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UNIT-III-
MIS-KMBN-208-
Introduction
to
Database Management
System

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MIS-KMBN-208-UNIT-III-Introduction to Database
Management System
01 Introduction to Database
Management System
11 Challenges of data
management
02 Types of DBMS 12 Data independence
03 Fields, Records, Table,
View, Reports and
Queries
13 Data redundancy
04 Data warehouse 14 Data consistency
05 Characteristics of Data
warehouse
15 Data administration.
06 Uses of Data warehouse 16 Database Management System
(Lab):
07 Data mining -
Characteristics &
uses of Data warehouse
1 Basics of SQL and running
queries
08 Techniques of Data
Mining
2 Creation of Table,

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Introduction to Database
Management System:
Before Study the Database
What is Database Management Systems (DBMS)?:-
• Database Management Systems (DBMS) refer to the technology
solution used to optimize and manage the storage and retrieval
of data from databases. DBMS offers a systematic approach to
manage databases via an interface for users as well as
workloads accessing the databases via software or apps.
• OR-
• Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs
that enable its users to access databases, manipulate data, report,
and represent data. It also helps to control access to the
database. Database Management Systems are not a new concept
and, as such, had been first implemented in the 1960s.

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Function of DBMS:
1. Defining database schema: it must give facility
for defining the database structure also
specifies access rights to authorized users.
2. 2. Manipulation of the database: The DBMS
must have functions like insertion of record into
database updating of data, deletion of data,
retrieval of data
3. 3. Sharing of database: The DBMS must share
data items for multiple users by maintaining
consistency of data.
4. 4. Protection of database: It must protect the

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• Components of DBMS:-
• In order to facilitate these functions, DBMS has the following key
components:
• Software. DBMS is primarily a software system that can be
considered as a management console or an interface to interact
with and manage databases. The interfacing also spreads across
real-world physical systems that contribute data to the backend
databases. The OS, networking software, and the hardware
infrastructure is involved in creating, accessing, managing, and
processing the databases.
• Data. DBMS contains operational data, access to database records
and metadata as a resource to perform the necessary
functionality. The data may include files with such as index files,
administrative information, and data dictionaries used to
represent data flows, ownership, structure, and relationships to
other records or objects.
• Procedures. While not a part of the DBMS software, procedures
can be considered as instructions on using DBMS. The
documented guidelines assist users in designing, modifying,
managing, and processing databases.
• Database languages. These are components of the DBMS used to

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• Runtime database manager. A centralized
management component of DBMS that handles
functionality associated with runtime data, which is
commonly used for context-based database access.
This component checks for user authorization to
request the query; processes the approved queries;
devises an optimal strategy for query execution;
supports concurrency so that multiple users can
simultaneously work on same databases; and ensures
integrity of data recorded into the databases.
• Database manager. Unlike the runtime database
manager that handles queries and data at runtime, the
database manager performs DBMS functionality
associated with the data within databases. Database
manager allows a set of commands to perform
different DBMS operations that include creating,

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Benefits of DBMS:-
• DBMS was designed to solve the fundamental
problems associated with storing, managing,
accessing, securing, and auditing data in traditional
file systems.
• Traditional database applications were developed
on top of the databases, which led to challenges
such as data redundancy, isolation, integrity
constraints, and difficulty managing data access. A
layer of abstraction was required between users or
apps and the databases at a physical and logical
level.
• Introducing DBMS software to manage databases

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• Data sharing. Fast and efficient collaboration
between users.
• Data access and auditing. Controlled access to
databases. Logging associated access activities
allows organizations to audit for security and
compliance.
– Data integration. Instead of operating island of
database resources, a single interface is used to manage
databases with logical and physical relationships.
• Abstraction and independence. Organizations
can change the physical schema of database
systems without necessitating changes to the
logical schema that govern database

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• What is a Database? :-Before we learn about a database, let us understand
• What is Data?:-
• Data is any sort of information which is stored in computer memory.
• Or-Data is raw unprocessed facts and figures that have no context or
purposeful meaning and information is processed data that has meaning
and is presented in a context.
• Or-Data, in the context of databases, refers to all the
single items that are stored in a database, either
individually or as a set. Data in a database is primarily
stored in database tables, which are organized into
columns that dictate the data types stored therein. So,
if the “Customers” table has a column titled
“Telephone Number,” whose data type is defined as
“Number,” then only numerals can be stored in that
column.
• OR-In simple words, Data is collection data can be facts related to any
object in consideration. For example, your name, age, height, weight, etc.

