ARTICLE BY B C THIMMAIAH

Volume 15, Issue 2, July–December 2022
Academic Studies
National Journal of Jyoti Research Academy
Published by:
Research, Publication and Development Cell
Jyoti Nivas College (Autonomous), Bangalore – 560 095, India.
ISSN 0975–461X

Edited, owned, printed and published by Dr. Sr. Lalitha Thomas from Research Publication and Development Cell,
Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous, Bangalore–560 095, India and printed at National Printing Press, 580, K.R. Garden, 7th Block,
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© Sr. Lalitha Thomas 2022
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brightening up the horizon by enlightening the minds of the world...”
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Editorial Board
Editor–in–Chief
Dr. Sr. Lalitha Thomas
Principal
Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous
Bangalore – 560 095
Associate Editor
Dr. Sitavi Yathiender
Vice Principal
Head, Department of Zoology & Genetics
Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous,
Published by:
Research, Publication and Development Cell (RPDC)
Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous, Bangalore – 560 095, INDIA
e–mail: jyoti40rpc@gmail.com website: www.jyotinivas.org
Manuscript Coordinating Editors
Science
Dr. Nirmala Vaz
Head, PG Department of Chemistry
Bangalore
Dr. Priyadarshini Pillai
Head, Department of Botany
Bangalore
Commerce & Management
Dr. Josephine Narmada
Head and Dean, Department of
Commerce & Management
Bangalore
Arts
Dr. Leena Nair
Head, Department of Economics
Dean of Arts
Bangalore
Dr. Radha Ganapathy
Department of Economics
Bangalore
Dr. Anila Thomas
Head, Department of Tourism
and Travel Management
Bangalore
Technical Editor
Dr. Preeti Mangala
Head, Department of Chemistry
Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous,

External Members of Editorial Board
Commerce and Management
1. Dr. A. Dhanalakshmi, Professor,
Acharya Bangalore B School, Bengaluru
E-mail: dhanalakshmi555@gmail.com
2. Dr. James Thomas, Professor, IFIM
E-mail: jamestyl2000@gmail.com
3. Dr. S Gokula Krishnan,
Associate Professor and Research Supervisor,
Department of Management Studies and Research Centre,
Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru.
E-mail: prof.gokulakrishnan@gmail.com
4. Dr. Abhinandan N,
B. Com, M.com, NET, PGDHRM, Ph.D
PG Coordinator, Dept. of Commerce, Maharani Lakshmi
Ammanni College for Women, Autonomous,
Bangalore. 560012.
Email: drabhinandan.n@gmail.com
5. Dr. S. Jayalakshmi
Head & Assistant Professor,
Department of Commerce,
Chellammal Women’s College, Chennai-32
Email: jayalakshmisekar@gmail.com
Arts
1. Prof. A. Joseph Dorairaj
(Former Vice-Chancellor I/C)
Professor of English
School of English & Foreign Languages
Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University
Gandhigram 624302, TN
Email: josephdorairaj@gmail.com
2. Dr. H S Ashok
Professor, Dean – School of Arts,
Humanities and Social Sciences, Chanakya University
Bengaluru
E-mail: hsashok@chanakyauniversity.edu.in
3. Dr. YedlaVenkata Rao
Professor of Tourism Studies
School of Management Pondicherry University
Puducherry, India
E-mail: venkat.dts@pondiuni.edu.in
4. Dr. M Supriya
Associate Professor
MA., M.Phil., Ph.D
Immigrant Literature, Translation Studies
Fathima Matha College, Kollam
Email: supriyamnair@gmail.com
5. Dr K. Kannan Prasad,
Assistant Professor,
Department of English, Loyola College (Autonomous),
Chennai - 600 034
Email: kannanprasadk@loyolacollege.edu
6. Dr. Rajib Sutradhar
Assistant Professor
Department of Economics
Christ Deemed to be University, Bangalore
E. mail: rajib.sutradhar@christuniversity.in
7. Dr. Priyadarshini P
Associate Professor
Department of History Providence Women’s College
Kozhikode – 9
E. mail: priyarajeevprithvi@gmail.com
Science
1. Dr. Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicinal Chemistry
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Raebareli, (NIPER-R)
Ministry of Chemicals and fertilizers, Govt. of India
Lucknow (UP)-226002
E. Mail: c.sandeep@nic.in, c.sandeepniper@gmail.com
2. Dr. Joy V T
Head, Department of Chemistry
Christ College, Irinjalakuda
E mail: joyvthomas2002@gmail.com
3. Dr. Chella Perumal. P
Research Scientist
X’ian Central Hospital
Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
E-mail: perumalbioinfo@gmail.com
4. Dr. Meera B K
Associate Professor, Department of Zoology
Maharani’s Science College for Women, Bangalore
E. mail: basavanahalli68@gmail.com
5. Dr. Anitha. J
Consultant, The Cedar BioOmics
E-mail: anithabioinfor@gmail.com
6. Dr. D. Amutha Guka
Associate Professor
PG Department of Computer Applications
Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,
Krishnankoil
E. mail: d.amuthaguka@klu.ac.in
7. Dr. Saji Augustine
Head, Department of Physics
Deva Matha College, Kuravilangad, Kerala
Email: saji.augustine@devamatha.ac.in
8. Dr. B. L. Manjula
Associate Professor & Head, Department of Botany,
Sri Jagadguru Renukacharya College of Science,
Arts and Commerce, Race course road, Bengaluru-9
Email: manjulasrivats@gmail.com

Advisory Board
Sr. Benedicta Joseph
President (Bangalore Province)
Sisters of St.Joseph of Tarbes
Bangalore – 560 005, India
Dr. Darryl J J Britto
Consultant Psychiatrist
Britto Psychiatry Ltd
14 Thornhill Road, Huddersfield
West Yorkshire HD3 3DD
UK
Dr. Sagar Sen
Research Scientist,
Simula Research Laboratory,
Oslo, Norway
Prof. Dr. M. Ramachandra Gowda
Vice Chancellor, Rani Chennamma University
Central College Campus
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Veedhi
Bengaluru – 560 001, India
Mr. Susanto Sen
Senior Content Editor,
TiVo,
Bangalore, India
Rev. Dr. Kuriakose Pallikunnel sdb
Director, Don Bosco,
Sneha Bhavan
Cochin, India
Dr. Fr. Baby Joseph
Dean Research
Hindustan Deemed to be University
Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Karen Le Rossignol
Faculty, School of Communication & Creative Arts
Course Director, Professional & Creative Writing
Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
Prof. Dr. Tara Dean
Dept. of Health Sciences
University of Portsmouth,
University House
Winston Churchill Ave
Portsmouth PO12UP, UK
Dr. K.P. Manilal
Scientific Officer
Sports Authority of India,
Bangalore – 560 056, India
Dr. Sudha Bhogle
Co–ordinator, Centre for Psychological Counselling
Bangalore University
Bangalore, India

Editorial
Research follows a structured approach to help the reader configure the content at a glance.
Research is the bedrock of academic progression. Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous is steadfast for
enhancing knowledge and the research potential of its faculty and the academic community at large.
Curiosity, passion and the desire to share motivates us in seeking and creating new knowledge and
ideas. Knowledge sharing has brought multidisciplinary approach in studies and made research
more comprehensive and application based from local to global.
Multidisciplinary learning expands a scholar’s understanding and achievement across all disciplines.
Recognising the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach, Academic Studies National Journal
of Jyoti Research Academy –ASNJJRA encourages an interdisciplinary thrust to knowledge
capital and research. Through interdisciplinary writing, the researchers are able to think critically
and creatively, work on the same problem but look at it from their discipline’s perspective .
High quality research work in all the subjects covers the fields of Arts, Science and Commerce
and Management. This research journal is peer reviewed published biannually which provides
a platform for researchers and academicians.This volume 15 issue 2 has eight research papers.
Dr. Rini Abraham and Ms. Ishani Bose in their paper titled Link between Endometriosis and Breast
Cancer, have attempted to investigate the pathophysiological link between two of the most frequent
and harmful disorders that women face around the world,
Dr. Priyadarshini Pillai in her paper titled Composting of Fruits and Vegetables Waste from Madiwala
Market, Bengaluru, Karnataka, have studied the aerobic composting of the Madiwala market waste
(i.e., fruits and vegetables waste), along with the fallen tree leaves and dry grass as bulk material.
The research article Self-leadership: A new tool of Organization, by T. B. Chinnappa and Dr. N.
Karunakaran, focused on the concept of self-leadership, its elements, relevance in organizational
environment and strategies for mastering it and drawing attention of future researchers to encourage
empirical research in this area.
The tribal societies in the North-Eastern region of India have a diverse culture. The point of
ethnicity and the physical conditions of living give unto them certain common features amidst
their diversities in modes of thought and social behaviour. Preservation of Tradition and Culture
in the Folktales of Tripura by Dr. Bhaskar Roy Barman, analyses how the tradition and culture is
preserved in the folktales of Tripura.
N. Mounisha and Dr. V. Vijayalashmi in their paper titled Exposing the Tradition. Culture, Landscape,
Lifestyle and the Sufferings of an Indigenous Race of Arunachal Pradesh, through the Poem “An Obscure
Place” by Mamang Dai, brought out the present state of the indigenous people of Arunachal Pradesh,
who strive hard to gain an identity and to expose their tradition and sorrows to the world outside
through the poem “An Obscure Place”. The paper also aims to exhibit the significance and the
uniqueness of a less known indigenous race of Arunachal Pradesh.
The research article Tradition and Modernity: Study of Leslie Marmon Silko’s Gardens in the Dunes
by Neena Kumari, analysed the conflict between the two terms tradition and modernity. In the
novel Gardens in the Dunes, centred around its main protagonist, the author highlights influence
of European imperialistic activities on Native American communities and their culture.

