Follow me on youtube for more awesome presentation Youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi1h2I3vQHgIpIrSYEX1wfw?view_as=subscriber ... . Different types of flooring used in interiors and exteriors.

1. Flooring
materialsPRESENTED BY –
ADEEBA SIDDIQUE
TAHSEEN JAMAL
TANZEEL AHMAD
FURNISHING MATERIALS - I

2. Flooring & Flooring
Materials
2
• Floor is the surface with their necessary support which provide accumulation to the users to live different
levels in a building.
• Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor , or for the work of installing such a floor
covering.
• Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide
a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid
materials.
• Materials almost always classified as flooring include carpet, laminate, tile and vinyl.
• Flooring is one of the most important decisions you have to make when it comes to decorating your
home.
• Flooring materials are an integral part of your interior design, and your choice of material also
determines the difficulty of installation, how you can use your floor, and the kind of maintenance
you’ll need to perform.
• Different types of flooring materials have its unique qualities, functions, benefits and disadvantages.

3. Components of Floors
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 SUB FLOOR :-
• The lower portion of a floor structure consisting of beams, slabs, lands, etc. prepared to provide necessary
support to the floor covering is known as sub floor.
• The purpose of subfloor is to provide a proper support to the floor covering or paving it should be strong
enough to support the floor covering without shrinking or settlement .
• FLOOR COVERING OR PAVING :-
• The upper portion of a floor structure consisting of base underlayer on toping is called floor covering or
paving
• The purpose of floor covering is to having clean smooth and durable surface it should be pleasant in
appearance.

4. Technical Terms
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• Base Course :- The surface on which floor toping is laid.
• Under layer :- The layer of material between base and floor toping
• Topping :- The top most layer of a floor.
• Floor finish :- The top surface of a floor.
• Bedding :- A layer of mortar applied to the base.
• Screeds :- The narrow strip of wood or plaster or pieces of tiles laid on the floor to act as guide.
• Floor system :- Arrangement providing to support the topping of the floor.
• Floor Board :- The wooden boards which form the floor topping.
• Bridging Joist :- The horizontal structure mimber placed along shorter span below the floor topping.
• Binders :- Horizontal structure mimbers placed at right angle to the bridging joist to take the load.
• Griders :- The horizontal structure member to support the load of binders.
• Wall plates :- The horizontal wooden mimbers which supports one end of the bridging joist and distribute
the load from joist to the wall.

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Properties to be considered in
selection of flooring material:
• Cleanliness
• Resistance
• Durability
• Hardness
• Maintenance

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• Cleanliness: The flooring should be capable of being cleaned easily, and it should be non-absorbent.
• Resistance: Should have effective resistance against absorption of oil, grease etc.
• Durability : The flooring should have sufficient resistance to wear, temperature changes, disintegration
with time and decay.
• Hardness: It should be sufficiently hard to resist indentation marks, imprints etc. likely to be caused by
shifting of furniture, equipment etc.
• Maintenance: Flooring material should require least maintenance, repairs can be done easily.
• Tiles, marble, terrazzo, concrete, mosaic etc. are considered to be of best types.
• Tiles, marble, terrazzo, concrete etc. require less maintenance.
Selection Of Flooring Material

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Types Of Flooring
• TILES FLOORING
• WOODEN FLOORING
• BRICK FLOORING
• STONE FLOORING
• VINYL FLOORING
• GLASS FLOORING
• LINOLEUM FLOORING
• RUBBER FLOORING
• TERRAZO FLOORING
• MOSAIC FLOORING
• P.V.C FLOORING
• LAMINATE FLOORING
• CARPET FLOORING
• CONCRETE FLOORING
• MUD FLOORING
• CORK FLOORING

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Tiles Flooring
• A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass,
generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.
• Tiles are oftenused to form wall or floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex
mosaics .
• Tiles are most often made from ceramic with a hard glaze finish , but other materials are also
commonly used , such as glass ,marble, granite ,slate and reformed ceramic slurry.
• The word is derived from the French word tuile ,which is in turn from the Latin word tegula, meaning
a roof tile composed of fired clay.

