This document discusses several types of hormones including steroids. It provides details on:
- The major reproductive hormones estrogen and testosterone, their functions, and how they contribute to sexual development and puberty.
- The synthesis and isolation of important sex hormones like progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone by German biochemists in the early 20th century.
- Potential benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapies using estrogen or testosterone, such as their ability to prevent bone loss but also increased risk of blood clots or cancer.
29. Synthesis of Testosterone
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34. – A hormone is a chemical released into the blood and transported to affect
cells in other parts of the body.
– Hormones regulate many things
in the body, such as:
– Growth and development.
– Male and female development.
– How the body uses energy.
– Levels of salts and sugars in the blood.
– The amount (volume) of fluid in the body.
35. – Certain hormones play key roles in reproduction.
– They cause different sexual characteristics in males
and females and control fertility or the ability to
have offspring.
– There are several reproductive hormones but the
two major ones are Estrogen and Testosterone.
36. – Puberty is the process of physical changes by which a
child's body becomes an adult body capable of
reproduction.
– Puberty is initiated by hormone signals from the brain via
the pituitary gland to the ovaries of the females and testes of
the males. In response, these organs produce a variety of
hormones that stimulate the growth, function, or
transformation of brain, bones, muscle, skin, breasts, and
reproductive organs.
37. – Growth accelerates in the first half of puberty and
stops at the completion of puberty.
– During puberty, major differences develop in many
body structures and systems. The most obvious of
these are referred to as secondary sex characteristics.
– Estrogen and Testosterone are the hormones
associated with puberty.
38. – Estrogens are hormones found in females and in low levels in
males.
– These hormones control different stages of the reproductive
cycle in females.
– In females, estrogens control the development of secondary sex
characteristics.
– In males and females estrogen promotes normal bone
development.
– In females, estrogen is produced by the ovaries.
39. How can you tell that these animals are females?
40. The Structure of Estrone
Compounds that have
this basic 4-ring
structure of carbon
atoms are called
“steroids.” The side
chains of H and OH
distinguish the different
kinds of steroids.
41. – Compare the model to the drawing
and the chemical formula. See if you
can identify the corresponding parts.
In the model, the black atoms are
carbon, the white atoms are
hydrogen, and the red atoms are
oxygen.
C18H22O2
42. Five years later, German biochemist, Adolf Butenandt,
isolated progesterone, another important sex hormone,
from the urine of pregnant women.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy. A
sudden fall in progesterone is one of several events that
triggers labor.
C21H30O2
43. Butenandt won the Nobel Prize in 1939* for demonstrating the
structure of these steroids and showing that all sex hormones were
steroids.
C18H24O2
44. – Towards the end of his career, Butenandt also came very close to isolating
pheromones.
– Hormones are released inside the body. Pheromones are released outside the body to
affect another individual. In the following experiment, the type of pheromone
observed is a chemical that attracts mates.
Girls love me for my
pheromones!
45. – Butenandt extracted an oily substance from the glands of 313,000 female
silk moths, obtaining about 5.25 mg of the substance.
– When a glass rod was
dipped into the substance
and brought to a male silk
moth, an obvious attraction
was observed.
– Why was the male attracted to the rod?*
46. Menopause occurs in older women when the
ovaries stop producing estrogen, resulting in a
stopping of menstrual cycles and loss of
fertility.
Postmenopausal women receive estrogen
therapy to help prevent bone loss and control
symptoms of menopause.
In this therapy, women are given the estrogen
their ovaries no longer produce.
47. – Hormone replacement therapy does more than relieve symptoms of menopause.
– It has been shown that bone fractures decrease by 50 – 70% and bone density
increases by ~5%.
– Also cardiovascular disease is less prevalent in women who receive this
therapy.
48. – The most serious drawback of hormone replacement therapy are blood clots.
– Blood clots occur when blood thickens around an injured area, such as a scab.
– These can be dangerous if they occur in the circulatory system because they can
block blood flow.
49. – Many people believe estrogen therapy
causes breast cancer.
– In recent lawsuits, millions of dollars
have been won from drug companies for
selling such estrogen.
– Is this fair?
– What if the patient and doctor both
wanted the treatment for menopause and
were informed of the side effects?
50. – What are hormones?
– What are the two major reproductive hormones?
– What are the functions of Estrogen?
– What are some pros and cons of Estrogen Replacement
Therapy?
51. – Testosterone, like estrogen, is also a steroid hormone. It is found in males and in smaller
amounts in females.
– In males, testosterone controls the development of secondary sex characteristics such as
facial hair and increased muscle mass.
– Testosterone in males is produced by the testicles.
52. Compare and contrast the characteristics of these male animals to the females you
observed earlier.
53. – Testosterone was purified by Ernst
Laqueur at the University of
Amsterdam in 1934 from bull
reproductive organs.
54. – Testosterone was then isolated in 1935 by Karoly David, E. Dingemanse, J. Freud
and Ernst Laqueur.
– Butenandt, who was also involved in estrogen research, studied testosterone and
chemically synthesized it and worked out its chemical structure.
C19H28O2
55. These steroids are man made derivatives of
testosterone.
Users of anabolic steroids include athletes and
body builders, who use it to stimulate the body
to build muscle tissue and strengthen bones
and speed muscle recovery following exercise
or injury.
Use of anabolic steroids is illegal and
extremely harmful.
Can you guess why they are harmful?
56. – Shrinking of the reproductive organs, reduced sperm count,
infertility. Why do you think this happens?*
– Cancer, jaundice, liver tumors and high blood pressure are the more
serious risks.
– Aggression, acne, irritability, paranoia and delusions can also occur.
57. – If prostate cancer is present, an
increase of growth in cancerous
tumors will occur.
– It can also cause an absence of
sperm, an excess of red blood cells,
and sleep apnea (when breathing
completely stops during sleep).
58. – A few men don’t have enough
testosterone.
– Men with primary hypogonadism
or hormonal decline are eligible for
treatment with testosterone.
– Dangerous side effects are still
possible.
59. – What is testosterone?
– What are the functions of testosterone?
– What are some of the side effects of anabolic steroid
usage?
– Why do you think some people take anabolic steroids
even though they know about the side effects?