A study on Reverse Mortgage Loan Scheme has profound social relevance due to the fact that
Senior Citizens need regular income for their livelihood and health care. The paper Reverse
Mortgage Loan Scheme supports Senior Citizens – An Evaluative Study, by Gita Kishore and Anupama
V Bhat, focused on subject areas and other disciplines such as Economics, Sociology, Psychology
along with the subject Commerce and Management being the primary discipline.
The paper A Study on Reverse Mortgage as an Investment Tool for Senior Citizens by Anupama. K and
Dr. K. Kumar, provided insights on the possible merits and demerits attached to the concept
of reverse mortgage in the Indian context. The present study highlighted the working of reverse
mortgage and the possible benefits with reference to Indians.
I thank the members of the editorial board for their diligence and effort. My congratulations and
best wishes to all the authors of this volume, for your significant contribution. In our constant
striving towards Excellence and Relevance, we continue to march ahead, in keeping with the motto
of Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous “Let Your Light Shine”.
God bless us
Theopinionsexpressedintheresearchpapersofthisjournalarethoseoftheindividualauthorsandnotnecessarilytheopinion
of Jyoti Nivas College.
Dr. Sr. Lalitha Thomas
Editor–in–Chief

Contents
Volume 15, Issue 2 July – December 2022
10. Link between Endometriosis and Breast Cancer
Rini Abraham and Ishani Bose ........... 85–96
11. Composting of Fruits and Vegetables Waste
from Madiwala Market, Bengaluru, Karnataka
Priyadarshini Pillai ........... 97–101
12. Self-leadership: A new tool of Organization
T. B. Chinnappa and N. Karunakaran ........... 102–108
13. Preservation of Tradition and Culture in the Folktales of Tripura
Bhaskar Roy Barman ........... 109–113
14. Exposing the Tradition. Culture, Landscape, Lifestyle and the Sufferings
of an Indigenous Race of Arunachal Pradesh, through the Poem
“An Obscure Place” by Mamang Dai
N. Mounisha and V. Vijayalashmi ........... 114–117
15. Tradition and Modernity: Study of Leslie Marmon Silko’s Gardens in the Dunes
Neena Kumari ........... 118–121
16. Reverse Mortgage Loan Scheme supports Senior Citizens – An evaluative study
Gita Kishore and Anupama V Bhat ........... 122–125
17. A Study on Reverse Mortgage as an Investment Tool for Senior Citizens
Anupama. K and K. Kumar ........... 126–130

85
Introduction
Endometriosis was first described in European
history around 300 years ago1
. Endometriosis is a
gynaecological disorder in which the tissue that lines
the uterus, the endometrium, grows outside the
uterus. The ectopic tissue can be found in the ovaries,
fallopian tubes, other parts of the reproductive tract,
and even the intestine in some cases. Risk factors for
endometriosis include hormonal treatments, surgery,
pregnancy, ovarian stimulation during treatment for
infertility, endometriotic lesions, local inflammation,
angiogenesis surgery2,3,4
Pelvic pain, while common among women with
endometriosis, is insufficient as a sign of endometriosis
because it can be caused by a variety of gynaecologic
(and non-gynaecologic) disorders. Pelvic discomfort
that is described as chronic, cyclic, persistent, or
progressive (i.e., getting worse over time) raises the
possibility of an endometriosis connection. Patients
with endometriosis report their pain as “strong and
progressive during menstrual and non-menstrual
phases” when asked about their experiences with the
disease. Women with endometriosis are more prone
than non-affected women to experience dyspareunia,
dyschezia, and dysuria5
.
There is a dearth of disease awareness among patients,
health care providers, and the general public, in part
due to societal normalcy of women’s suffering and
85
ASNJJRA
ISSN 0975–461X
Academic Studies – National Journal of Jyoti Research Academy
July–December 2022, Vol. 15(2), 85–96
Research Publication and Development Cell
Jyoti Nivas College (Autonomous)
Link between endometriosis and breast cancer
Rini Abraham and Ishani Bose
Abstract
Endometriosis is a gynaecological illness in which the endometrium,
the tissue that borders the uterus, develops outside of it. Ectopic tissue
can be discovered in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, various areas of the
reproductive tract, and, in some circumstances, even the intestine. Patients,
health care providers, and the general public are mostly unaware of the
disease. Endometriosis has been linked to a variety of cancers, including
ovarian and breast cancer, according to recent research. Online databases
were searched for research that explored the link between breast cancer
and endometriosis. The goal of this review is to investigate this link by
summarising and providing enough published literature from studies that
have attempted to investigate the pathophysiological link between two of
the most frequent and harmful disorders that women face around the
world. While most studies have reported a positive pathophysiological
association of endometriosis with breast cancer, there are some studies
which refute these findings. Factors for association can be grouped into
four, namely: age, hormonal contribution, family history and genetic
makeup. The evidence that has been published so far is inconclusive.
More research is needed to determine the link between endometriosis
and breast cancer, as well as the various pathogenetic pathways that link
the two diseases.
Key words: Endometrium, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cancer.
Dr. Rini Abraham, Faculty, Department of Biotechnology, Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous, Bangalore.
Ms. Ishani Bose, Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous, Bangalore.

Academic Studies - National Journal of Jyoti Research Academy
86
shame around menstrual disorders6
. This results in a
missed opportunity to treat the disease before major
symptoms including excessive monthly flow, irregular
bleeding, passing clots, and irregular menstrual cycles
arise. Infertile women with premenstrual spotting are
more likely to have endometriosis7
.
Endometriosis and breast cancer share common risk
factors, such as, imbalance in the levels of reproductive
hormones like estrogen and progesterone. It has been
observed that a medical history of breast cancer can
lead to risk of endometriosis. Studies show that women
at menopausal or post-menopausal age are liable to a
greater risk of both endometriosis and breast cancer8
.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women,
and it is a molecularly diverse disease9
. Breast
cancer is linked to a higher prevalence of known
risk factors such as menstruation (early menarche,
later menopause), reproduction, oral contraceptive
use, hormone replacement therapy, alcohol intake,
and anthropometry (body mass index) (greater
weight, weight gain during adult-hood, and body fat
distribution10
.
Ongoing research is focused on the mechanisms
driving tumour resistance and how to overcome it.
To reach the goal of personalized/precision medicine,
new targets and/or less hazardous medicines are
required. Much work remains to be done, and close
coordination among all stakeholders is essential in
order to improve the length and quality of life of
all patients and, hopefully, one day, find a cure for
advanced breast cancer11
.
There is a need for a multidisciplinary approach
to endometriosis research that includes physicians,
surgeons, pathologists, oncologists, epidemiologists,
geneticists, immunologists, toxicologists, pain
specialists, and others to enable effective, accurate,
and timely diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and
treatment12
. Society and the medical profession should
not dismiss or patronise women with endometriosis.
In this aspect, a significant cultural shift is required13
.
Endometriosis malignant transformation is a well-
documented process. The majority of these cases
are caused by ovarian endometriosis; however,
approximately 25% are caused by extragonadal
endometriosis. Several reports have proposed that
the use of unopposed oestrogen in women with
a history of endometriosis who have undergone
hysterectomy may be a contributing factor14
. Research
is needed to determine whether there is a probable
pathophysiological link between the two disorders
– breast cancer and endometriosis, as this would
change the preventive and treatment approach for
women with endometriosis15
. Cancer screening
for early detection of malignancies in women with
endometriosis should be implemented16
.
The purpose of this review is to explore this link by
summarising and presenting sufficient published
literature from studies that have endeavoured to
research the pathophysiological link between two of
the most common as well as detrimental conditions
suffered by women all over the world.
Review of Literature
Endometriosis is a gynaecological disorder in which
the endometrium, the tissue that lines the uterus,
grows outside the uterus. Ectopic tissue can be
found in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, other parts of
the reproductive tract, and, in some cases, even the
intestine. Lesions in the bowel, urinary tract, and
thorax are not uncommon, in addition to the internal
genitalia. Endometriosis, like breast cancer and
endometrial cancer, is a hormone-dependent illness.
Although endometriosis develops almost exclusively in
menstruatingwomen,therelationshipbetweenovarian
steroid hormones and the formation and maintenance
of lesions is not entirely understood17, 18, 19, 20
. It is a
menstrual cycle-dependent, persistent, inflammatory,
systemic illness that most typically manifests as pelvic
discomfort from a clinical standpoint.
Endometriosis is a disease with three distinct
phenotypes: superficial peritoneal lesions (SUP),
ovarian endometriomas (OMA), and deep infiltrating
endometriosis (DIE). SUP is the mildest form of
the disease, characterised by superficial endometrial
lesions on the peritoneum. OMA, on the other hand,
are cystic masses that form within the ovary and result
from ectopic endometrial tissue. DIE is the most
severe phenotype, described as sub-peritoneal lesions
that penetrate tissue deeper than 5 mm beneath
the peritoneal surface or lesions that infiltrate the
muscularis propria of the organs surrounding the