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Types Of Tile Flooring
 CERAMIC TILES FLOORING :-
• Ceramic tile is made up of sand, natural products, and clays and once it has been moulded into shape
they are then fired in a kiln.
• They are generally the mixture of clays and other natural materials ,such as sand, quartz and water.
• They are primarily used in houses, restaurants, offices, shops, and so on, as bathroom wall and
kitchen floor surfaces.
• They are easy to fit, easy to clean, easy to maintain and are available at reasonable prices.
• Available in various sizes thus no cutting required.
• Tiles are fire resistant.
• Laying is easy and less time taking.

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 VITRIFIED TILES FLOORING :-
• Vitrified tile is a ceramic tile with very low porosity, It is an alternative to marble and granite flooring.
• Vitrified tiles are often used outdoors due to their water and frost resistance.
• These tiles is made by hydraulic pressing a mixture of clay, quartz, feldspar and silica,which
make vitreous surface ,Thus creating a single mass making them hard with low porosity.
• There are four types of Vitrified tiles - Soluble salt, Double charge, Full Body, Glazed.
• Soluble salt vitrified tiles are screen printed and polished.
• Double charge vitrified tiles are fed through a press that prints the pattern with a double layer of pigment,
3 to 4 mm thicker than other types of tile.
• Full body vitrified tiles have pigment in entire body (thickness) of the tile. This makes chips and scratches
less noticeable and make this an ideal choice for high traffic zones, but the process significantly increases
the cost.
• Glazed vitrified tiles (GVT) have a glazed surface. They offer a wide variety of design, art work and
surface textures like wood grain, bamboo, slate or stone. This is also an expensive process.

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 PORCELAIN TILES FLOORING :-
• Porcelain tiles are ceramic tiles commonly used to cover floors and walls, with a water absorption
rate of less than 0.5 percent.
• These clay used to build porcelain tiles is generally denser.
• They can either be glazed or unglazed.
• Porcelain tiles are one type of vitrified tiles, and are sometimes referred to as porcelain vitrified tiles.
• Porcelain is much harder than ordinary ceramic tiles and is usually selected, despite its higher price,
for its hard wearing nature.
• Porcelain can be used in both wet and dry areas such as bathrooms, showers and kitchens.
• There are several ways to cut a porcelain tile , Power tools like an angle grinder, tile cutter, tile
nipper, drill bit can be used to do this. However, the most effective way is to use a wet tile saw
because of it's versatility and cutting capacity.

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15. Installation of Tile Flooring
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•Remove any baseboards and shoe molding.
•Level the subfloor.
•Install the underlayment.
•Spread the adhesive with the smooth side of the trowel.
Make sure it covers the area evenly and does not cover your reference lines.
•Lightly press and twist the ceramic when setting to make sure the adhesive sticks. Don't push so hard
that the adhesive is forced out from under the ceramic.
•Once a row is in place, level the tile with a rubber mallet and level.
•Grouting
•Finishing !

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17. Wooden
Flooring
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• Wood flooring is any product manufactured from timber that is designed for use as flooring , either
structural or aesthetic.
• Wood is a common choice as a flooring material and can come in various styles, colors, cuts, and
species.
• Bamboo flooring is often considered a form of wood flooring, although it is made from
a grass(bamboo) rather than a timber.
• This type of flooring is generally use for special purpose floor - example auditorium, hospital etc.
• All-timber-wood floors made from multiple layers of sawn wood , composite wood (such as HDF), or
plastic in their construction.
• Veneer floors use a thin layer of wood over a core that is commonly a composite wood product.

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Types Of Wooden Flooring
 HARDWOOD FLOORING :-
• Solid hardwood floors are made of planks milled from a single piece of timber.
• Solid hardwood floors were originally used for structural purposes, being installed perpendicular to
the wooden support beams of a building known as joists or bearers.
• With the increased use of concrete as a subfloor in some parts of the world, engineered wood
flooring has gained some popularity.
• Solid wood floors have a thicker wear surface and can be sanded and finished more times than an
engineered wood floor
• . It is not uncommon for homes in New England, Eastern Canada, USA, and Europe to have the
original solid wood floor still in use today.

