How human behavior is controlled socially?

1. Social control in relation to
positive and or negative aspects
Submitted by:
Susmita Dahal (39)
Nawaraj Chapagain (20)
Subhani Tiwari (35)
Asmeeta Adhikari (06)

2. INTRODUCTION
• Social control is the basic mean of social solidarity and conformity.
• The purpose of social control as the very term indicates, is to exercise
control over people in an effective manner.
• Why the control is needed? According to Kimball Young, it is
necessary to bring about conformity, solidarity, and continuity of a
particular group or society.
• The underlying goal of social control is to maintain social order, an
arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members
base their daily lives.

3. DEFINITIONS
• Fairchild, “Social Control is the sum total of the processes whereby
society, or any sub group within society, secures conformity to
expectation on the part of its constituent units, individuals and
groups."
• E. A. Ross, "Social Control refers to the system of devices whereby
society brings its members into conformity with the accepted
standards of behavior.“
• Manheim, "Social Control is the sum of those methods by which a
society tries to influence human behavior to maintain a given order.

4. DEFINITIONS
• Ogburn and Nimkoff have said that social control refers to the
patterns of pressure which society exerts to maintain order and
established rules.
• J.S. Roucek, “Social Control' is a collective term used to refer to those
processes planned or unplanned, by which individuals are taught,
persuaded or compelled to conform to the usages and life-values of
groups."
• G.A. Lundberg and others have said that social control designates
those social behaviors which influence individuals or groups toward
conformity to established or desired norms.

5. TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
• Society makes use of various means of social control depending upon
the time and social situation for the realization of its purpose.
1. Formal control: Law, legislation, military force, police force,
administrative devices, political, educational, economic (industry)
etc.
2. Informal control: Public opinion, sympathy, sense of justice, norms,
values, folkways, mores, customs, religion, morality, fashion, etc.

6. AGENCIES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
• Society or group maintains social control by creating its own agencies
which may enforce formal or informal control.
a. Control by Law
b. Control by Education
c. Control by the Public Opinion
d. Control by Propaganda
e. Control by compulsion /Coercion

7. f. Control by Customs
g. Control by Folkways and Mores
h. Control by Religion
i. Control by Morality
j. Control by Sanctions
k. Control by Miscellaneous Norms: Fashion, Rituals and ceremonies

8. SOCIAL CONTROL ON NUTRITION
⁺ Most of the Nepalese people clean vegetable before cooking
⁺ All Nepalese people boil milk before consuming
⁺ We prepare vegetable properly and differentiate waste commodities.
⁺ Most of us do not wear sandals and shoes in kitchen.
⁺ Most of us prepare food by covering during and before cooking.
⁺ Most of us do not use moldy water.
⁺ Most of us use copper pot for storage of water.

9. Contd…
⁺ Most of us iron cooking pot to prepare foods.
⁺ Most of us iron knife for chopping the vegetables.
⁺ Most of us (rural people) cook meat immediately after chopping.
⁺ Most of us do not prepare more spicy foods for child feeding.
⁺ All most all of us believe, foot is ritually dirty and therefore stepping
over food or pointing the soles of your feet is impolite.
⁺ Most of us don’t eat off someone else’s plate or offer anyone food
you have taken a bite out of.

10. Contd…
⁻ Focus on modern style, technology, for more production which
destroy essential trace material to the food
⁻ Intense commercialization of agricultural sectors
⁻ Less sensitivity towards health and diet
⁻ Use of more spices in food
⁻ Use of frying methods with more oil ,salt and spices rather than
healthy cooking methods such as steaming, boiling
⁻ Unhealthy and inappropriate cooking
⁻ Consuming more packaged or processed foods

11. Contd…
⁻ Women in Nepalese culture often take the meal at the end, which put
them on the risk of deprived nutritional status.
⁻ Often Nepalese people consume unhealthy and excessive meat
during certain festival which have negative impact on health and
wellbeing.

12. SOCIAL CONTROL ON BODILY MOVEMENTS
Physical Contact:
• Public displays of affection (such as handholding) are not common,
even among married couples.
⁺ Men routinely hold hands and embrace each other in public. It is also
common for them to share beds.
• Women may walk with their arms around each other.
• All same-sex expressions of affection are perceived as gestures of
friendship as opposed to homosexuality (which is strongly
stigmatized).

