This was an oral presentation I had to do for my Anatomy & Physiology I class. I chose the disease because my father has it. I gathered information on what the disease is, its prevalence (gender, ethnicity, age), causes, symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, and its effects.

1. EMPHYSEMA
BY: STACY ZIAULHAQ

2. LUNG ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
The function of the lungs is to Oxygenate our blood by
removing Carbon Dioxide and replacing it with Oxygen.

3. What is Emphysema
Emphysema (em-fi-SE-ma) is a type of Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease.
 COPD for short.
 COPD is generally a combination of Emphysema and Chronic
Bronchitis both with varying degrees.
 It is a progressive disease of the lungs.
 The alveoli (air sacs) are irreversibly damaged causing
breathing to become difficult.
 There is no cure
http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?videoId=10192
&cId=38&type=rel

4. LUNG COMPARISONS

5. SIDE-BY-SIDE COMPARISON

6. What Are The Causes
MOST COMMON
 Smoking (#1 cause)
 Prolonged exposure to second hand smoke
 Chemical fumes
 Dust
 Air pollution

8. IN RARE CASES
 Deficiency of the Alpha-1 Antitrypsin
 A protein made by the liver that protects the lungs.
 That is inherited
MM: normal level
MS: 80% of normal
MZ: 60% of normal
SZ: 40% of normal
ZZ: 10% of normal level

9. WHO IS AT RISK
 Emphysema effects both men and women.
 Usually does not appear until the sixties.
 But the disease can appear as early as forty depending on certain
factors.
 Any ethnic group can develop emphysema.
 One exception is the inherited form that mainly effects European
Caucasians.

10. SYMPTOMS OF EMPHYSEMA
 Coughing with or without phlegm
(sometimes referred to as “smokers cough”)
 Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
 Trouble catching one’s breath
 Fatigue
 Wheezing
 Barrel- like distended chest
 Lethargy or difficulty concentrating
 Difficulty sleeping

11. DIAGNOSIS
 Chest X – ray
 Blood test
 Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
 Lung Function Test also called Pulmonary Function Test or PFT
(most common)
Copyright © 2012, A.D.A.M., Inc.

12. Treatment
 STOP smoking (if you smoke)
 Bronchodilators (inhalers)
 Ex. Atrovent, Spiriva, Serevent, Foradil, and Albuterol
 Anti-inflammatory medication
 Ex. Singulair and Roflimulast
 Antibiotics
 Oxygen therapy
 Pulmonary rehabilitation
 Conserve energy, improve stamina, and reduce breathlessness
 Surgery
Other things include
 Avoid being around smoke and other irritants
 Avoiding the cold

13. SOME FACTS ON COPD
 Close to 13 million American adults have been diagnosed with
COPD.
 Many others have the disease and not know it.
 51% say it limits their ability to work (lost productivity).
 The cost of COPD on the nation was approximately 49.9
billion dollars in 2010 (American Lung Association, February
2011).
 Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease is the third cause of death
in the United States in 2011 with 143,382 deaths

14. Worldwide Mortality Rate
0.80% 0.70% 0.70% 0.60%
1.40%
0.60%
0.70%
1.40%
1.50% United States
1.50%
Japan
1.80%
Brazil
1.90%
Mexico
2% Germany
Netherlands
2.90%
South Africa
36.60%
2.90% Hungary
Romania
Canada
4.80%
Thailand
Australia
Austria
5.80%
Spain
Kyrgyzstan
Argentina
Sweden
10.40%
Colombia
Poland
16.40%
Venezuela

15. A NOTE ON THE POSITIVE SIDE
Research is strong and on going in the fight of Emphysema.
 How to measure airspace enlargement accurately
 How to define aging of the lung
 There are studies showing promise that changing ones diet to
include olive oil, fish, and grapes, peanuts, and berries (sources
of resveratrol) may limit the lung damage caused by smoking.

16. REFERENCES
Alpha-1 Canadian Registry Website:
http://www.alpha1canadianregistry.com/alpha1/info/faq.html
Anatomy of the Lung Picture. Retrieved from 3d Science Pics Website:
http://3dsciencepics.com/wp-content/uploads/lung_anatomy2.jpg
Aetna, INC.(November 21, 2011) Emphysema Retrieved from
http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/10600.html
(August 2011) Trends in COPD (Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema): Morbidity and
Mortality Retrieved from American Lung Association Website: www.lung.org/finding-
cures/our.../trend.../copd-trend-report.pdf
Emphysema Animation Video Retrieved from Website:
http://www.muschealth.com/video/default.aspx?videoId=10192
Emphysema by country", World Health Organisation Statistical Information System.
Retrieved fromhttp://www.NationMaster.com/graph/mor_emp-mortality-emphysema
Emphysema Lung Picture (December 10, 2010). Emphysema Causes and Treatment.
Retrieved from Website: http://ic.steadyhealth.com/emphysema_causes_and_treatment.html
Hoyert, Donna L PhD, Xu, Jiaquan M.D. (October 10, 2012) Deaths: Preliminary Data for
2011 Retrieved from Department of Health and Human Services Website:
www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_06.pdf
Pereira, E. B., Viana, C., Taunay, T. E., Sales, P. U., Lima, J. O., & Holanda, M. A. (2011).
Improvement of Cognitive Function After a Three-Month Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program
for COPD Patients. Lung, 189(4), 279-285. doi:10.1007/s00408-011-9303-6
Spirometry (7/9/2012) Reviewed by: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical
Director, A.D.A.M., Inc., and Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of
Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
Taraseviciene-Stewart, Laimute, & Voelkel, Norbert F. (2008) Molecular Pathogenesis of
Emphysema. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118 (2) 394 – 402. doi: 10. 1172/JCI31811