87
uterus, such as the bladder, intestine with or without
blockage, and ureter. Endometriosis can also occur in
places other than the genital area, such as the pleural,
diaphragmatic, or umbilical21
.
The presence or absence of palpable nodules in the
deep pelvis distinguishes two distinct phenotypes.
Patients with such nodules, whether they have
associated ovarian endometrioma or not, usually
have severe symptoms and a high risk of bowel and
urinary tract involvement. These patients frequently
require extensive surgical intervention. On histological
examination, patients without such palpable lesions
typically have the classic superficial subperitoneal
lesions with endometrial-like glands and stroma.
This group frequently has milder symptoms and has a
lower risk of developing serious associated problems.
Medication and/or simple surgery may help with
these lesions22
.
Figure 1. Types of endometrioses21
Pathophysiology of Endometriosis
Extrauterine lesions are the most common histological
features of endometriosis. Retrograde menstruation,
which is reported in the majority of patients, is the
most widely recognised pathophysiological theory
for endometriosis23
. Menstruation delivers viable
endometrial fragments to the peritoneal cavity, where
they can implant, develop, and occasionally infect
other pelvic tissues. All recognised factors that increase
menstrual flow, such as early age at menarche, heavy
and protracted periods, and short menstrual cycles,
are established risk factors for endometriosis. Lower
risk has been linked to higher parity24
.
The recruitment of a significant number and diversity
of immune cells, as well as enhanced pro-inflammatory
cytokines, growth factors, and angiogenesis, occurs
when endometrial implants expand. In women
with endometriosis, there is substantial evidence
of abnormal immune cell function, including
decreased T cell reactivity and NK cytotoxicity,
polyclonal activation of B cells and increased antibody
production, an increase in the number and activation
of peritoneal macrophages, and boost in levels of pro-
inflammatory mediators25
.
These immunological changes block apoptotic
pathways while promoting endometriotic cell
adhesion and proliferation, as well as angiogenesis and
neurogenesis in endometriotic lesions. Furthermore,
inflammation plays a role in endometriosis-related
infertility by affecting endometrial receptivity. More
research is needed to understand the pathophysiology
of the disease by translating animal and in vitro models
into clinical studies that are the most similar to the
disease in humans. This understanding will enable
researchers to identify the best targets for creating
new medicines to successfully treat endometriosis
by restoring altered cell functioning while avoiding
implant recurrence or other undesired outcomes26
.
Figure 2. Interactions between endocrine and
inflammatory mechanisms in endometriosis27
Proliferating endothelial cells, as well as epithelial
and stromal cells, were found in greater numbers in
the proliferative phase endometrium of women with
endometriosis. This suggests that the endometrium of
these women may be more capable of implanting and
surviving in ectopic locations28
. Endometrial stem/
progenitor cells may play a role in the development
of endometriosis, according to the data. Furthermore,
bone marrow–derived stem cells can target the uterus
and differentiate into a functional endometrium,
and extrauterine stem cells can target endometriotic
implants in the laboratory.

88
Role of hormones in endometriosis
In women with endometriosis, endocrine and
paracrine mechanisms of estrogens and progestogens
in endometrium are disrupted, contributing to
inflammatory responses, abnormal tissue remodelling,
treatment refractoriness, and disease persistence29
.
Steroid hormones (most notably estradiol) increase the
development and release of pro-inflammatory factors.
HOXA10 and HOXA11 are homeobox genes
that act as transcription factors during embryonic
development. We recently described a role for each
of these two genes in regulating adult endometrial
development during the menstrual cycle. Both Hoxa10
and Hoxa11 are required for mouse implantation
and appear to play a similar role in women. Patients
with endometriosis did not exhibit the expected mid-
luteal rise in HOX gene expression seen in controls.
Abnormal HOX gene expression suggests that
altered endometrium development at the molecular
level may contribute to the aetiology of infertility in
endometriosis patients30
.
Working women’s lack of physical activity has
a significant impact on the occurrence of both
deep endometriotic nodules and peritoneal
endometriosis. Diet also contributes to the progression
of endometriosis, primarily through the action
of phytoestrogens and/or dietary suppression of
endometriosis-promoting enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2,
matrix metalloproteinase-2) or growth factors (tumour
necrosis factor-a, interleukin-6, interleukin-8)31
.
Estrogen and progesterone influence cytokine and
chemokine synthesis as well as the expression of
local regulatory factors. Patients with endometriosis
also have normal amounts of gonadotropins and
ovarian steroid hormones in their blood. Hormonal
dysfunction is mostly local and functional: estrogen
and progesterone imbalance has been discovered in
both eutopic and ectopic endometrium. The nature
of endometrial steroid receptor expression varies
with the treatment of endometriosis in infertile
women. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
diminish the uterine mucosa’s susceptibility to ovarian
hormones, which is supported by appropriate ER and
PR expression. A hormone-dependent, progesterone-
”resistant” condition, predispose to infertility and
poor pregnancy outcomes32
.
Clinical manifestations of endometriosis
Pelvic pain and infertility are two of the disease’s
most common symptoms, while asymptomatic cases
do occur. Women with endometriosis suffer from
a lower quality of life, higher rates of depression,
negative effects on relationships, daily activities,
social activity, productivity and income, high risk of
chronic disease, and significant direct and indirect
healthcare costs. The disease is also linked to sadness
and weariness, resulting in a loss of work productivity
and a significant financial burden. New evidence
suggests that endometriosis is linked to an increased
risk of obstetric and neonatal problems. Irritable bowel
syndrome as well as overactive bladder syndrome
are common co-morbidities of endometriosis.
Endometriosis should be regarded a public health issue
rather than a disease of individuals in view of these
consequences33
. Fecundity refers to the likelihood of
becoming pregnant within the first 36 weeks following
laparoscopy and carrying the pregnancy for more
than 20 weeks. Infertile women with minimal or mild
endometriosis have no lower fecundity than women
with unexplained infertility.
Prevalence of endometriosis
Endometriosis has such massive consequences that
it has been called “nothing short of a public health
disaster” that needs prompt intervention. It has
been diagnosed in about 4 million reproductive-age
women in the United States, according to population-
based data. 6 out of 10 cases go misdiagnosed.
Endometriosis is very common among adolescents
with pelvic pain complaints. It’s estimated that 25–50
percent of people undergoing reproductive treatments
have endometriosis, which causes ovarian reserve
damage34,35,36
Endometriosis is a complicated genetic characteristic
that demonstrates family aggregation, with first-degree
relatives of patients with endometriosis having a six-
fold greater risk. Furthermore, heritability is estimated
to be 50% in big twin studies. Despite this strong
heritability, the genetic elements that cause the disease