13. Personal Space:
• People tend to keep slightly less personal space between each other in
Nepal.
• However, the distance widens when interacting with a person of the
opposite gender.
Eye Contact:
• It is appropriate to meet someone’s gaze during conversation when
they share the same status as you.
• However, eye contact is usually kept to a minimum when talking to
anyone of a higher status or elders.

14. Expressions:
• People generally express thanks and gratitude through their facial
expressions and verbal “thank you” is not always necessary.
Head Tilt:
• People may tilt their head to the side or shake it to both sides to
indicate dis/agreement and understanding.
Refusals:
• People refuse offers and say “no” politely by holding one hand up in
front of them, palm forward, and swiveling their wrist subtly, as if
adjusting a bracelet.

15. Head:
• The head is considered to be the holiest part of one’s body. Touching
someone on the top of the head is considerably insensitive and
offensive.
Feet:
• Feet are thought to be the dirtiest part of the body, and displaying the
soles of one’s feet or touching people with one’s feet is considered
rude.

16. SOCIAL CONTROL ON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH
• Women are involve in household works such as cooking which put
them on greater risk of indoor air pollution.
• In Nepalese culture, men are more likely to involve in risky hard and
dangerous work in comparison to females which put them to risk to
expose various risk factors and health hazards.

18. SOCIAL CONTROL IN LIFESTYLE
• Lifestyle includes alcohol, tobacco and substance abuse
• In some ethnic group alcohol use is part their custom and without
use of alcohol all religious and cultural functions are incomplete,
however in some ethnic group use of alcohol use and substance
associated with immoral and social prestige.
• In some cultural groups yoga, personal hygiene part of the daily
activities.
• Use of tobacco are accepted in some religious occasions.

19. • Use of alcohol and other substance among female are not quite
accepted compare to their males.

20. SOCIAL CONTROL ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
• Reproductive health includes pregnancy, child birth, newborn-child
care, adolescent health, family planning, abortion.
Pregnancy:
Supportive behavior has typically been very limited due to the
common belief that their “deity will get angry if they touch the
polluted woman”. Depending on the region, this polluting period
presents at different stages of labor and birth.
• Primarily, the locus of decision making power lies with the husband in
rural communities. If the husband is not present, it falls to the next
male figurehead present (father-in-law, father, brother, etc.)

21. Child birth:
The traditional and cultural beliefs and decision making within the
household influence the child birth practice and choice of the place of
delivery.
Women use practice wood for cord cut surface or use local available
knifes to cut the cords.
Traditionally newborns given a bath soon after birth, which is not
good practice for newborn care.
New mother is given a special kind of diet which consists of meat,
ghee, pulses, lettuces, fruits and thyme soup.

22. New-born and mother care:
The mother is given lots of pulses and meat, and these two becomes
mandatory for at least two months for each meal along with rice,
ghee and thyme soup, as thyme soup is believes to have the power of
increasing the amount of milk produced by the woman’s body for the
baby.
Women often visit their maternal home so they can get proper care.
A new mother is assigned a separate helper who gives her and the
baby massages two to four times a day, gives bath to the mother and
the child, washes their clothes as well, as the new mother is taken
very good care of and is not allowed to do any household chores.

23. Abortion:
Abortion has been legal in Nepal since 2002, and post-abortion care
has been successfully integrated into hospitals.
Most of the people have negative attitude towards women who seek
abortion care.
Large number of unmarried women were found at risk for seeking
abortion care due to socio-cultural norms, values and stigmas.
People also tend to seek sex selective pregnancy termination though
this is illegal in Nepal.

24. Family planning:
Societal and family expectations are that women become pregnant and give birth
soon after marriage.
It is believed family planning to be a woman’s job, men rarely sought
information from reputable sources on family planning.
Social stigma, fear and embarrassment as one of the most
common barriers to young people accessing contraception services including the
attitude of the service providers.
In Nepalese culture, a preference for son appears to influence fertility and family
planning.
There is barrier in use of contraceptive devices due to some religious restriction.

25. SOCIAL CONTROL ON IMMUNIZATION

27. SOCIAL CONTROL ON COMMUNICABLE AND
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

29. SOCIAL CONTROL ON USE OF PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES