3 and KNO3 has a freezing point of 220o
C
• The salt tends to freeze at night when temperature goes down, to prevent
this auxiliary equipment are required, which adds up significant cost.
• low specific heat capacity i.e. low energy storage capacity, which required
large size of storage tanks to store more salt.
• Quaternary mixture has low melting point
• Base salt embedded with silica has high energy storage capacity
Motivation of the study
9

Sumeet.Changla
Literature Review
10
Author Base material Nanoparticle Enhancement (%)
Dudda and Shin [15] Solar salt
NaNO3 – KNO3
SiO2 15 - 25
Shin and Banerjee
[16]
Binary Carbonate
Li2CO3 – K2CO3
SiO2 19 - 25
Manilla et al. [17] Solar salt
NaNO3 – KNO3
TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3 15 – 20
Min Xi Ho, Chin Pan [10] Hitec salt Alumina
(Al2O3)
19.9
Patricia Andreu-cabedo
et al [11]
Solar salt Silica 25.03
A. Morshed et al [12] Ionic Liquid Al2O3 20
D. Banerjee and B. Jo
[13]
Binary Carbonate
Li2CO3 – K2CO3
Multi wall carbon
nanotube (MWCNT)
21
Lasfargues M [14] Solar salt
NaNO3 – KNO3
Copper Oxide (CuO) 8-13

Sumeet.Changla
• Following are the properties of the base eutectic salt mixture as compared to other
suggested molten salt [5]
Quaternary Nitrate/Nitrite mixture Properties
11
Properties Hitec salt
NaNO3+KNO3+NaNO2
Solar Salt
NaNO3+KNO3
Quaternary salt
LiNO3+ KNO3+NaNO3+LiNO3
Melting
Point (o
C)
120o
C 220o
C 100o
C
Density (Kg/ m3
)
@ 500o
C
1743 1752 1735
Energy Density
(MJ/ m3
)
886 756 1141
Specific Heat
capacity ( KJ/kg o
C)
1.44 1.49 1.43

Sumeet.Changla
• Individual salt properties used in quaternary nitrate mixture
Individual Salt Properties of quaternary
mixture
12
SEM
Properties Sodium Nitrate
( NaNO3)
Potassium Nitrate
( KNO3)
Lithium Nitrate
(LiNO3)
Potassium
Nitrite
(KNO2)
Molar Mass (gm/ mole) 84.99 101.9 68.95 85.10
Melting Point (o
C) 306 400 251 387
Boiling point (o
C) 380 334 600 Not Available
Decomposition
Temperature (o
C)
>400 380 >600 Not available
Flash Point Non-flammable Non-flammable Non-flammable Non-
flammable

Sumeet.Changla
• Synthesis protocol
 LiNO3-KNO3-KNO2-NaNO3 were mixed in mass fraction of (9 - 33.6 - 42.3
- 15.1) by weight %.
 17.57 mg of LiNO3, 66.56 mg of KNO3, 29.89 mg of KNO2, 83.75 mg of
NaNO3 and 1 mg of SiO2 were mixed in a 25 ml glass vial.
 the mixture was then sonicated for 240 minutes
 Evaporated for more than 8 hours
 Cooled at 60 o
C for removing any moisture.
Sample Preparation
13
Synthesis Protocol [14 ]

Sumeet.Changla
• Following protocol was employed in DSC to measure the enhancement
 Data Storage off
 Equilibrate @ 40o
C
 Modulate ± 0.48o
C every 60 Seconds
 Data storage on
 Ramp 5.00 o
C/min to 300.00 o
C
 Isothermal for 5.00 min
Modulated Differential Scanning calorimeter
14

Sumeet.Changla
Combined Data Graph
15
Property Base Fluid 5nm 10nm 30nm 60nm
Specific Heat Capacity (KJ/kg o
C) 1.40 1.51 1.76 1.60 1.65
Enhancement (%) - 7.85% 25% 14.28% 17.85%

Sumeet.Changla
• What is material characterization
 Material Characterization refers to technique used to determine
composition and observe internal structure of the material
 Can be used to get information about internal structure of specimen
Material Characterization: Scanning Electron
Microscopy
16
Source: science.howstuffworks.com/scanning-
electron-microscope2.htm [13]

Sumeet.Changla
• Images of pure sample
Pure eutectic salt
17

Sumeet.Changla
• 30 nm high resolution scanning electron microscopy
30 nm High Scanning Electron Microscopy
18
SEM

Sumeet.Changla
• EDS is a material characterization technique which helps in obtaining
elemental analysis of the specimen under observation.
• It uses X-rays projected on the specimen and generates a graph with peaks
indicating presence of different element detected by x-ray.
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
19

Sumeet.Changla
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
Analysis
20
SEM
Eleme
nt
Line
Weigh
t %
Weigh
t %
Error
Norm.
Wt.%
Norm.
Wt.%
Err
Atom
%
Atom
%
Error
C K 4.23 ± 0.52 4.23 ± 0.52 6.94 ± 0.85
N K 17.32 ± 2.66 17.32 ± 2.66 24.39 ± 3.74
O K 35.91 ± 0.84 35.91 ± 0.84 44.26 ± 1.04
Na K 5.79 ± 0.20 5.79 ± 0.20 4.96 ± 0.17
Si K 4.63 ± 0.15 4.63 ± 0.15 3.25 ± 0.11
K K 32.12 ± 0.50 32.12 ± 0.50 16.20 ± 0.25
Total
100.00 100.00
100.00