89
have yet to be identified37
. Genetic predisposition is
influenced by the combined action of multiple genes
and epigenetic mechanisms38,39.
New therapies based
on gene function knowledge could be developed, and
disease-associated genetic markers could be used to
identify women at high risk of developing the disease.
In infertile women with at least one year of infertility,
regular cycles, and partners with normal sperm
analysis, the prevalence of histologically proven
endometriosis is approximately 50%. The foetal
environment is linked to subsequent laparoscopically
confirmed endometriosis. Endometriosis was
confirmed laparoscopically in women who had never
been infertile. A linear increase in the incidence rate
with decreasing birthweight after adjusting for age,
calendar time, parity, race, and body mass index at
age 18 was found. Furthermore, even after controlling
for birthweight, women who were born as part of a
multiple gestation (i.e., twins or more) were at an
increased risk. Endometriosis was also found to be
80 percent more common in women who had been
exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Endometriosis
was not associated with premature delivery or
breastfeeding. The presence of infertility at the time
of endometriosis diagnosis had no effect on these
effect estimates40
.
Diagnosis of endometriosis
It is difficult to diagnose endometriosis. One of the
explanations is likely a health-care professional’s lack
of understanding of the disease. The current diagnostic
paradigm, as accepted by professional organisations,
calls for laparoscopy with or without histologic
verification, while several societies recommend
treating symptoms first 41,42
. According on data from
comparative research, physical examination findings
can accurately diagnose endometriosis. Surgery is still
the gold standard for definite diagnosis, although the
risks of surgical morbidity and potential ovarian reserve
reductions must be considered. Based on genome-
wide miRNA expression profiling, a study discovered
a group of 42 miRNAs having discriminative strength
between patients with and without endometriosis.
Ovarian endometriomas and profound endometriosis
are highly responsive to ultrasound. Magnetic
resonance imaging is a non-invasive approach;
however, it is costly, not universally available, and
lacks sensitivity, hence it is rarely used. Although many
are being investigated, no non-invasive or minimally
invasive biomarker for endometriosis diagnosis has
yet been established43
.
Medical management of endometriosis
The goal of primary prevention is to keep healthy,
asymptomatic women from acquiring endometriosis.
The present medical treatment supresses endometriosis
rather than curing it. Long-term and cost-effective
measures are suggested. Non-hormonal treatments for
endometriosis include pain relievers and NSAIDs, as
well as hormonal medications such COCs, progestins,
and GnRHa. In women with minimal, mild, or
moderate endometriosis, laser laparoscopy is a safe,
simple, and effective treatment for pain relief44
.
Endometriosis surgery is a successful therapy option
for both pelvic pain and infertility in the treatment
of endometriosis. Surgical treatment failure is partly
due to. endometriosis’ variability, but it’s also linked
to aspects including surgical experience, the intricacy
of each case, and the disease’s anatomical sites.
The GDG recommends that clinicians consider
hysterectomy with removal of the ovaries and all
visible endometriosis lesions as a last resort in women
who have completed their family. Women should be
informed that hysterectomy will not necessarily cure
the symptoms or the disease45
.
Hormonal therapies for endometriosis work by
suppressing hormonal fluctuations (gonadotropin
and ovarian hormones), causing ovulation and
menstruation to be inhibited and inflammation
to be reduced downstream. Because all female sex
hormone treatments are contraceptive, they are not
suitable for people who want to try for a baby. Other
suggested options for optimal management include:
1) possible egg preservation in affected young patients
with and without endometriomas; 2) preoperative
medical suppression to inhibit ovulation and avoid
removal of functional cysts that may appear to be
endometriomas; and 3) postoperative hormonal
suppression to reduce recurrence46
. The use of
high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate as a viable

90
alternative to danazal in postoperative hormone
therapy is clinically beneficial because it is well
tolerated47
.
Because hormones and surgery have limitations
and do not treat all elements of the issues caused by
endometriosis, physical activity (PA) and exercise have
been suggested as alternatives to these treatments48
.
However, due to the major limitations of the included
trials, the benefit of PA and exercise as treatments
for endometriosis-related symptoms cannot be
determined. Pain, symptom improvement, addressing
the psychosocial and physical aspects of endometriosis,
and quality of life, as well as patient acceptability and
satisfaction, should all be measured and reported in
future studies. These outcomes must also be measured
using instruments that are both reliable and well-
established.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed female
cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death
in women around the world49,50
. Breast cancer is
inherited in about 10% of cases and is linked to a
family history. 70–80 percent of patients with early-
stage, non-metastatic illness can be cured. With
current therapy, advanced breast cancer with distant
organ metastases is considered incurable. In 2018, an
estimated 2.1 million women were newly diagnosed
with breast cancer, with one new case being diagnosed
every 18 seconds; 626,679 women died from breast
cancer51
. Cultural considerations, lifestyle variables,
and national awareness initiatives all contribute to
variances in breast cancer epidemiology patterns
among countries. Breast cancer risk is reduced by
early pregnancy and high amounts of estrogen. Early
menarche, lack of breast feeding, and late-onset
menopause are all risk factors for breast cancer. Other
risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity and
alcohol use.
Association between endometriosis and breast
cancer
Since 1925, the potential that endometriosis could
change into cancer has been explored in the literature.
Endometriosis and the progression to ovarian cancer
have both been linked to mutations in the genes
that encode for metabolic and detoxifying enzymes.
Certain attributes of endometriosis are well known
to be similar to those of cancer. Endometriosis, like
cancer, can be both regionally and remotely metastatic;
it attaches to other tissues, invades them, and causes
damage. There is evidence that having endometriosis
may raise a woman’s risk of acquiring non-lymphoma,
Hodgkin’s malignant melanoma, and breast cancer,
in addition to neoplastic transformation at the site of
endometriosis52, 53
.
The first case of ovarian endometrioid carcinoma and
endometriosis in a postmenopausal patient receiving
tamoxifen for breast cancer was reported in 199454
.
Patients with endometrial cancer following breast
cancer who received tamoxifen treatment for five
years for breast cancer have a higher risk of dying from
endometrial cancer than those who did not receive
tamoxifen55
.
Women with endometriosis have a 30% increased
risk of breast cancer when compared to the general
population. Endometriosis is associated with a number
of risk factors for cancer development, including
genetic, epigenetic, local environmental, hormonal,
inflammatory, and immunologic alterations. Predictive
risk variables include increasing age, postmenopausal
status, and long-standing illness56,57
.
Women who had experienced infertility found the
highest link between endometriosis and proliferative
benign breast disease. Sensitivity analyses of screening
behaviours in people with and without endometriosis
found no significant differences in the outcomes58
.
Infertile women are at higher risk for gynaecologic
cancers. Compared to women who conceived
following therapy, nulligravidas who had treatment
have a higher risk of cancer. There is limited evidence
that using clomiphene citrate for more than six cycles
or 900 mg, or treating women over 40, increases their
risk of breast cancer59
.
Multiple surgeries are more likely in women who
have had endometriosis surgically diagnosed. They
have a higher risk of ovarian cancer than the general
population and women who have had laparoscopic
sterilisation, but the evidence for breast cancer is still
inconclusive60

