First Aid Program

FIRST AID PROGRAM
Presented By: Syed Neyaz Ahmad
Safety Engineer (EMARAT DUBAI)

DEFINITION:
FIRST AID
AIMS & OBJECTS:
1. To preserve life;
2. To promote recovery;
3. To prevent worsening.
Aid rendered to the victim with the
available means (material) till he is
either taken to the Hospital or to the
Doctor for further treatment.

QUALITIES OF A FIRST AIDER
1. Organizing ability;
2. Decisive;
3. Tact;
4. Patience;
5. Boldness;
6. Reassure the casualty

LINE OF ACTION
Check
Causality Conscious Causality Unconscious
Bleeding Stop
Burns Cooling
Exclusion of Air
Fracture Immobilisation
(Support)
Breathing Not Breathing
Artificial
Respiration
Recovery PositionShock

First Aid
Hospitalisation
DEATH
TIME FOR FIRST AID

STRUCTURE OF
THE BODY
Bones of the Human Body
1. Head & Face (8+14) = 22
2. Upper Extremity = 64
3. Ribs & Breast Bone
(24+1) = 25
4. Back Bone or Spine = 33
5. Lower Extremity = 62
----
Total Bones : 206

DRESSING & BANDAGES
DEFINITION:
A wound or the injured part is covered with the
help of a piece of cloth is called Dressing or
Bandages.
AIMS & OBJECTS:
1. To arrest bleeding;
2. Protection to wound;
3. Prevent infection.

TYPES OF DRESSING
1. Dry Dressing
- Gause or Lint
- Readymade sterile dressing
- Emergency / improvised dressing
2. Wet Dressing

TYPES OF BANDAGES
1. Triangular Bandage
2. Roller Bandage
(Width 1, 2.5, 3.5, 5 -6 inch)

USE OF BANDAGES
1. Large Arm Sling : - To support forearm, palm, fracture of ribs.
2. Small Arm Sling : - To support wrist, palm.
3. Triangular Sling : - Fracture ribs, collar bone.
(St. John Sling)
4. Cuff & Collar Sling : - Injury to fingers to raise the hand, fingers.
5. Clove Hitch
6. Reef Knot This can be remembered by the slogan:
Left over Right & under
Right over left & under.

USE OF BANDAGES
Triangular Bandage
Apex Base
To Back

USE OF BANDAGES
Cuff & Collar
Narrow Bandage Clove Hitch

BANDAGES
GENERAL RULES FOR APPLICATION:
1. Face the casualty.
2. Hold the head of the bandage in the right hand when
bandaging a left limb and vice versa.
3. Bandage firmly from below upwards.
4. Take each layer of the bandages to cover two-third of the
earlier turn.
5. Bandage should not be too tight or loose. Tie the knot
opposite side of the wound.

• This system consists of Heart, Arteries, Capillaries
and Veins.
• Contents of Blood:
- Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) : Round, Carrying O2.
- White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) : Irregular,
Body soldier.
- Platelets : Clotting of Blood (Clotting time: 2 min.)
- Plasma
• Quantity of Blood in normal adult is about 5 litre.
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD

CIRCULATION OF BLOOD
• Function of the Blood:
- Carrying O2 to the body tissue;
- Maintain body temperature;
- Form clotting;
- Carrying plasma to everybody part.
• Type of Blood Circulation:
1. Pulmonary Circulation
2.Systemic/ General Circulation.

HEART STRUCTURE
Heart Beat
72 to 80 times/minute
Pulmonary
Circulation
General
Circulation

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS:
1. Incised Wound :
• Caused by sharp instruments like knives, razor etc.
• The blood vessels are "clean cut" and so these wounds
bleed extensively.
2. Lacerated Wound :
• Caused by fall on rough surfaces, machinery etc.
• These wounds have torn or irregular edges.
WOUNDS & HAEMORRHAGE
(BLEEDING)

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS:
3. Contused Wound :
• Caused by blows from blunt instruments or by crushing.
• The tissues look bruised.
4. Punctured Wound :
• Caused by needle, knife or sharp pointed instrument.
(BLEEDING)

(BLEEDING)
GENERAL RULES FOR TREATMENT:
1. Place a casualty in a suitable position.
2. Elevate the bleeding part.
3. Do not open any blood clot.
4. If possible remove foreign body from wound.
5. Apply and maintain Direct or Indirect pressure to
arrest the bleeding from wound.
6. Observe the utmost cleanliness to prevent the entry of
hazardous germs to avoid infection.

