Linux Kernel - BPF / XDP Fast Path

Linux Kernel - BPF / XDP
KossLab 유태희, 송태웅

BPF 란 ?
1. 1. Berkeley Packet Filter since 1992
2. 2. Kernel Infrastructure

BPF 란 ?
1. Berkeley Packet Filter since 1992
1. 2. Kernel Infrastructure
a. - Interpreter in-kernel virtual machine
- Hook points in-kernel callback point
- Map
- Helper

BPF 란 ?
“Safe dynamic programs and tools”
"런타임중 안전하게 커널코드를 삽입하는 기술"

BPF Infrastructure:
안전한 code injection 작전
1) Native 머신코드 대신 BPF instruction 을 활용하자
2) Verifier 를 통해 위험요소를 미리검사하자
3) (기존)커널함수가 필요할때 Helper 함수를 통해서만 호출하자

BPF Infrastructure:
1) Native 머신코드 대신 BPF instruction 을 활용하자

BPF Infrastructure:
2) Verifier 를 통해 위험요소를 미리검사하자

BPF Infrastructure:
3) (기존)커널함수가 필요할때 Helper 함수를 통해서만 호출하자

BPF Infrastructure:
안전한 code injection 위한 기반기술
Kernel += BPF Interpreter in-kernel virtual machine
+ Verifier
+ BPF Helper 함수 추가 leveraging kernel func
+ BPF syscall prog/map: loading & attaching 등

1) 주니어 x86 Instruction set ’simplified x86’
(참고: PLUMgrind의 x86 bytecode verifier 실패)
2) BPF = classic BPF:10% + x86:70% + arm64:25% + risc:5%
3) Instruction encoding 사이즈 고정
(for high interpreter speed)
4) 간소화 -> 위험을 예측하고 예방하기 수월
(Verifier를 통한 loop, memory access 범위 점검 등)
5) Architecture-independent
BPF Instruction set:

immediate:32 offset:16 src:4 dst:4 opcode:8
$ cat include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
[...]
struct bpf_insn {
__u8 code; /* opcode */
__u8 dst_reg:4; /* dest register */
__u8 src_reg:4; /* source register */
__s16 off; /* signed offset */
__s32 imm; /* signed immediate constant */
};
[...]

class:4 + fields:4
+ fields:4
eBPF: include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
cBPF: include/uapi/linux/bpf_common.h

class:4 + LD/ST fields:4
+ ALU/JUM fields:4
eBPF: include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
cBPF: include/uapi/linux/bpf_common.h
LD/ST 계열:
0x00 ~ 0x03
ALU/JMP 계열:
0x04 ~ 0x07

struct bpf_insn prog[] = {
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1),
BPF_LD_ABS(BPF_B, ETH_HLEN + offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol) /* R0 = ip->proto */),
BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_0, -4), /* *(u32 *)(fp - 4) = r0 */
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -4), /* r2 = fp - 4 */
BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, map_fd),
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, 0, 2),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_1, 1), /* r1 = 1 */
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_STX | BPF_XADD | BPF_DW, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1, 0, 0), /* xadd r0 += r1 */
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0), /* r0 = 0 */
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
};
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf.git/tree/samples/bpf/sock_example.c

BPF Helper 함수:
$ grep BPF_CALL
kernel/bpf/helpers.c:
BPF_CALL_2(bpf_map_lookup_elem, struct bpf_map *, map, void *, key)
BPF_CALL_4(bpf_map_update_elem, struct bpf_map *, map, void *, key,
[...]
kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:
BPF_CALL_2(bpf_override_return, struct pt_regs *, regs, unsigned long, rc)
BPF_CALL_3(bpf_probe_read, void *, dst, u32, size, const void *, unsafe_ptr)
BPF_CALL_3(bpf_probe_write_user, void *, unsafe_ptr, const void *, src,
BPF_CALL_5(bpf_trace_printk, char *, fmt, u32, fmt_size, u64, arg1,
[...]
net/core/filter.c:
BPF_CALL_1(bpf_skb_get_pay_offset, struct sk_buff *, skb)
BPF_CALL_3(bpf_skb_get_nlattr, struct sk_buff *, skb, u32, a, u32, x)
[...]

BPF as a kernel subproject
$ cat MAINTAINERS | grep -A 3 BPF
BPF (Safe dynamic programs and tools)
M: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
M: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
L: netdev@vger.kernel.org
[...]