Sumeet.Changla
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
Analysis
21
Elemen
t
Line
Weight
%
Weight
%
Error
Norm.
Wt.%
Norm.
Wt.%
Err
Atom
%
Atom
%
Error
C K 4.82 ± 0.47 4.82 ± 0.47 7.06 ± 0.69
N K 18.25 ± 1.46 18.25 ± 1.46 22.91 ± 1.83
O K 48.79 ± 0.61 48.79 ± 0.61 53.62 ± 0.67
Na K 11.20 ± 0.19 11.20 ± 0.19 8.56 ± 0.15
Si K 1.31 ± 0.08 1.31 ± 0.08 0.82 ± 0.05
K K 15.63 ± 0.26 15.63 ± 0.26 7.03 ± 0.11
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Sumeet.Changla
• Cost of electricity can go down
• Problem of freezing of salt can be mitigated
• Pressure and Temperature range could be increased by using molten salt
• Using HTF and TES as same material could help bring down the cost to $0.05-0.07/Kwh from
$0.15/Kwh [18]
• Levelised cost of electricity can go down by 30%. [6]
• Return efficiency can be increased up to 98% from 93% . i.e. energy losses are only 2% [6]
• Cost of the plant can go down by 12% if molten salt is used as HTF [6]
• 3 times less salt is required if molten salt is used as HTF [2]
• Direct storage eliminates need of heat exchanger which reduces thermodynamic losses and exergy
efficiency [7]
Importance of this research
22

Sumeet.Changla
• Advanced nitrate/nitrite based molten salt was synthesized for the purpose of
using as heat transfer fluid and energy storage material in concentrated solar
power application.
• SiO2 nanoparticle were embedded in 1% by mass fraction in base eutectic
salt
• Enhancement in specific heat capacity was observed of the mixed salt
• Material Characterization was performed to understand the mechanism
behind the enhancement.
• It was observed that fractal or needle like structure were induced, which
according to previous research reported, are assumed to be responsible for
enhancement in specific heat capacity
Conclusion
23

Sumeet.Changla
• Thermal stability of the salt needs to be tested
• Effect of changing the concentration of nanoparticle can be tested
• Different types of nanoparticle like Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Magnesium oxide
(MgO), Titanium Oxide (TiO2) can also be tested
• Numerical simulation such as Molecular dynamic simulation can be done
using software such LAMMPS.
• Rheological test can be performed to check the effect on viscosity by addition
of nanoparticle
Future Work
24

Sumeet.Changla
1. Review and comparison of different solar technology. Pdf
2. i.bnet.com/blogs/gemasolar-2011-9b.jpg
3. www.evwind.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/csp-AndaSol_Storage_Tank_Foreground_l.jpg
4. www.abc.net.au/radionational/image/5287988-3x2-700x467.jpg
5. www.psaila.net/Features/sun/content/bin/images/large/1940084.jpg
6. Technology roadmap for solar thermal electricity _ 2014 edition
7. Glatzmaier, G. (2011). Summary Report for Concentrating Solar Power Thermal Storage Workshop. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden,
CO, Report No. NREL/TP-5500-52134.
8. Overview on use of molten salt HTF in parabolic trough field. Pdf
9. Ho, M. X., & Pan, C. (2014). Optimal concentration of alumina nanoparticles in molten Hitec salt to maximize its specific heat capacity. International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 70, 174-184.
10. Andreu-Cabedo, P., Mondragon, R., Hernandez, L., Martinez-Cuenca, R., Cabedo, L., & Julia, J. E. (2014). Increment of specific heat capacity of solar
salt with SiO2 nanoparticles. Nanoscale research letters, 9(1), 1-11.
11. Paul, T. C., Morshed, A. K. M. M., Fox, E. B., Visser, A. E., Bridges, N. J., & Khan, J. A. (2013, July). Enhanced Thermal Performance of Ionic Liquid-
Al2O3 Nanofluid as Heat Transfer Fluid for Solar Collector. In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the
ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and
Technology (pp. V001T05A002-V001T05A002). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
12. Jo, B., & Banerjee, D. (2015). Effect of Dispersion Homogeneity on Specific Heat Capacity Enhancement of Molten Salt Nanomaterials Using Carbon
Nanotubes. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 137(1), 011011.
13. Lasfargues, M. (2014). Nitrate based high temperature nano-heat-transfer-fluids: formulation & characterisation (Doctoral dissertation, University of
Leeds).
14. Shin, D., & Banerjee, D. (2011). Enhancement of specific heat capacity of high-temperature silica-nanofluids synthesized in alkali chloride salt eutectics
for solar thermal-energy storage applications. International journal of heat and mass transfer, 54(5), 1064-1070.
15. Dudda, B., & Shin, D. (2013). Effect of nanoparticle dispersion on specific heat capacity of a binary nitrate salt eutectic for concentrated solar power
applications. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 69, 37-42.
16. Chieruzzi, M., Cerritelli, G. F., Miliozzi, A., & Kenny, J. M. (2012). Effect of nanoparticles on heat capacity of nanofluids based on molten salts as PCM
for thermal energy storage. Nanoscale research letters, 8(1), 448-448.
17. http://science.howstuffworks.com/scanning-electron-microscope2.htm
18. http://www.renewableenergyfocususa.com/
19. Raade, J. W., & Padowitz, D. (2011). Development of molten salt heat transfer fluid with low melting point and high thermal stability. Journal of Solar
Energy Engineering, 133(3), 031013.
20. http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/stuff/contentmgr/files/0/11f0d54e06824e6be32b2954e477613e/image/_resized/80_630_225_how_it_works_630_2
25.jpg
.
References
25

Sumeet.Changla
Thank You
26

Sumeet.Changla
Questions?
27

Thesis Presentation Template[Conflict 1]

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

En vedette

En vedette (10)

Similaire à Thesis Presentation Template[Conflict 1]

Similaire à Thesis Presentation Template[Conflict 1] (20)

Thesis Presentation Template[Conflict 1]