INTERAL HAEMORRHAGE
(BLEEDING)
TYPES:
1. Vomit From stomach in case
of Ulcer
Colour of the blood is
coffee brown
2. Spitton From the lungs in case
of T.B
Colour of the blood is
bright red.
3. Motion Piles Upper bowel Colour of blood is red
colour Tar black.
4. Urine Kidney or bladder Colour smoky white.
1. VISIBLE HAEMORRHAGE

• SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
1. Face & lips becomes pale
2. Skin - cold & clammy
3. Patient feels faint or dizzy
4. Pulse rate becomes weaker
5. Victim complaint of thirst
6. Breathing becomes shallow (Air Hunger)
• TREATMENT:
1. Keep the casualty warm
2. Do not give anything by mouth
3. Remove the casualty to the hospital without a
moments delay.
2. INVISIBLE HAEMORRHAGE
INTERAL HAEMORRHAGE
(BLEEDING)

SHOCK
Shock is due to the sudden loss of blood/ plasma/ tissue fluid.
• CAUSE OF SHOCK:
1. Major injuries;
2. fracture in the thigh;
3. Severe Burns
• TYPE OF SHOCK:
1. Emotional Shock - due to emotion;
2. True Shock - due to sudden loss of body fluid

1. Giddiness & faintness;
2. Coldness;
3. Nausea;
4. Pallor;
5. Cold clammy skin;
6. Pulse slow in the beginning later tends to become rapid.
7. Vomiting;
8. Unconsciousness.
SHOCK

• GENERAL TREATMENT:
1. Reassure the casualty;
2. Lay him on his back with head low position but not in case
of spinal cord injury.
3. Loosen clothing around the neck, chest & waist.
4. Keep him warm-wrap him in blanket or rug.
5. If he is conscious give him water, tea or coffee.
6. Take the casualty to the hospital without a moments delay.
SHOCK

ASPHYXIA
Asphyxia is caused by insufficient supply of Oxygen
to vital organs & important nerves system of the brain.
• CAUSE OF ASPHYXIA:
1. Drowning;
2. Harmful gases like coal gas, motor exhaust, etc.
3. Solid article in air passage.e.g False teeth, tongue
falling back in case of unconscious casualty etc.
4. Hanging, strangulation etc.
5. Smothering e.g overlaying the infant.

Early Stage:
1. Dizziness & Weakness
2. Shortness of Breath.
3. Rapid pulse
4. Partial loss of consciousness.
5. Swelling of veins of the neck.
6. Congestion of the face with blueness of cheeks & lips.
Later Stage:
1. The lips, nose, ears, fingers & toes are bluish Grey.
2. Breathing intermittent or absent.
3. Pulse slow & irregular.
4. Complete loss of consciousness.
ASPHYXIA

• GENERAL RULES FOR TREATMENT:
1. Remove the cause if possible or casualty from the cause.
2. Ensure that there is a free passage for air.
3. Start Artificial Respiration (A.R) immediately as every
second counts.
4. Keep casualty warm e.g wrap him in a blanket.
5. Call for medical help immediately or remove him to the
hospital. While on way to hospital A.R. may be kept
continued.
ASPHYXIA

FRACTURE
• TYPES OF FRACTURES:
• DEFINITION:
Fracture means cracking, bending or breaking of the bone.
It may cause by Direct force (e.g Crush by a wheel) or
Indirect force (e.g fracture of a collar bone by falling on
the hand)
Simple
(Transverse)
Compound
(Open)
Comminuted Spiral Impacted Greenstick

• SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
1. Severe pain at sight of the fracture or nearby.
2. Swelling at the sport of the fracture.
3. Loss of power i.e movement of particular part.
4. Deformity of the limb.
5. Crepitus (bony grating) may be heard or felt.
1. Treat the fracture on the spot as far as possible.
2. Bleeding & the severe wound to be taken care of first.
3. Immobilise the fracture part, by using bandages or by
using splint.
FRACTURE

UNCONSCIOUSNESS
• COMMON CAUSE:
1. Shock
2. Asphyxia
3. Poisoning
4. Epilepsy
5. Effect of excessive heat
6. Fainting
7. Brain Injury
8. Heart attack
Unconsciousness is caused due to interruption of the
action of the brain through some interference with the
function of the Nervous System.

1. Clear the air passage first e.g remove false teeth, froth,
loosen the clothes around neck, chest, waist.
2. Remove the harmful gases.
3. Keep back the crowd, open doors & windows for supply of
abundant fresh air.
4. If breathing appears to have been failing start A.R.
immediately.
5. Put him in three-quarter prone position.
6. Wrap him in blanket to keep him warm.
7. Do not give anything by mouth.
8. Send for medical aid and if necessary arrange for his
removal to hospital.
9. After regain consciousness give him water sip by sip if
there are no abdominal injury.
UNCONSCIOUSNESS

EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE HEAT
Detail Heat Exhaustion Heat Stroke
Cause When Surroundings are hotter
than the body, it results into
deficiency of fluids and salt.
Follow heat exhaustion
Signs
&
Symptoms
Headache,
Dizziness, Vomitting,
Unconsciouness,
Pulse is weak,
Face is pale
Headache,
Vomitting,
Unconsciouness,
Skin hot & dry,
Treatment 1. Bring in a cool place
2. If conscious, give plenty of
salt water.
3. If require , wrap blanket.
4. Watch if the conditions are
changing to heat stroke.
1. Bring in a cool place
2. Remove clothing,
sprinkle water.
3. If require , wrap with wet
blanket.
4. After lowering the temp.,
wrap with dry blanket.
UNCONSCIOUSNESS