[...]
F: arch/x86/net/bpf_jit*
[...]
F: kernel/bpf/
F: kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c
[...]
F: net/core/filter.c
F: net/sched/act_bpf.c
F: net/sched/cls_bpf.c
[...]
[...]
F: samples/bpf/
F: tools/bpf/
F: tools/lib/bpf/
F: tools/testing/selftests/bpf/

[...]
[...]
F: kernel/bpf/
[...]
[...]
[...]
F: samples/bpf/
F: tools/bpf/
F: tools/lib/bpf/
JIT 지원 arch:
x86,
arm, arm64
sparc,
s390,
powerpc, mips

[...]
[...]
F: kernel/bpf/
[...]
[...]
[...]
F: samples/bpf/
F: tools/bpf/
F: tools/lib/bpf/
BPF core:
Syscall,
Interpreter,
Verifier,
Generic Helpers,
Maps,
...

[...]
[...]
F: kernel/bpf/
[...]
[...]
[...]
F: samples/bpf/
F: tools/bpf/
F: tools/lib/bpf/
Hook points,
Specific Helpers
...
For cBPF, ...

[...]
[...]
F: kernel/bpf/
[...]
[...]
[...]
F: samples/bpf/
F: tools/bpf/
F: tools/lib/bpf/
bpf loading(lib),
bpf tool,
test codes,
samples,
...

BPF Infrastructure:
BPF프로그램 활용을 위한 지원
1) Hook points in-kernel callback point
2) Map user-to-kernel shared memory
3) helper를 통한 커널함수호출 leveraging
4) Object pinning /sys/fs/bpf/...

KERNEL SPACE
bpf() SYSCALL
BPF Controller 1
(User App)
ip tc
Map 1
(Shared memory)
Map 2
(Shared memory)
.
.
BPF
BPF
BPF
func(): Helper
func()
func()
func()
BPF library
in-iproute2
BPF Controller 2
(User App)
. . . . . .
BPF Architecture:
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
load, attach, control

iptables는 충분히 빠른가요?

iptables의 정책을 튜닝해본적 있으신가요?

NORMAL PATH
TX
APP
L7
RX
L3 input
TC Ingress
PREROUTING ROUTING
TCP/UDP
FORWARD ROUTING
INPUT OUTPUT
POSTROUTING
TC egress
L3 output
L4
L3
L3
DD

XDP FAST PATH
REDIRECT
TX
APP
RX
L7
L4
L3
DD
BPF

준비물
1. 컴파일 컴퓨터 1대
2. 테스트 컴퓨터 1대(x86추천)
3. 커널 소스코드
4. clang + llvm(컴파일러)
5. bpftool(bpf 프로그램 로더)
6. bpf를 지원하는 iproute2 패키지

git.kernel.org 의 bpf tree
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf.git
커널 소스코드

bpftool
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf.git/tree/tools/bpf/bpftool
BPF 프로그램 로더

iproute2
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dborkman/iproute2.git
XDP 설정도구

kernel source code 및 bpf sample code
samples/bpf
예제

kernel소스 내 sample code 분석
samples/bpf
예제(xdp_rxq_info_kern.c)

BPF 프로그램 컴파일 실습
samples/bpf
컴파일

$ mount bpffs /sys/fs/bpf -t bpf
$ bpftool prog load ./xdp_rxq_info_kern.o /sys/fs/bpf/xdp
프로그램 로드

$ ls /sys/fs/bpf/
$ ./bpftool prog list
$ ./bpftool prog dump xlated id X
jited
프로그램 확인

$ ip link set dev lo xdp pin /sys/fs/bpf/xdp
XDP프로그램 설정

$ ip link show dev lo
XDP프로그램 설정 확인

$ ip link set dev lo xdp off
$ rm /sys/fs/bpf/xdp
XDP프로그램 설정 제거

TEST NETWORK
PC2
192.168.4.2
PC1
192.168.4.1
ICMP
$ ping

iptables를 사용하여 패킷을 버리기
DROP

#PC2
$ ping 192.168.4.1
#PC1
$ iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.4.2 -d 192.168.4.1 -p icmp
-j DROP

NORMAL PATH
TX
APP
L7
RX
L3 input
TC Ingress
PREROUTING ROUTING
TCP/UDP
FORWARD ROUTING
INPUT OUTPUT
POSTROUTING
TC egress
L3 output
L4
L3
L3
DD
DROP