91
Breast cancer was found to be overrepresented among
women hospitalised with endometriosis from 1969
to 1983, as determined by the nationwide Swedish
Inpatient Register, which was linked to the National
Swedish Cancer Registry through 1989 to identify all
subsequent cancer diagnoses61
.
The effect of endometriosis on breast cancer
survival reduced with increasing parity in women
with endometriosis. They had a worse survival rate
in malignant melanoma. Women with previously
diagnosed endometriosis had a higher chance
of surviving a malignancy than women without
endometriosis, especially for breast and ovarian
malignancies. Women with endometriosis had a worse
prognosis for malignant melanoma62
.
Age dependent Risk for Breast Cancer among
Women with Endometriosis
A Danish case-cohort study reported that women
diagnosed with endometriosis at an advanced age
(approximately 40 years) posed an increased risk for
breast cancer. The overlap of risk factors between
postmenopausal endometriosis and breast cancer,
as well as Altered estrogen levels might explain the
age factor. Nevertheless, in this study, confounding
factors such as HRT and obesity were not taken into
consideration. Furthermore, the researchers were
unable to obtain details regarding medical treatment
of the patients. A cohort study observed endometriosis
associated risks for not only breast cancer but also
ovarian and endometrial cancer. Women who were
diagnosed with endometriosis for the first time above
the age of 50 showed significantly increased risk for
breast cancer. Although the study involved a number
of patients, small sample sizes might have affected
some sub-group analyses. Confounders, such as parity
and age at the end of follow-up being less than 60
(peak age for cancer development), could have affected
the risk estimates63
.
In a 2019 study, higher risk of breast cancer in
young women was attributed to them being highly
symptomatic and undergoing frequent surgeries. It is
to be noted that this study only took into consideration
women with surgically verified endometriosis64
.
Role of hormones
Endometriosis promotes distant carcinogenesis by
altering sex steroid hormones and inflammatory
mediators in the uterus. Higher secretion of cytokines
and growth factors, aberrant B cell activity and
antibody synthesis, as well as local estrogen increase,
are all circumstances that favour cancer advancement.
The increased risk of endometriosis in postmenopausal
women could be owing to shared risk factors for
postmenopausal endometriosis and breast cancer, or
a change in endogenous estrogen levels65
.
Endometriosis treatment could possibly play a role in
breast cancer development. Estrogens in conjunction
with progestins were frequently utilised before the
introduction of GnRH agonists in the treatment of
endometriosis. According to studies, women who had
the above combination as treatment had a higher risk
of developing breast cancer66
.
Family history
In a retrospective study on 352 women with
endometriosis and 180 infertile women without
endometriosis, further subdivided on the basis of
their familial history of breast cancer, it was found
that women with endometriosis had a family history
of breast cancer. In mothers and maternal aunts,
endometriosis was found to be strongly linked to
the risk of breast cancer. Further testing by mutation
analysis has to be performed to confirm this finding67
.
A case-controlled study, which considered a multitude
of risk factors such as age, BMI, age of reproductive
landmarks, medical history, and family history,
concluded that endometriosis patients have a history
of breast cancer risk factors, the severity of which
might alter endometriosis risk. Only laparoscopically
confirmed patients with presence or absence of
endometriosis were considered as cases or controls
respectively for this study68
.
Genetic contribution
Somatic mutations in some genes have been linked
to the progression of benign endometriosis into
cancer (Wilbur et al., 2017). The polymorphism of
the progesterone receptor gene can be used as a risk
factor for breast cancer, but not for endometriosis69
.

92
Both breast neoplasms and endometriosis have
(endocrine disrupting chemicals) EDCs-modified
genes that are involved in steroid hormone signalling
and inflammation. Five common genes are changed in
human breast and uterine cancers and endometriosis
lesions, and they are part of the Mitogen Activated
Protein Kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways in cancer.
They may share some environmental and biological
risk factors too70
.
A new study backs up the link between endometriosis
and some hormone-related malignancies, pointing
to a common genetic aetiology. Endometriosis and
endometrial cancer are related by a pleiotropic
connection, according to 2SMR analysis, however
breast cancer results are ambiguous. So far, it has been
universally understood that people with endometriosis
should have their condition monitored on a frequent
basis to avoid malignant development into specific
hormone-related carcinomas. The new findings go
beyond this, suggesting that a shared genetic makeup
may potentially play a role in the higher malignancy71
.
Contradictory studies
Although a population-based cohort study reported
that in the entire endometriosis cohort or any
subgroups, there were no statistically significant higher
risks of breast or other cancer types, lacking parity
information might have affected their results72
. Similar
results were reported from a study on a nurse cohort73
.
A history of surgery for endometriosis was not
associated with a significantly increased or decreased
risk of breast cancer74
. MBD (mammographic breast
density) is a well-known indicator of breast cancer.
MBD demonstrated an inverse relationship with
endometriosis75
.
Endometriosis and breast cancer have an inverse
relationship, with the former possibly having a
protective effect on the latter. Although the causes are
uncertain, they could include protection from greater
DNA repair capacity and/or hormonal endometriosis
therapies. To confirm these findings and answer the
question of whether a higher DNA repair capacity
may contribute to this potential protection, as well as
to identify additional factors at play, a bigger sample
of endometriosis cases is needed. There are various
drawbacks to this endometriosis/breast cancer/DNA
repair capacity investigation. Because no information
about endometriosis treatment was obtained, it was
more difficult to establish the impact of hormonal
therapy on the association discovered. Participants
with endometriosis self-reported having been surgically
diagnosed with the condition by a clinician. Because
no additional verification was used to confirm the
diagnosis (raising the random error in determining the
presence or absence of endometriosis), the association
could be underestimated. To confirm if DNA repair
capacity plays a role in the protective relationship
between endometriosis and breast cancer, a larger
sample of confirmed instances of endometriosis is
needed76
.
Due to significant limitations, data on the link
between breast cancer and endometriosis should be
evaluated with caution; study design, as well as the
patients’ history and characteristics, varies between
investigations. Because of this heterogeneity, it is
difficult to draw solid conclusions about the diseases’
relationship. The relationship between the two illnesses
is a fascinating topic that requires more research. To
assess the potential pathophysiological relationship
and establish the risk of breast carcinogenesis in
women with endometriosis, more research is needed.
Conclusion
The progression of endometriosis to cancer has been
studied in literature since 1925. Endometriosis is
linked to a variety of cancer risk factors, including
genetic, epigenetic, local environmental, hormonal,
inflammatory, and immunologic changes. Increasing
age, postmenopausal status, and long-standing
illness are all risk factors. Among women with
endometriosis, infertility was found to have a stronger
association with breast cancer. Studies found post-
menopausal women suffering from endometriosis
to have greater predisposition to developing breast
cancer. Abnormal levels of reproductive hormones
as well as inflammatory mediators are factors that
favour cancer development and endometriosis. In
particular, the role of estrogen levels is studied because
it is a shared risk factor. Moreover, estrogen is used
as a treatment for endometriosis. It is well known

93
that women whose immediate relatives suffer from
endometriosis or breast cancer have a greater risk to
these disorders, therefore, family history has been
researched, and indeed, a strong correlation has been
found in terms of risk factors. Results from research on
a genomic level remain ambiguous. Moreover, some
studies have not found any significant link between
endometriosis and breast cancer. There are several
research gaps, especially due to endometriosis being
a sensitive topic and menstruation being a taboo.
Lack of awareness of the disorder results in numerous
undiagnosed or misdiagnosed cases. Sample size in
research groups remains inadequate. Crucial details
regarding the pathophysiology, progression, clinical
manifestation and management of endometriosis
are yet to be discovered. Numerous confounding
factors, such as, hormone replacement therapy, oral
contraceptives, obesity, surgery, infertility, parity, and
age, make it difficult to interpret the results obtained
from studies. Because of this heterogeneity, drawing
firm conclusions about the diseases’ relationship is
difficult. The connection between the two illnesses is
an intriguing topic that warrants further investigation.
More research is needed to assess the potential
pathophysiological relationship and establish the risk
of breast carcinogenesis in women with endometriosis.
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Introduction
One of the major environmental concerns in urban
areas today is the issue of Solid Waste Management.
In India, the collection, transportation and disposal
of solid waste is normally done in an unscientific and
chaotic manner. Uncontrolled dumping of wastes on
outskirts of towns and cities has created overflowing
landfills, which are not only impossible to reclaim
because of the haphazard manner of dumping, but
also have serious environmental implications in
terms of ground water pollution and contribution
to global warming. An effective system of solid waste
management is the need of the hour and should
be environmentally and economically sustainable.
Composting is the simplest yet best process for solid
waste management for our condition. It is basically
Dr. Priyadarshini Pillai, Head, Department of Botany, Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous, Bangalore.
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Composting of Fruits and Vegetables Waste
from Madiwala Market, Bengaluru, Karnataka
Priyadarshini Pillai
Abstract
Composting is one of the cheap and best method for the disposal of
organic waste and its conversion into valuable products. Composting is
a spontaneous, biological decomposition process of organic materials
in a predominantly aerobic environment. Composting is one of the
important and economical methods of the manipulation of a biological
process, decomposition; raw organic materials such as manure, leaves, grass
clippings, food wastes, and municipal bio solids are converted to stable soil-
like humic substances. Composting is an ancient technologyundertaken on
a variety of levels, from home to industrial which involves a number of
microbes. Composting have several benefits, it improves manure handling,
possible saleable product, improves land application, minimum risk of
different pollution problems, perfect soil conditioner. Composting is a
process in which biological breakdown of organic waste under different
controlled conditions takes place. The objective of this paper is to study
the performance of the aerobic composting of vegetable and fruit wastes
in different proportions which may prove to control the environmental
pollution and the end product will be useful to the peoples.
Key words: Aerobic Composting, Waste, food, vegetables, Environment
condition, Moisture content.
a special form of Waste Stabilization that requires
special conditions of moisture and aeration to produce
stable compost which can be used as a low grade
manure and soil conditioner.
Composting is the biological decomposition and
stabilization of organic substrates under conditions
that allow development of thermophilic temperatures
as a result of biologically produced heat, to produce
a final product that is stable, free of pathogens and
plant seeds, and can be beneficially applied to land. A
composting process seeks to connect the natural forces
of decomposition to safe the conversion of organic
waste into organic fertilizer. There are two main
groups of organisms which decompose organic matter.
a. Anaerobic bacteria which perform their work in
the absence of oxygen. b. Aerobic bacteria which