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• What is Database:
• Database is a collection of inter-related data which helps in
efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from database
and organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas,
reports etc. For Example, university database organizes the data
about students, faculty, and admin staff etc. which helps in
efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from it.
• A database is a systematic collection of data. They support
electronic storage and manipulation of data. Databases make data
management easy.
• Example: An online telephone directory uses a database to store
data of people, phone numbers, and other contact details. Your
electricity service provider uses a database to manage billing,
client-related issues, handle fault data, etc.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:-
Basic Concepts:
• Data is organized in a data storage hierarchy of
increasingly complex levels: bits, bytes
(characters), fields, records, files, and databases.
A character is a letter, number, or special
character. A field consists of one or more
characters (bytes).
• A record is a collection of related fields. A file is
a collection of related records. A database is, as
mentioned, an organized collection of integrated
files. Important to data organization is the key

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RDBMS is used to manage Relational database.
Relational database is a collection of organized
set of tables from which data can be accessed
easily. Relational Database is most commonly
used database. It consists of number of tables
and each table has its own primary key.
Table :
• In Relational database, a table is a collection of
data elements organized in terms of rows and
columns. A table is also considered as
convenient representation of relations. But a
table can have duplicate tuples while a true
relation cannot have duplicate tuples. In a

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1. Data and Data Item:-Data are simply collection of facts and figures.
Data are values or set of values. A data item refers to a single unit of
values. Data items that are divided into sub items are group items;
those that are not are called elementary items.
For example, A student’s name may be divided into three-
sub items – [first name, middle name and last name]
but the ID of a student would normally be treated as a single item.

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In the above example ( ID, Age, Gender, First, Middle, Last,
Street, Area ) are elementary data items, whereas (Name,
Address ) are group data items.
Data Type:-
Data type is a classification identifying one of various types of
data, such as floating-point, integer, or Boolean, that
determines the possible values for that type; the
operations that can be done on values of that type; and the
way values of that type can be stored.

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• Record :
• A single entry in a table is called a Record or Row. A
Record in a table represents set of related data. For
example, the above Employee table has 4 records.
• Collection of related data items is known as record.
The elements of records are usually called fields or
members. Records are distinguished from arrays by
the fact that their number of fields is typically fixed,
each field has a name, and that each field may have
a different type.
• Following is an example of single record.
1 Adam 34 13000
Field :-
• A table consists of several records(row), each record

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• Entity:-An entity is something that has certain attributes or
properties which may be assigned some values. The values
themselves may be either numeric or non-numeric. Example:
Entity Set:-
• An entity set is a group of or set of similar entities.
For example, employees of an organization,
students of a class etc. Each attribute of an entity
set has a range of values, the set of all possible
values that could be assigned to the particular

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Field:-
• A field is a single elementary unit of information
representing an attribute of an entity, a record is
the collection of field values of a given entity and a
file is the collection of records of the entities in a
given entity set.
Key:-
• A key is one or more field(s) in a record that take(s)
unique values and can be used to distinguish one
record from the others.
Column :-
• In Relational table, a column is a set of value of a

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Types of Databases
• Here are some popular types of databases.
• 1. Distributed databases:
• A distributed database is a type of database that
has contributions from the common database and
information captured by local computers. In this
type of database system, the data is not in one
place and is distributed at various organizations.
• 2. Relational databases:
• This type of database defines database
relationships in the form of tables. It is also called
Relational DBMS, which is the most popular DBMS
type in the market. Database example of the

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• 4. Open-source databases:
• This kind of database stored information related
to operations. It is mainly used in the field of
marketing, employee relations, customer service,
of databases.
• 5. Cloud databases:
• A cloud database is a database which is optimized
or built for such a virtualized environment. There
are so many advantages of a cloud database,
some of which can pay for storage capacity and
bandwidth. It also offers scalability on-demand,
along with high availability.

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• 7. NoSQL databases:
• NoSQL database is used for large sets of distributed
data. There are a few big data performance
problems that are effectively handled by relational
databases. This type of computers database is very
efficient in analyzing large-size unstructured data.
• 8. Graph databases:
• A graph-oriented database uses graph theory to
store, map, and query relationships. These kinds of
computers databases are mostly used for analyzing
interconnections. For example, an organization can
use a graph database to mine data about customers
from social media.

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• 10. Personal database:
• A personal database is used to store data stored on
personal computers that are smaller and easily
manageable. The data is mostly used by the same
department of the company and is accessed by a
small group of people.
• 11. Multimodal database:
• The multimodal database is a type of data
processing platform that supports multiple data
models that define how the certain knowledge and
information in a database should be organized and
arranged.
• 12. Document/JSON database:
• In a document-oriented database, the data is kept