XDP를 사용하여 패킷을 버리기
DROP

$ ./bpftool prog load ./xdp_icmp.o /sys/fs/bpf/xdp_icmp
$ ip link set dev lo xdp pin /sys/fs/bpf/xdp_icmp
XDP프로그램 설정 제거

XDP GENERIC PATH
TX
APP
L7
RX
BPF
TC Ingress
PREROUTING ROUTING
TCP/UDP
FORWARD ROUTING
INPUT OUTPUT
POSTROUTING
TC egress
L3 output
L4
L3
L3
DD
DROP

BPF Tracing
iptables path VS XDP path

netif_receive_skb_internal()
ipt_do_table()
DROP
BPF Tracing:
iptables - DROP case

ipt_do_table()
Long time !! ~~
DROP
BPF Tracing:
iptables - DROP case

do_xdp_generic()
DROP
BPF Tracing:
XDP - DROP case

do_xdp_generic()
Short time !! ~~
DROP
BPF Tracing:
XDP - DROP case

ipt_do_table()
do_xdp_generic()
Short time !! ~~
BPF Tracing:
iptables vs XDP - DROP case
DROP
DROP
Long time !! ~~

BPF Tracing:
net/core/dev.c:
static int netif_receive_skb_internal(struct sk_buff *skb)
net/core/dev.c:
int do_xdp_generic(struct bpf_prog *xdp_prog, struct sk_buff *skb)
net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_tables.c:
unsigned int ipt_do_table(struct sk_buff *skb, ...)
DROP
DROP

net/core/dev.c:
net/core/dev.c:
BPF Tracing:

net/core/dev.c:
net/core/dev.c:
BPF Tracing:
BPF
BPF
Beginning point: BPF ATTACH !!
BPF
Return point: BPF ATTACH !!
Return point: BPF ATTACH !!

net/core/dev.c:
net/core/dev.c:
BPF Tracing:
BPF
BPF
BPFSEC("kprobe/netif_receive_skb_internal")
int bpf_trace_receive_skb(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
long skb_ptr = PT_REGS_PARM1(ctx);
u64 start_time = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
bpf_map_update_elem(&tracing_map, &skb_ptr, &start_time,
BPF_ANY);
return 0;
}

BPF
BPF
net/core/dev.c:
net/core/dev.c:
BPF Tracing:
BPF
SEC("kprobe/netif_receive_skb_internal")
int bpf_trace_receive_skb(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
u64 start_time = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
bpf_map_update_elem(&tracing_map, &skb_ptr, &start_time,
BPF_ANY);
return 0;
}

BPF
BPF
net/core/dev.c:
net/core/dev.c:
BPF Tracing:
BPF
SEC("kretprobe/do_xdp_generic")
int bpf_trace_xdp_drop(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
int action = PT_REGS_RC(ctx);
if (action == XDP_DROP) {
u64 *time = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&tracing_map, &skb_ptr);
u64 cur_time = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
u64 delta = cur_time - tr->time;
*time = delta;
...

BPF
BPF
net/core/dev.c:
net/core/dev.c:
BPF Tracing:
BPF
SEC("kretprobe/ipt_do_table")
int bpf_trace_iptables_drop(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
int action = PT_REGS_RC(ctx);
if (action == NF_DROP) {
u64 *time = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&tracing_map, &skb_ptr);
u64 cur_time = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
u64 delta = cur_time - tr->time;
*time = delta;
...

Ftrace Tracing
iptables path VS XDP path

$ cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
netif_receive_skb_internal() {
ktime_get_with_offset();
__netif_receive_skb() {
__netif_receive_skb_core() {
ip_rcv() {
pskb_trim_rcsum_slow();
nf_hook_slow() {
iptable_mangle_hook() {
ipt_do_table() {
__local_bh_enable_ip();
}
}
}
ip_rcv_finish() {
udp_v4_early_demux();
ip_route_input_noref() {
ip_route_input_rcu() {
ip_route_input_slow() {
fib_table_lookup();
fib_validate_source() {
__fib_validate_source() {
fib_table_lookup();
}
}
}
}
}
ip_local_deliver() {
nf_hook_slow() {
ipt_do_table() {
}
}
iptable_filter_hook() {
ipt_do_table() {
udp_mt();
}
}
kfree_skb()