98
perform their work in the presence of oxygen. Plant
nutrients are very important for the development of
crops and hygienic food for the increasing population
of world. Plant nutrients are major and important
component of sustainable agriculture (Ryckeboer et
al., 2003). Bio fertilizer made by composting process
has been identified as an alternative to chemical
fertilizer to enhance soil fertility and crop production
(Michael et al., 1995). There is large number of genetic
heterogeneity in microbes. Studying the microbial
variety in the environment is the inability to get
many of microbes in culture (Sait et al., 2002). The
main characteristics of anaerobic composting are the
process is a lengthy one extending over a period of 4
to 12 months. It is a low temperature process and the
destruction of pathogens is not fully accomplished.
The gaseous products of reduction like methane,
hydrogen sulphide produce offensive odors. Nutrients
are lost (Sait et al., 2001). Aerobic composting is
characterized by rapid decomposition normally
complete within 8-10 weeks. During this period
high temperatures are attained leading to speedy
destruction of pathogens, insect eggs and weed seeds.
These materials also produce an unpleasant smell
during degradation (Golabi et al., 2003). Production
of foul smelling gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide
inimized. Nutrients are fairly preserved. In order
to accelerate and control the aerobic composting a
specially formulated biological inoculum is used to
treat the organic waste, which is the key element in
aerobic composting. Time of composting process
depends on C: N, aeration, particle size, moisture
content and temperature (Dees and Ghiorse, 2001).
Materials and Methods
Collection of Fruits and Vegetables waste
The Madiwala market waste (i.e., Fruits and vegetable
waste), has been selected as composting material
along with the use of fallen tree leaves and dry grass
as bulking material, for carrying out the study work
of aerobic composting. Besides vegetable waste, fallen
tree leaves and dry grass was also collected from the
streets, yards and gullies. The ratio of vegetable waste
and fallen tree leaves and dry grass was taken 5:2 in
order to adjust C/N ratio (Table 1). The following
criteria were selected for efficient disposal of vegetable
waste and fallen tree leaves.
1. Environmental friendly atmosphere.
2. No extra financial burden in collection and
transportation of waste.
3. Minimum installation and operation.
4. Easy process to operate and maintain.
5. Effective disposal of vegetable waste generated
from the kitchen.
6. Producing a final product which may be used as
a good manure.
Experimental set up
Green colour aerobic plastic compost bin used for
making compost from Fruits andvegetable waste. The
experiment was performed at an ambient temperature
of 25 ± 70c under the shed for 60 days in the Garden
area of Department of Botany , Jyoti Nivas college
Autonomous, Bengaluru. The quantity of waste
material used for composting was 10 kg. On each layer
is spread slurry made with 2.5kg cow dung, 2.5kg of
soil. Sufficient quantity of water is sprinkled over the
material in the pit to maintain the moisture content
and monitored at regular intervals. The experiment
was examined at an interval of one week for one
month. At the end of experiment, changes in pH,
moisture content, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous,
Potassium and C:N ratio was monitored.
Results and Discussion
The results obtained from the analysis are shown in
Table 1-11 respectively.
• The color of the finished product is dark brown.
• It is having an early scent and crumbly in nature.
• The temperature of the product is almost equal
to ambient temperature (Table 2).
• pH of the final compost is 8.00.
• Final C/N ratio is 25.23.
• Material was reduced to final size in granular
form except very small percentage of some soil
lumps, which were formed due to some partially
decomposed tiny grass cutting of cellulite nature.

99
Composting of Fruits and VegetableS Waste from Madiwala Market, Bengaluru, Karnataka
Table 1: Characteristics of Composting Material and Bulk Material
Waste Sample Moisture content (%) pH Carbon (%) Nitrogen (%) C/N Ratio
Madiwala Vegetable market waste 25 ± 70c 6.69 34.00 1.55 22.00
Tree leaves and grass cutting (Dry) 34.00 7.50 47.90 0.70 81.60
Combined waste (5 parts of
vegetable waste
67.50 6.90 37.50 1.167 31.92
Table 2: Observed Values of Temperature during Composting
Time (in Days) Temperature ºC
Ambient Temperature Compost Temperature
1 26.50 29.00
8 28.30 41.00
15 29.00 48.50
22 33.00 52.50
30 35.00 49.00
37 34.50 43.00
45 36.00 41.00
52 33.50 36.00
60 30.20 32.20
Table 3: Observed Values of Moisture content during Composting
Time (in Days) 1 1 30 45 60
Moisture Content (%) 68.50 59.50 54.70 48.50 53.00
Table 4: Observed pH Values during Composting
Time (in Days) 1 15 30 45 60
pH 6.80 5.50 7.00 7.80 8.00
Table 5: Observed Values of Organic content during Composting
Time (in Days) 1 15 30 45 60
Organic Content (% Dry weight) 68.00 49.50 43.00 38.20 29.00
Table 6: Observed Values of Carbon content during Composting
Time (in Days) 1 15 30 45 60
Carbon Content (% Dry weight) 38.77 31.00 25.4 22.95 18.82

100
Table 7: Observed Values of Nitrogen content during Composting
Time (in Days) 1 15 30 45 60
Nitrogen Content (% Dry weight) 1.167 0.94 0.83 0.678 0.734
Table 8: Observed Values of Phosphorous content during Composting
Time (in Days) 1 15 30 45 60
Phosphorus Content (% Dry weight) 0.614 0.589 0.577 0.569 0.589
Table 9: Observed Values of Potassium content during Composting
Time (in Days) 1 15 30 45 60
Potassium Content (% Dry weight) 0.53 0.569 0.583 0.544 0.565
Table 10: Observed Values of C/N Ratio during Composting
Time (in Days) Organic Content (%) Carbon (%) Nitrogen (%) C/N ratio
1 68.00 38.77 1.167 33.82
15 49.50 31.00 0.94 31.43
30 43.00 25.40 0.83 30.25
45 3.820 22.95 0.678 32.01
60 29.00 18.82 0.734 25.23
Table 11: Comparison of Chemical Characteristics of Fresh waste, Finished Compost and Standard Compost
Parameters Fresh Vegetable Waste Finished Compost Standard Compost
Organic matter 60.00 24.89 25 - 50
Carbon 37.77 14.43 8 – 40
Nitrogen 1.187 0.841 0.50 – 3.40
Phosphorous 0.611 0.598 0.50 – 3.50
Potassium 0.52 0.551 0.50 – 2.00
pH 6.80 8.02 7 – 8
Note: All the values are in % except pH
Conclusion
It is concluded that the recycling of the vegetable
waste through aerobic composting is a simple method
to process and operate which is nuisance free,
environmental friendly, aesthetically good looking,
economical in long term and socially acceptable as the
final product has good fertilizer value. Composting
is an environmentally friendly method rather than
directly dumped into earth and it method is useful
to convert organic waste to useful products and that
would otherwise have been land filled. Compost has a
lotofbenefitslike:reducelandfillspace,reduce surface

101
and groundwater contamination, reduce methane
emissions, reduce transportation costs, reduce air
pollution from burning waste, provide more flexible
overall waste management, enhance recycling of
materials and can be carried out with little capital
and operating costs. At the end of the decomposition
process, a stabilized organic matter which can be used
as fertilizer supplement for horticulturists, landscapers,
orchardists, farmers etc was obtained. This stabilized
organic matter can also be used to control soil erosion.
Composting process by selected method seems to be
an economical, it will not require any extra cost of
collection and transportation of the waste. The existing
system has already the facilities of collection and
transportation and need not appoint any additional
establishment for this job. hence introduction of this
system will prove to be economical for long term.
References
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Swings J. 2003. Microbiological aspects of biowaste
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org/10.1046/j.1462- 2920.2002.00352.x.
[12] Samual A Vigil and George Tchobanglous ,1994.
“Comparison of the Environmental Effects on
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S., Pal, S., 2010 Effectiveness of Inoculation with
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Composting of Fruits and VegetableS Waste from Madiwala Market, Bengaluru, Karnataka