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 SOLID WOOD FLOORING :-
• Solid wood flooring is milled from a single piece of timber that is kiln or air dried before sawing.
• Depending on the desired look of the floor, the timber can be cut in three ways: flat-sawn, quarter-
sawn, and rift-sawn.
• The timber is cut to the desired dimensions and either packed unfinished for a site-finished
installation or finished at the factory.
• The moisture content at time of manufacturing is carefully controlled to ensure the product does not
warp during transport and storage.
• A number of proprietary features for solid wood floors are available.
• Many solid woods come with grooves cut into the back of the wood that run the length of each plank,
often called 'absorption strips,' that are intended to reduce cupping.
• Solid wood floors are mostly manufactured .75 inches (19 mm) thick with a tongue-and-groove for
installation.

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 STRIP FLOORING :-
• This type of flooring consists of narrow and thin strip of wood joined to each other by tongue and
groove joint.
 PLANKED FLOORING :-
• In this type of flooring , wider planks are used and these are also tongued and grooved.
 HEAVY WOOD BLOCK FLOORING :-
• These are made up of thicker pieces of wood cut in short lengths ranging from 5 to 10 cm.
• So as form block which are seen with the ends of the grains exposed.
 FABRICATED WOOD BLOCK :-
• These consist of small square of rectangular block with tongue and groove joints all side .

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• All these style are available in solid wood and in laminated wood, which is a thin veneer layer
laminated to layer of wood so that it can be sanded and refined several times.
• Laminated wooden flooring is better suited to moisture – prone area such as the kitchen.
• Wood being a natural material, it expands and contracts with changes in temperature and humidity.
• Therefore proper installation leaves a margin for this movement.
• We have many pre-laminated inter locking panel flooring in smooth, matt and rough finishing.
• It is a high quality interior produc, which is most effectively being used in interiors.
• Hardness of wooden flooring is comparable to marble and the former is available in up to 45
different colours and shades.

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24. Vinyl
Flooring
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• Vinyl composition tile (VCT) is a finished flooring material used primarily in commercial and
institutional applications.
• Vinyl tiles are composed of colored vinyl chips formed into solid sheets of varying thicknesses (1/8” is
most common) by heat and pressure and cut into 12” squares.
• Tiles are applied to a smooth, levelled sub-floor using a specially formulated vinyl adhesive that
remains tacky but does not completely dry.
• Tiles are typically waxed and buffed using special materials.
• This flooring product is mostly used in Interior Work and also photo laboratories , airport, drawing
Room, bedroom, offices etc.
• Vinyl floor tiles one of the most versatile floors available .
• It is quiet and warm underfoot, easy to clean like other hard surfaces.

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Brick
Flooring• Brick products have been used for many centuries throughout the world for applications such as roads,
flooring, monuments, side walks and building structures.
• Bricks are considered to be the oldest manufactured building material that has been trusted throughout
history because of its durability, versatility and practical attributes.
• Here in India standard size of brick is used in flooring which is used in wall construction.
• It is used in courtyards, stores, godowns, etc. Brick flooring is durable and provides sufficiently hard
floor surface. It provides a non-slippery and fire resistant surface.
• The flooring is done with laying bricks down in a bed of mortar and arranged in a pattern.
• Commonly used in alluvial places , Where stone is scarce and well Burnt bricks of good quality are
Readily available.

27. Method Of Construction
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• The earth filling is properly consolidated.
• 10cm thick layer of dry clean sand is evenly laid.
• 10cm thick layer of LIME CONCRETE (1:4:8) or LEAN CEMENT CONCRETE (1:8:16) is laid,
compacted and cured to form a base concrete.
• Well soaked bricks are laid in CEMENT MORTAR (1:4) in any desired bond pattern e.g. Herring
Bond, Diagonal Bond or any other suitable bond.
• In case the pointing is not to be done , the thickness of joints should not exceed 2mm and the mortar
in joints is struck off flush with a trowel.
• In case the pointing is to be done, the minimum thickness of joints is kept 6mm and the pointing may
be done as specified.