FAINTING
This condition appears due to insufficient supply of
blood to the brain.
• COMMON CAUSE:
1. Fright, 2. Bad news,
3. Horrifying sight, 4. Severe pain,
5. Long period of sitting or standing in a hot.
• TREATMENT:
1. Head low position
2. Loosen clothing at the neck, chest.
3. Give smell of sal volatile, or onion or smelling salt.
4. Insert a spoon wrapped in handkerchief between his
teeth to prevent locking of jaw.
UNCONSCIOUSNESS

POISONS
SNAKE BITE:
 puncture marks, or parallel scratches on the skin - rarely any pain
 pale, cool skin with progressive onset of sweating
 rapid, weak pulse
 rapid, shallow breathing
 breathing difficulties
 blurred vision, drooping eyelids
 difficulty swallowing and speaking
 vomiting
 headache
 collapse - progressing to a comatose state

POISONS
SNAKE BITE:
• TREATMENT:
 Apply a constructive bandage on the heart side of the bite. However, release
the bandage after 15 minutes for 5 minute.
 Take a new blade heat it on a flame or dip in spirit & with this sterilized
blade cut and make the wound deeper to encourage bleeding to wash the
venom from the bite.
 Wash the wound with potassium permanganate.
 If there is no wound in the food passage mouth then suck the wound and slit
out the poison.
 Encourage the patient, if he is conscious then give tea or coffee sip by sip.
 On failure of breathing start A.R immediately.
 Seek medical aid immediately.

BURN & SCALDS
BURN: Due to DRY HEAT e.g fire, hot metal sheet, sun heat, etc.
SCALD: Due to WET HEAT e.g hot milk, steam, hot oil etc.
DEGREEWISE CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
• First Degree Burn: The skin is reddened
• Second Degree Burn: There are blisters on the skin.
• Third Degree Burn: There is destruction of deeper tissues
with scarring.

DEGREEWISE CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
BURN & SCALDS

RULES OF NINE
1. One hand 9% x 2 18%
2. One leg 18% x 2 36%
3. Chest & Abdoman 18%
4. Whole back 18%
5. Neck, Face & Head 9%
6. Genetics 1%
------
100%
BURN & SCALDS

• TREATMENT:
1. Clean your hands thoroughly.
2. Do not apply any ointment specially in case of 2nd &
3rd Degree burn.
3. Do not remove burned clothes.
4. Do not break blisters.
5. Bandage firmly if blisters are absent.
6. Put light bandage if blisters are present.
7. Treat shock
8. In case of extensive burn do not give anything by mouth.
9. Observe utmost cleanliness to avoid infection which
is most important.
10. Arrange of transport of casualty.
BURN & SCALDS

• TREATMENT FOR CHEMICAL BURN:
1. Wash off the chemical with a large quantity of water
by using a shower or hose if available as quickly as
possible.
2. This flooding with water will wash away much of the
irritants.
3. Cut out contaminated clothing.
4. Do not touch the burnt area.
5. Treat as for burns.
BURN & SCALDS

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
(CPR)
HOLGER NIELSEN METHOD
Use when:
• Heart is not functioning,
• Breathing is not there.
e.g Electric shock
Use when:
• Heart is functioning,
• Breathing is not there.
e.g. Drowning

• CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR):
1
Determine if Patient is conscious by tapping and shouting
"Are you OK?"

2
If no response , Position the patient on his back. Open the airway
with a head-tilt chin-lift or jaw-thrust maneuver.

3
LOOK-LISTEN-&-FEELING for breath. CHECK BREATHING
FOR 5-10 SECONDS.

4
If they aren't breathing VENTILATE TWICE

5
Check for a pulse by palpating(feeling) the carotid artery.
CHECK THE PULSE FOR 10 SECONDS.

6
If there is no pulse BEGIN CHEST COMPRESSIONS at a
rate of 15 COMPRESSIONS to 2 BREATHS.

7
Recheck the pulse after ONE MINUTE. CONTINUE UNTIL
HELP ARRIVES, OR UNTIL YOU FEEL TOO TIRED
TO CONTINUE.

• HOLGER NIELSEN METHOD:
1
Place the victim face
down, elbows bent,
one hand on the other
with the face turned
to one side.

2
Place your hands,
thumbs touching,
just blow a line
running between
the armpits.

3
Rock forward
slowly, elbows
straight, until arms
are vertical.

4
Rock backward,
sliding your hands
to the victim's
arms, just above
the elbows.

5
Raise the arms until
resistance and
tension are felt at the
victim’s shoulders.

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