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Introduction
Finding new carrots to motivate its employees has
been a challenging task for organizations today. In the
present competitive and complex work environment,
the key to this task lies in an organization’s ability to
teach its employees to motivate themselves. In recent
times, corporate leaders worldwide have recognized
self-motivation to be one of the important features
to look for in new hires. With direct supervision
becoming too expensive and incompatible with the
values and expectations of the workforce, there is an
increasing emphasis on the concept of self-motivation
and self-monitoring. The emerging view is that the
employees should manage themselves through self-
leadership.
Self-leadership is a term used to describe a
comprehensive set of self-influence strategies that
have recently demonstrated potential for application
in today’s organizations (Houghton, et al., 2004).
Self-leadership (Manz, 1992; Manz and Neck,1999) is
defined as a process through which people influence
themselves to achieve the self-direction and self-
motivation necessary to behave and perform in
desirable ways.
Self-Leadership-An Overview: The concept of
self-leadership has been derived primarily from the
T. B. Chinnappa, Assistant Professor, Caucasus’s International University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Dr. N. Karunakaran, Principal and Research Guide in Economics, People Institute of Management Studies (PIMS),
Munnad-Post, Chengala (Via), Kasaragod, 671541, Kerala, India, E mail: narankarun@gmail.com
102
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ISSN 0975–461X
Self-leadership: A new tool of Organization
T. B. Chinnappa and N. Karunakaran
Abstract
Self–leadership is a “process of influencing oneself”. The better
understanding of effective self-leadership is essential for organizational
research and practice. The main focus of this article is on the concept of
self-leadership, its elements, relevance in organizational environment and
strategies for mastering it and drawing attention of future researchers to
encourage empirical research in this area.
Key words: Self-leadership, organization, personality, strategies
social learning literature and related work in self-
control. Self-leadership is most closely associated
with the existing constructs of self-regulation and
self-management in organizational literature. It
is important to note, however, that although the
concepts of self-management, self-regulation and self-
leadership refer to related processes, they are distinctly
different. Manz (1990); Neck and Manz (1996) have
clarified the essential differences underlying the
concept of self-regulation, self-management and
self-leadership. Self-regulation is often described in
terms of an ongoing cybernetic control model. This
model views self-regulation as a process of reducing
variation from established standards (Godwin, et. al.,
1999). Self-management, on the other hand, consists
of a set of strategies for managing one’s own behaviour
in order to reduce deviations from standards, but not
the appropriateness or the desirability of the governing
standards (externally set standards)themselves. While
self-management does allow employees significant
self-influence regarding how to complete a task in
order to meet a standard (as defined by the wider
system or higher management), it does not provide
self-influence regarding what should be done and why.
Thus, self-management represents only a moderate
level of self-influence (Godwin, et. al., 1999). Self-
leadership can be viewed as a broader concept since

103
it includes strategies for self-management as well as
for management of natural motivational value of
the tasks and the patterns in one’s thinking (Manz,
1986). Self-leadership addresses both the behavioural
and cognitive aspects of self-influence. Apart from
dealing with strategies for reducing discrepancies from
standards it also addresses the appropriateness of the
standards themselves. If the amount of control and
influence possessed by organization members is viewed
as falling on a continuum ranging from external
control to complete self-control, then self-leadership
falls significantly closer to the complete self-influence
end of the spectrum than does self-management (Manz
and Angle,1986).
ManzandSims(1980)introducedtheself-management
construct as a specific substitute for leadership from
the personal self-control perspective. Manz (1986) later
argued that self-leadership was more comprehensive
and higher level of self-influence than the already
existing concept of self-management.
Self-leadership and personality: Manz (1986)
introduced and conceptualized self-leadership as a
learned behaviour. Some theorists like Guzzo (1998)
have questioned the rationality of terming self–
leadership as a unique and distinguishable concept.
He opined that self-leadership is a mere repackaging
of individual differences already explained by pre-
existing and relatively stable personality constructs.
Stewart, et. al. (1996) provided preliminary support
for the hypothesis that self-leadership is distinct
from personality. The study revealed an interaction
effect between conscientiousness and self-leadership
training. Those scoring lowest in conscientiousness
subsequently showed the greatest increase in self-
leadership behaviours as a result of the training.
In contrast to personality characteristics which are
generally viewed as relatively stable across both time
and situation (Block, 1981); self-leadership behaviour
is amenable to change (Manz, 1986; Stewart et al.,
1996). If self-leadership is amenable to change while
personality is not, then these concepts are likely not
synonymous with one another (Houghton, et. al.,
2004).
Self-regulation theory also lends support for the
idea that self-leadership is indeed distinguishable
from personality dimensions. Unlike personality
traits, a person’s self-regulating tendencies may vary
significantly across situations (Carver and Scheier,
1998). Since self-leadership strategies operate within
the frame work of self-regulation with the aim of
improving self-regulating effectiveness it seems
reasonable to suppose that an individual could alter
the use of self-leading strategies separate from the
influences of fixed personality traits (Houghton, et. al.,
2004). Despite the fact that self-leadership dimensions
are distinct form specific personality traits, they are
related in meaningful ways. Williams (1997) proposed
positive associations between self-leadership skills and
extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness.
Houghton, et. al. (2004) confirmed the positive
associations between self-leadership dimensions and
certain personality dimensions.
Self-leadership strategies: Self-leadership strategies
are divided into three general categories: behaviour-
focused strategies, natural reward strategies and
constructive thought pattern strategies (Anderson and
Prussia, 1997; Manz and Neck, 1999; Prussia, et. al.,
1998, Manz, 1992).
Behaviour focused strategies: It aimed at increasing
self-awareness, leading to the management of
behaviours involving necessary but perhaps unpleasant
tasks (Manz and Neck, 1999). Under this category self
imposed strategies includes:
Self-observation: Self-observation of one’s own
behaviour can lead to an awareness of when and
why one engages in certain behaviours (Houghton
and Neck, 2002). It can be practiced by identifying
behaviour of oneself that one would like to either
increase or reduce, keeping a record of the frequency
and duration of such important behaviours, noting
the conditions that exist when these behaviours are
displayed and keeping a written record of one’s self-
observations.
Self-goal setting: The self assessment formed by the
self-observation can help individuals effectively set
personal goals that may lead to improved performance
(Manz, 1986; Manz and Neck, 1999; Manz and Sims,
1980). A multitude of research has shown that the act
of setting and accepting challenging and specific goals

104
can have a dramatic effect in motivating individual
performance (Locke and Latham, 1990). To provide
direction for one’s efforts one should- conduct a self-
analysis to help and set long term goals, set long-run
goals for life and career, establish short-run goals
for immediate efforts, keep one’s goals specific and
concrete, make goals challenging but reasonable and
let others know about one’s goals so that it provides
added incentive (Manz, 1992).
Self-reward: Self-rewards are one of the most powerful
methods lead individuals to new achievements (Manz,
1992). It is something tangible, like a nice restaurant
meal or a weekend vacation following the completion
of a difficult project at work, or self-rewards can be
something abstract and simple such as congratulating
oneself or mentally visualizing a favourite place or
experience (Houghton and Neck, 2002). Self-reward
occurs whenever an employee has control over a
reward but doesn’t take the reward until completing
a self-set goal. Taking a break from work on reaching
a predetermined stage of work is an example of self-
reward which acts as a positive reinforcement.
Self-punishment: Like self-rewards, self-correcting
feedback can also be used to shape desirable
behaviours effectively (Houghton and Neck, 2002).
Many individuals rely too heavily on the approach
of self-punishment (Manz, 1992). An introspective
yet positively framed examination of negative
behaviours or performance failures can be more
effective in correcting performance than excessive self-
punishment based on habitual guilt and self criticism
(Manz and Sims, 2005). Manz (1992) has pointed
out that habitual guilt and self-criticism impairs
motivation and creativity.
Self-cueing: The use of cues can help employees stay
focused on achieving self-set goals. Using remainders,
attention focusers, and other positive cues can remind
one of important tasks to be accomplished (Manz,
1992). It is seen that cues be set by employees so that
it enables them to focus their attention on important
behaviours and tasks.
Natural Reward Strategies: It involves seeking out
work activities that are inherently enjoyable (Manz,
1986; Manz and Neck 2004). This set of strategies
also includes the focusing of attention on the more
pleasant or gratifying aspects of a given job or task
rather than on the unpleasant or difficult aspects
(Houghton, et. al., 2004). Natural or intrinsic rewards
result when incentives are built into the task itself and
a person is motivated or rewarded by the task itself
(Manz, 1992, Manz and Neck, 1999). Natural reward
strategies include efforts to incorporate more pleasant
and enjoyable features into a given task or activity and
efforts to change perceptions of an activity by focusing
on the task’s inherent rewarding aspects (Manz and
Neck, 1999). For instance, a person might attempt to
create a more enjoyable work environment by playing
soft music, changing pictures or adding other personal
touches. Alternatively, a person could shift attention
toward job features that he/she particularly enjoys,
such as working outdoor or engaging customers in
conversation (Houghton and Neck, 2002).
Constructive Thought Pattern Strategies: It involves
the creation and maintenance of functional patterns
of habitual thinking (Manz and Neck, 2004; Neck
and Manz, 1992; Neck, et. al., 1995). Specific
thought oriented strategies include the evaluation
and challenging of irrational beliefs and assumptions,
mental imagery of successful future performance, and
positive self-task (Houghton et al., 2004.).
Evaluation of Belief and Assumptions
It has been suggested that some of the problems
that individuals encounter result from dysfunctional
thinking (Burns, 1980). These distorted thoughts are
based on some common dysfunctional beliefs and
assumptions that are activated by potentially troubling
situations (Neck and Milliman, 1994). Through
a process of self-analysis individuals may identify,
confront and replace dysfunctional beliefs and
assumptions with more rational ones (Burns, 1980;
Manz and Neck, 1999). The theory of self-leadership is
centered on establishing and maintaining constructive
desirable thought patterns (Neck and Manz, 1991).
Thompson (1992) reported conducting a training
programme for executives to be self-observant of
their own thinking paradigms. The training enabled
the managers to develop new insights into their inner
wisdom and to create a more authentic expression of