28. Method Of Construction
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29. Benefits of Brick
Flooring
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• Heat :-Brick is a relatively good insulator, and while it takes a long time to heat up, it can retain that
heat very well. That is why brick floors are often paired with under floor heating systems. It is also
warmer to the touch than ceramic or natural stone flooring.
• Durability :- Brick is one of the hardest and most durable flooring materials available. It requires
little to no maintenance, and an installation can last for years.
• Slip Resistant :- Unless it is polished and or sealed with oil, brick is very slip resistant, and will not
pose a slipping hazard even when wet.
• Cost :- Brick flooring is relatively economical and is less expensive than natural stone alternatives.

30. Drawbacks of Brick
Flooring
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• Hardness :- The hardness of the material means that items dropped on it are more likely to shatter. It
will also be more painful when someone falls on a brick floor than it would on a softer surface. This
can be a concern if there are children or elderly people living in the space. It may also be uncomfortable
to stand on for long periods of time.
• Replacement :- The durability of brick means that you will not have to replace your floor for many
years. However, if you do want to remove a brick floor it can be an expensive, costly, and time-
consuming process. In some cases, a brick floor may be a suitable subfloor for an underlayment,
allowing for a new floor to be installed on top of it.
• Weight :- The heaviness of brick means that it can only be installed on the ground floor. Often it will
require a cement subfloor in order to bear its weight. If installing over a floating wooden subfloor then
the structure will need to be reinforced in order to support the weight.

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HERRINGBONE PROMENADE
RUNNING BOND PIN WHEEL

32. Stone Flooring
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• Stone is a rock that has been quarried and cut. These blocks of rocks are cut into slabs which are sent
to a processing plant to be re-cut, shaped and polished. Unlike other types of floors, stone flooring
improves with age.
• Stone flooring is a type of floor covering carved out from natural solid rock.

33. Types Of Stone Flooring
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 MARBLE :-
• Marble is produced from metamorphic rocks which are formed under heat and pressure at the
earth's crust.
• Marble is more porous than granite and therefore more susceptible to staining.
• Marble is less expensive than granite and also ideal for use in kitchens and other areas exposed to
moisture provided that it is properly sealed.
• It is also used as countertops and backsplashes.
• Variety of marble available is tremendous: Albeta , Dungri , Aranga , Kumari , Chak dungri etc.
• Costliest and best marble is the Makrana white: Very soft, snow white and high quality finishing.
Chittor brown, Jaisalmer Yellow, Udaipur green, Baroda green, Teak Grain marble, Banswana.
• White base marble price ranges from Rs.30/- to Rs.400/- sq. ft.

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 GRANITE :-
• Granite is quarried from igneous rocks which are formed when molten magma from the center of the
earth cools and hardens.
• Granite is the hardest stone among the other stone flooring materials.
• It has a very dense grain making it almost impervious. It is the most durable and stain-resistant stone
flooring. It is also the most expensive.
• It is ideal for use in kitchens, bathrooms and entryways. Besides being used as a flooring, granite is also
used as countertops and backsplashes.
 SLATE :-
• Similar to marble, slate is produced from metamorphic rocks which are processed and usually cut into
tiles.
• Slate is naturally created in many different colors and tones such as green, grey, sienna, and black.

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 LIMESTONE :-
• Limestone is carved out from sedimentary rocks which are formed by the accumulation of organic
materials, such as shells and coral, sand, or precipitates.
• Limestone is used as a flooring material for its rugged and timeless good looks.
• It compliments a lounge or a study having a rustic interior.
• Limestone is a softer stone and therefore not suitable in high traffic areas.
• A limestone sealant needs to be applied every few years to keep the stone looking good as new and
to keep its porous nature from absorbing moisture from its surroundings which may cause staining.
 KOTAH AND SANDSTONE:-
• Sandstone is a beautiful natural floor covering that is popular for its distinctive style.
• Kota Stone is a naturally available, fine-grained variety of limestone originated from Kota, Rajasthan.
Its alluring natural look, durability and low cost makes it the most extensively used material in both
the interiors and exteriors of houses and commercial areas
• Used as hard flooring suited for pathways, factory sheds, offices and other common spaces.