ip_rcv() {
nf_hook_slow() {
ipt_do_table() {
}
}
}
ip_rcv_finish() {
fib_table_lookup();
fib_table_lookup();
}
}
}
}
}
nf_hook_slow() {
ipt_do_table() {
}
}
ipt_do_table() {
udp_mt();
}
}
kfree_skb()
DROP

ip_rcv() {
nf_hook_slow() {
ipt_do_table() {
}
}
}
ip_rcv_finish() {
fib_table_lookup();
fib_table_lookup();
}
}
}
}
}
nf_hook_slow() {
ipt_do_table() {
}
}
ipt_do_table() {
udp_mt();
}
}
kfree_skb()
do_xdp_generic() {
pskb_expand_head() {
__kmalloc_reserve.isra.48() {
__kmalloc_node_track_caller() {
kmalloc_slab();
should_failslab();
}
}
ksize();
skb_free_head() {
page_frag_free();
}
skb_headers_offset_update();
}
__bpf_prog_run32() {
___bpf_prog_run();
}
kfree_skb()
DROP
DROP

ip_rcv() {
nf_hook_slow() {
ipt_do_table() {
}
}
}
ip_rcv_finish() {
fib_table_lookup();
fib_table_lookup();
}
}
}
}
}
nf_hook_slow() {
ipt_do_table() {
}
}
ipt_do_table() {
udp_mt();
}
}
kfree_skb()
do_xdp_generic() {
pskb_expand_head() {
__kmalloc_reserve.isra.48() {
__kmalloc_node_track_caller() {
kmalloc_slab();
should_failslab();
}
}
ksize();
skb_free_head() {
page_frag_free();
}
skb_headers_offset_update();
}
__bpf_prog_run32() {
___bpf_prog_run();
}
kfree_skb()
DROP
DROP
YOU WIN !!
“XDP is LOVE”

BPF Infrastructure:
1) Hook points in-kernel callback point
2) LOAD ATTACH CALLBACK
3) Verifier / Interpreter / JIT
4) Map user-to-kernel shared memory
5) helper를 통한 커널함수호출 leveraging
6) Object pinning /sys/fs/bpf/…
...

Hook points: callback points
KERNEL SPACE
XDP: L2 device driver 지점
tc: L3 DD 직전 / 직후 지점 kprobe: 함수 Entry / Return
. . .
. . .

KERNEL SPACE
tc: L3 DD 직전 / 직후 지점 kprobe: 함수 Entry / Return
. . .
. . .if (has_bpf_prog)
BPF_PROG_RUN();
->bpf_func(ctx, insni);
특정 커널 함수 안에

KERNEL SPACE
kprobe: 함수 Entry / Return
. . .
. . .
BPF
BPF
BPF
BPF prog injection !!
tc: L3 DD 직전 / 직후 지점if (has_bpf_prog)
BPF_PROG_RUN();

KERNEL SPACE
. . .
. . .
BPF
BPF
BPF
tc: L3 DD 직전 / 직후 지점if (has_bpf_prog)
BPF_PROG_RUN();
BPF Interpreter
또는
JIT 된 머신코드

KERNEL SPACE
. . .
. . .
BPF
BPF
BPF
HOW ?
tc: L3 DD 직전 / 직후 지점

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
clang / llc 컴파일
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
Map 1
(Shared memory)

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
3. Loading
BPF
BPF
BPF_PROG_LOAD
Map 1
(Shared memory)

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
3. Loading
BPF
BPF
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
Map 1
(Shared memory)

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
3. Loading
BPF
BPF
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
HOW ? in bpf()
Map 1
(Shared memory)

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
3. Loading
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
BPF LOAD 과정:
1. BPF prog / map alloc
2. Verifier (loop, mem access 범위)
Map 1
(Shared memory)

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
3. Loading
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
BPF LOAD 과정:
3. 2차 Relocation:
1) map fd → map ptr
2) helper ID → func addr
Map 1
(Shared memory)

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
3. Loading
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
BPF LOAD 과정:
3. 2차 Relocation:
4. select runtime:
1) BPF interpreter func addr
2) JIT 후 BPF func addr
return fd;
Map 1
(Shared memory)

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
3. Loading
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
BPF LOAD 과정:
3. 2차 Relocation:
4. select runtime:
1) BPF interpreter func addr
2) JIT 후 BPF func addr
if (has_bpf_prog)
BPF_PROG_RUN();
return fd;

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
c소스 _kern.c
BPF 프로그램
Or
BPF bytecode
BPF
elf
1. ELF parsing,
2. 1차 Relocation:
1) map fd
2) bpf to bpf call
3. Loading
BPF
BPF
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
Map 1
(Shared memory)
Map 2
(Shared memory)
.
.
.
다양한 BPF ATTACH 방식:
- sock(), send() AF_NETLINK
- bpf() syscall BPF_PROG_ATTACH
BPF_RAW_TRACEPOINT_OPEN
- kprobe event id, ioctl()
PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF
...