105
their inner desires and intentions (Neck and Milliman,
1991). Changing one’s core beliefs can create positive
channels for creative and spiritually-based energies
and facilitate the development of a more purposeful
vision of work (Channon, 1992).
Mental imagery: Mental imagery is generally defined
as the symbolic, covert, mental invention or rehearsal
of an experience or task in the absence of actual, overt
physical muscular movement (Driskell et al., 1994;
Finke, 1989). Through the use of mental imagery it
may be possible to create and symbolically experience
behavioural outcomes prior to actual performance
(Manz and Neck, 1991; Neck and Manz, 1992).
This technique has also been variously referred to as
imaginary practice, covert rehearsal (Corbin, 1967),
symbolic rehearsal (Sackett, 1934) and mental practice
(Corbin, 1972). In sports psychology, mental imagery
is viewed as a method involving rehearsal of a physical
task in the absence of observable movement (Corbin,
1972). In clinical psychology, mental imagery is
defined as “the mental invention or recreation of an
experience that in at least some respects resembles
the experience of actually perceiving an object or an
event, either in conjunction with, or, in the absence
of, direct sensory stimulation (Finke, 1989).
Similarly, another perspective views on mental imagery
refers to imagining successful performance of the task
before it is actually completed. For example, managers
are frequently required to make public presentations.
A manager can potentially enhance the presentation
performance by visualizing the completion of a
successful presentation in his/her mind before it is
actually performed (Neck and Manz, 1992).
The relationship between mental imagery and
performance has been studied extensively in sports
psychology, counseling education, and clinical
psychology. Feltz and Landers (1983) performed
a meta-analysis of 60 sports students addressing
the effect of mental practice on performance. The
meta-analysis provided significant support for the
positive relationship between mental imagery and
successful performance across a wide range of tasks
and performance conditions.
Two separate studies by Lee (1990) and, Andre and
Means (1986) suggested that the specific content
of the mental imagery is crucial in determining
its effect on performance, but, that the rate of the
imagery is not a critical factor. Further, studies in the
counseling education suggested that mental imagery
can enhance the performance of counselors. Hazler
and Hipple (1981) found that neophyte counselors
trained in imagery to practice interviews exhibited
superior performance in comparison to counselors
not receiving this training.
Similarly, a study of Masters of counseling education
candidate’s ability to acquire test interpretation skills
indicated that mental imagery can lead to successful
performance on complex higher order skills such as
decision-making and strategy formulation (Baker et
al., 1985). In clinical psychology also many research
studies suggest that positive mental imagery can
enhance performance for a wide range of individuals
with differing personality types (Crowder 1989).
Thus a lot of studies support the positive relationship
between mental imagery and performance. In
short, those individual who envision the successful
performance of a task or activity beforehand are
much more likely to perform successfully when faced
with the actual situation (Manz and Neck, 1999). A
meta-analysis of 35 empirical studies by Driskell, et
al., (1994) suggests that mental practice generally has
both a positive and significant effect on individual
performance outcomes.
Self-talk: Self-talk is defined as what we covertly tell
ourselves (Neck and Manz, 1992, 1996). Self-talk
usually take place at unobservable levels as individuals
evaluate, instruct and mentally react to them (Manz
and Neck, 1991; Neck and Manz, 1992). Research
suggests that self-statements correspond to emotional
states, which in turn affect behaviours and cognitions
(Neck and Manz, 1992). Consequently, an employee
may be able to enhance his goal performance
by controlling his emotional state. A controlled
emotional state can be attained through the alteration
of an employee’s internal dialogue (Manz and Neck,
1991; Neck and Manz, 1992). As a result self-talk has
been recommended as a self-influencing tool useful
for improving the personal effectiveness of employees
and managers (Manz and Neck, 1991). Various studies
in a number of different fields have provided support

106
for the relationship between an individual’s self-talk
and performance (Neck and Manz, 1992).
In sports psychology research, Mahoney and Avener
(1977) studied 12 elite gymnasts competing for place
in the 1976 men’s USA Olympic team. They found
that the gymnasts who found their place finally in
the Olympic team practiced self talk while those not
selected did not. Kendall, et al., (1990) in their study
cited that the performance level observed after the
self-talk training intervention was higher than the
performance level observed prior to intervention.
In clinical psychology, Steffy, et al., (1970) observed
that self-talk was one of the treatment components
that helped smokers reduce their daily intake of
cigarettes. In addition it is found that rational self-
statements increase and irrational self-statements
decreases. Similarly Meichenbaum and Goodman
(1971) studied impulsive children indicated that when
these children were trained to talk to themselves,
it was effective in modifying their behaviour on a
variety of psychometric tests which assessed cognitive
impulsivity, performance and motor ability. In the
field of counseling psychology too, a lot of studies
have found that self-talk increases the performance
of the therapist during counseling session (Kurpius,
et al., 1985).
Thought Self-leadership
The constructive thought pattern strategies and
evaluation of beliefs and assumptions, mental imagery
and self-talk together is labeled as Thought Self-
Leadership (TSL). TSL is an integral component of
self-leadership. TSL focuses on a particular aspect of
the broader process of self-leadership (Manz, 1991).
Neck and Milliman (1994) proposed a spiritual
thought self-leadership framework, according to which
thought self-leadership leads to greater feeling of
spirituality at work and ultimately enhances individual
and organizational performance. Godwin, et al.,
(1999) in their thought self-leadership-goal setting
model asserted the proposition that individuals who
use TSL techniques will demonstrate superior goal
performance over individuals who do not.
Similarly Neck, et al., (1995) in their comprehensive
thought of self-leadership framework within the
performance appraisal domain proposed that raters
who undergo TSL based training- that is, training
that focuses on creating constructive self-talk, mental
imagery, beliefs and thought patterns-will evidence
enhanced performance relative to those not receiving
the training.
In a comprehensive thought self-leadership model
developed by Neck and Manz, (1992), they suggested
that through the process of thought self-leadership,
employees can lead themselves to attain higher
performance by adoption and /or alteration of specific
cognitive processes like their beliefs, internal dialogues,
mental imagery and thought patterns. The benefits of
TSL cognitive strategies, especially the effects of self-
talk and mental imagery on performance have been
empirically supported in sports psychology (Baker et
al., 1985). In management literature a study conducted
on managers showed that thought patterns of higher
performing managers significantly differed from those
of lower performing managers (Manz et al., 1988).
A study by Neck and Manz (1996) demonstrated
that employees who participated in TSL training
experienced enhanced mental performance, affective
states, job satisfaction and self-efficacy expectations
compared to those not receiving the training. A wide
range of literature supports the relationship between
constructive utilization of TSL methods and enhanced
cognitions behaviour (Godwin, et al., 1999).
Thought Self-leadership procedure: The integrative
thought self-leadership procedure is depicted in figure
1. Manz and Neck, (1991) have proposed five steps in
thought self-leadership procedure:
• Observing and recording existing beliefs and
assumptions, self-verbalization, and mental
imagery patterns.
• Analyzing the functionality and constructiveness
of the beliefs, self-talk, and imagery patterns
uncovered in step 1.
• Identifying and /or developing more functional
and constructive beliefs and assumptions, self-

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