36. Installation Of Stone
Flooring
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• Ensure that the tiles are of regular shape and base mortar 1:5 or 1:6 with low water cement ratio.
• Min. thickness of base mortar is 25mm.
• Fix the marble tiles temporarily then press it using wooden handle of the hammer to bring them in a
level.
• After fixing them in pattern remove the tiles and spread white cement slurry(2:1) and refix the tiles.
• Press with wooden handle.
• Fill up joints with white cement.
• First grinding min. after 5 days of fixing.
• Apply white cement slurry over marble floor after first grinding and cure for a day.
• Minimum 3 grindings required.

37. Glass Flooring
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• Glass floors are made with transparent glass when it is useful to view something from above
or below; whereas translucent glass is used when there is no need to view through. In either case,
toughened glass is usually chosen, for its durability and resistance to breakage.
• Glass as a flooring material is used in both residential and commercial structures. Special hollow glass
blocks known as '"glass pavers" are often used in combination with a metal frame.
• Glass floors are often lit from below with natural or artificial light, or may be treated as ordinary floor
surfaces illuminated from above.
• Glass flooring types of the floor are not very common, but can be used in aristocratic buildings both
residential and public particularly to have smooth and pleasing surface. Glass flooring is generally
bacteria and dirt-resistant.

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39. Linoleum Flooring
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• Linoleum flooring is a composite of cork wood dust, limestone, recycled wood flour, and linseed oil.
• It is considered to be one of the more environmentally safe choices when it comes to flooring materials.
• Linoleum floors are tough against impacts or dents. Oils cannot also affect linoleum flooring nor
damage it.
• A floor using this type of tile provides a smooth and comfortable feel.
• It is recyclable material and available in different colours , styles and patterns and resists water easily.
It is most commonly used in kitchen, bathroom and laundry rooms.
• Linoleum has largely been replaced as a floor covering by polyvinyl chloride (PVC.
• PVC has similar flexibility and durability to linoleum, but also has greater brightness and translucency,
and is relatively less flammable.

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41. Rubber Flooring
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• Rubber flooring is not common in India. It is noiseless, comfortable in walking, and very durable.
• The initial cost of rubber flooring is a little bit high but It gives excellent wearing surface.
• Rubber flooring can be made from either natural tree rubber or from synthetic materials, which are
often recycled from vehicle tires.
• These materials allow for an extremely durable and low-maintenance surface option for homeowners.
• Rubber flooring used to be made from a rubber tree, a 100% renewable resource.
• Today styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), a general-purpose synthetic rubber, produced from a
copolymer of styrene and butadiene is used for rubber flooring.
• It is easy to install and maintain and is anti-static and provides effective sound insulation and vibration
reduction.
• Rubber flooring is also resistant to fading and cigarette burns.
• Most rubber flooring is made from synthetic rubber, which is not a sustainable product.

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43. Terrazzo Flooring
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• Terrazzo flooring is other types of popular flooring, commonly recommended for bathrooms, dining
rooms, offices, hospitals, etc.
• Terrazzo is a concrete surface with a special type of marble chips embedded in it.
• Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments.
• It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable material, poured with
ra cementitious binder (for chemical binding), polymeric (for physical binding), or both.
• After it is cured it is ground and polished smooth or otherwise finished to produce a uniformly textured
surface
• Thin-set Terrazzo is a 1/4" or 3/8" thick resinous topping that is directly applied over a sub-floor.
• Terrazzo is one of the most durable flooring materials available today. Once sealed properly, the
material is impervious to water and stain damage. It also does not chip away like other materials.