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
BPF
BPF
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
Map 1
(Shared memory)
Map 2
(Shared memory)
.
.
.
BPF
Callback !!
Callback !!
BPF CALLBACK !!

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
BPF
BPF
BPF Controller
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
. . .
Map 1
(Shared memory)
Map 2
(Shared memory)
.
.
.
BPF
func(): Helper
func()
func()
func()
BPF Helper 함수를 통한 커널함수 호출 leveraging
!!

KERNEL SPACE
tc ip
BPF library
in-iproute2
bpf() SYSCALL
BPF
BPF
. . .
Map 1
(Shared memory)
Map 2
(Shared memory)
.
.
.
BPF
func(): Helper
func()
func()
func()
BPF Controller 1
(User App)
BPF library: libbpf
prog/map
BPF Controller 2
(User App)
BPF map 을 통한 user to kernel memory shared

XDP_ABORT
XDP_DROP
XDP_PASS
XDP_TX
XDP_REDIRECT
XDP RETURN TYPE

XDP_REDIRECT
XDP_TX
XDP_PASS
BPF
APP
XDP_DROP
Network Device Driver

XDP GENERIC PATH
TX
APP
L7
RX
BPF
TC Ingress
PREROUTING ROUTING
TCP/UDP
FORWARD ROUTING
INPUT OUTPUT
POSTROUTING
TC egress
L3 output
L4
L3
L3
DD

DRIVER XDP PATH
REDIRECT
TX
APP
RX
L7
L4
L3
L2
PASS
BPF

Driver XDP vs Generic XDP
REDIRECT
TX
RX
PASS
BPF
REDIRECT
TX
RX
L3
BPF
PASS

xdp->data
HEADROOM
MAC
HEADER
IP
HEADER
TAIL/
TAILROOM
END
skb->data
xdp->data_hard_start
xdp->data_meta
xdp_frame

xdp->data
HEADROOM
MAC
HEADER
IP
HEADER
TAIL/
TAILROOM
END
xdp->data_meta
xdp->data_hard_start

XDP_REDIRECTBPF
APP
eth0 eth1 eth2 eth3
XDP_TX
REDIRECT MAP

bpf_redirect()통한 XDP_REDIRECT

bulkTX
REDIRECT
TX
RX
BPF
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
map

DEVMAP
REDIRECT
TX
RX
BPF
xdp_frame
DEVMAP
redirect info
bpf_redirect_map
Key Value(Device)
0 X
1 X
2 X
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame

CPUMAP
REDIRECT
???
RX
BPF
xdp_frame
CPUMAP
redirect info
bpf_redirect_map
Key Value(CPU)
0 X
1 X
2 X
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame

CPUMAP
REDIRECT
netif_receive_skb_core
RX
BPF
xdp_frame
CPUMAP
redirect info
bpf_redirect_map
Key Value(CPU)
0 X
1 X
2 X
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame
xdp_frame

● memory model switching
○ /net/core/xdp.c
● page pool
○ /net/core/page_pool
● offload
● AF_XDP && XSK(XDP SOCKET)
● helper functions
● Device Driver
Additional Topics:

● Verifier
○ CFG, DAG, register, memory check...
● Other types
○ TC, SOCKET FILTER, CGROUP
● BTF
○ ELFutils, clang -g, llc -mattr=dwarfris
● Tail call
○ bpf_prog_array 연관
Additional Topics:

● FACEBOOK’s Katran
○ L4 Load-balancing
○ https://github.com/facebookincubator/katran
● Suricata
○ IPD/IDS engine
○ https://suricata-ids.org/
● Cilium
○ https://cilium.io/
● IOvisor bcc
○ https://www.iovisor.org/
● IR Decoding
○ https://lwn.net/Articles/759188/
Additional Topics:

Linux Kernel - BPF / XDP Fast Path

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