5. Emotions
e.g., anger, sadness
Attitudes
e.g., approval of authorities
Behaviors
e.g., increased rule-abiding behavior
(e.g., Mikula et al.,1998; Paternoster et al.,1997; Tyler, 2000; Tyler et al., 2007)
6. 1) How are these effects displayed among
incarcerated females?
2) How long do these effects last?
7. Female offending may be on the rise.
Female psychopathology begins to
emerge during adolescence.
Females engage in different coping
strategies than males.
(Kratzer & Hodgins, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema & Jackson, 2001; Rutter, et al., 2003;
Sukhodolsky et al., 2001; Storvoll & Wichstrom, 2003; Western et al., 2003; Zahn-
Waxler et al., 1991)
8. Perceived unfair treatment will result in
negative adjustment during incarceration:
Increased levels of emotional problems
Negative attitudes toward facility staff
Increased behavioral problems
9. Systematic analysis of time effects lacking.
Some studies suggest effects last up to 19
months.
Longitudinal study found effects of perceived
injustice disappeared after 20 months.
Community samples in business settings
(Ambrose & Cropanzano, 2003; Bennett, Martin, Bies, & Brockner, 1995; Gopinath &
Becker, 2000; Levy & Williams, 1998)
10. 10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Symptoms
Length of Incarceration
Just
Unjust
10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Symptoms
Length of Incarceration
Just
Unjust
10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Symptoms
Length of Incarceration
Just
Unjust
14. 94 incarcerated females
Age 15-24 years (mean 18.72)
39%
21%
18%
22%
Latina
African American
White
Other
15. Weeks incarcerated 1-388 (median = 69.5)
Two groups
20 Months or under (61%)
Over 20 months (39%)
Groups did not differ on: age, race, prior
arrests, type of offenses, anger, depression,
or perceptions procedural justice
16. Think back to the time you were in court for
the crime that got you here.
15 items, alpha = .89
1-5 scale, higher scores = greater injustice
Median split: Just Event vs. Unjust Event
“My lawyer really wanted to help me.”
“The judge treated me with respect and dignity.”
Adapted from: Piquero et al., 2006; Casper, Tyler, & Fisher, 1988; Tyler, 1990
18. Center for Epidemiological Studies-
Depression Inventory (CES-D; Radloff,
1977)
20 items, baseline alpha = .82
Higher score = more symptoms of
depression
“How many times have you had the
following feelings…I felt sad.”
19. Novaco Anger Scale (NAS; Novaco, 2003)
60 items, baseline alpha = .94
Higher score = greater anger
“When I think about something that makes
me angry, I get even more angry.”
20. 10
15
20
25
30
20 months or under Over 20 months
DepressiveSymptoms
Length of Incarceration
Just Experience
Unjust Experience
21. 70
80
90
100
20 months or under Over 20 months
AngerLevel
Length of Incarceration
Just Experience
Unjust Experience
22. “How safe do you feel from staff here?”
1) in danger all of the time
2) in danger most of the time
3) in danger some of the time
4) in danger very little of the time
5) in danger none of the time (feel safe all the time)
Higher scores indicate feeling safer.
23. 3
3.5
4
4.5
5
20 Months or Less Over 20 Months
MeanPerceivedSafety
Length of Incarceration
Just Experience
Unjust Experience
24. Acting Out Index
Index score ranged from 0-5 (higher = more acting
out)
Combined reports of:
▪ Self-report of institutional offending (Huizinga, Esbensen, &Weihar,
1991)
▪ Substance use
▪ Written up by staff
▪ Physically restrained by staff
▪ Lost privileges
25. 1
2
3
4
5
20 Months or Less Over 20 Months
MeanLevelofActingOut
Length of Incarceration
Just Experience
Unjust Experience
26. Perceived unjust treatment associated with:
Higher levels of depressive symptoms
Greater fear of staff
Procedural justice effects moderated by
length of incarceration.
27. What about anger & behavioral problems?
Ceiling effects for anger
▪ Incarcerated populations
Too much variety in behavior problems
▪ Floor effects for institutional offending alone
28. Why do effects of perceived injustice
worsen over time?
Restrictive setting Rumination
29. Efforts towards rehabilitation may need to
begin at the earliest contacts with the justice
system.
Unfair trials are problematic, even if the
“right” outcome was achieved.
Future research should explore how
perceived unjust treatment affects
adjustment out of incarceration.
30.
31. Age: ns
Prior arrests: ns
Been to the facility before: ns
Race: significant interaction with length of
incarceration
32. 2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
20 Months or Less Over 20 Months
MeanPerceivedInjustice
Length of Incarceration
African American
Hispanic
Caucasian