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45. Mosaic Flooring
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• A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assembling of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or
other materials.
• Mosaic flooring is very old types of flooring. Floor mosaics are made from small round pieces of
stones. They form design pattern and give a beautiful look to the room.
• Mosaic is often used in a residential building mainly for interior decoration purpose.
• Sometimes mosaic flooring is also done to increase the aesthetic look of a portion of a floor.
• Mosaic flooring is done by assembling small pieces of stone or glass of different colors. For the
construction of a mosaic flooring, a concrete base is prepared and over it lime surkhi mortar is spread
to a depth of 5 to 8 cm and leveled.
• The area over which this is spread is restricted to a suitable working period so that the mortar may not
get dried before the floor is finished.

46. Construction Of Mosaic
Flooring
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MOSAIC FLOORING CONSISTS OF :-
• Concrete layer
• A layer of cementing material of about 3mm thick (consisting 2 : 1 : 1 ratio of lime and marble and
pozzolana material).
• After 4 hours, the laying of marble pieces or tiles is started.
• After starting marble pieces a stone roller about 30 cm dia , 45 to 6 cm long is passed over the surface
gently, water being sprinkled over now and then to work up the cement between the marble pieces.
• The surface thus prepared is allowed to set for 24 hours and is rubbed with a pumice stone 20 cm x 25
cm x 7 cm fitted to a long wooden handle.
• The object is to polish the surface and to make it smooth and level.
• The floor is dried for about two weeks before use.

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48. P.v.c Flooring
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• PVC means Polyvinyl Chloride. These tiles are colourful , having a very smooth top surface and a
rough lower surface.
• PVC flooring has a shiny, modern appearance and is popular for its cost-effectiveness, quality
and durability.
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tiles are a commonly used floor finish made from polyvinyl chloride. Due
to the small size of the tiles, usually 150mm, 225mm and 305mm.
• The tiles are made of a composite of PVC and fibre, producing a thin and fairly hard tile.
• The main advantages of PVC tiles are low cost, ease of replacing individual tiles, and the fact that
the tiles can be laid with only brief periods available. In fact, a DIYer with assorted ten-minute slots
in otherwise busy days would have enough time to get a floor laid gradually, and thus can avoid
professional installation costs.

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50. Laminate Flooring
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• Laminate flooring is created by fusing several layers of material together.
• It is easy to clean and more durable and can resist scratches and chipping.
• Laminate flooring is stain free and fades resistant..
• Laminate is hardy and will show no signs of fading or stains for a decade.
• It is not easily affected by moisture like wood and it will require less care than authentic wood or
stone flooring.
• Clean-up consists only of brooming away dust and dirt and mopping.
• Laminate flooring (also called floating wood tile in the United States is a multi-layer
synthetic flooring product fused together with a lamination process.
• Laminate flooring simulates wood with a photographic applique layer under a clear protective layer.
• The inner core layer is usually composed of melamine resin and fiber board materials.

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52. Polished Concrete
Flooring
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• Most interior floors are formed from a fine concrete mix, though some incorporate crushed stone or
gravel for a rougher surface.
• Polished concrete is concrete that has been processed through a series of mechanically ground
"polishing/grinding" steps similar to the production of terrazzo.
• Polished concrete is considered a form of sustainable design flooring , as it utilizes a material that has
already been placed.
• Polished concrete floors are considered low-maintenance, as they are more durable and easier to clean
than many flooring options.
• Its high coefficient of friction can make it non-slippery. Polished concrete reduces dust
mite and allergen problems.

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54. Cork Flooring
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• It is a natural material obtained from the outer bark of cork oak tree.
• It is available in the form of coloured tiles or sheets. These types of flooring materials are not
commonly used in India.
• Cork floors are made by peeling off the bark while saving the tree.
• They are great at insulating the home and keeping it relatively sound-proof.
• It is anti-allergenic unlike most flooring types and resists against insects well.
• Since, cork is all natural, it is environmentally friendly and sustainable.
• Cork floors are resistant against abrasion and can be easily cleaned.
• Cork is most widely known as a product used to preserve the quality of wine in bottles.
• These floors have been used in the United States since It gives you sound control because it absorbs
foot falls and noise.

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56. Thank You!