Climate : Eliments and Factors

1. Climate : Elements and
Factors
Assignment -
02
Tanvir Ahmed
Roll : 1007
MESM - 2020

2. • The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a
variety of interacting elements.
• They are :
Temperature
Humidity
Precipitation
Atmospheric Pressure
Topography
Wind

3. Temperature is how hot or cold the atmosphere is, how many degrees Celsius
(centigrade) it is above or below freezing (0°C).
Temperature is a very important factor in
determining the weather, because it
influences or controls other elements of the
weather, such as precipitation, humidity,
clouds and atmospheric pressure.
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in
the atmosphere. Water vapor is the
invisible presence of water in its gaseous
state. Humidity is a significant aspect of
the atmosphere because it affects the
weather and the climate. ... Relative
humidity is a measure of the current
humidity in relation to a given
temperature.

4. Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or
hail — any kind of weather condition
where something's falling from the sky.
Precipitation has to do with things
falling down, and not just from the sky.
It's also what happens in chemical
reactions when a solid settles to the
bottom of a solution.
Precipitation is the term given to moisture
that falls from the air to the ground.
An atmosphere (atm) is a unit of
measurement equal to the average air
pressure at sea level at a temperature
of 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees
Fahrenheit). One atmosphere is 1,013
millibars, or 760 millimeters (29.92
inches) of mercury. Atmospheric
pressure drops as altitude increases

5. A wind is a current of air that is moving across
the earth's surface. ... If you are winded by
something such as a blow, the air is suddenly
knocked out of your lungs so that you have
difficulty breathing for a short time.
Wind is the movement of air masses from high
pressure areas (highs) to low pressure areas
(lows).
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the
surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk
movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the
movement of gases or charged particles from the
Sun through space, while planetary wind is the
outgassing of light chemical elements from a
planet's atmosphere into space. Winds are
commonly classified by their spatial scale, their
speed, the types of forces that cause them, the
regions in which they occur, and their effect

6. Topography is a detailed map of the surface
features of land. It includes the mountains,
hills, creeks, and other bumps and lumps on
a particular hunk of earth. ... Topography
represents a particular area in detail,
including everything natural and man-made
— hills, valleys, roads, or lakes.
Topography is the study of the shape and features
of land surfaces. The topography of an area could
refer to the surface shapes and features
themselves, or a description
Ocean surface topography or sea surface
topography, also called ocean dynamic topography,
are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to
the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface
depicted on a topographic map. These variations
are expressed in terms of average sea surface
height relative to the Earth's geoid.

7. Radiosondes are atmospheric sensors that
provide an accurate, high-resolution description
of the Earth's atmosphere from the ground to
100,000 ft. Radiosondes are carried into the air
by latex weather balloons filled with helium or
hydrogen. Radiosonde measure atmospheric
pressure, air temperature, water vapor
(humidity) and winds (speed and direction).
Modern radiosondes contain a GPS receiver to
calculate wind speed and direction, and a radio
transmitter to send the data back to the ground.
The most common use of radiosondes is for
synoptic soundings, which are released
once or twice a day (at 00Z and 12Z) from
the same locations around the globe. These
soundings are carried out simultaneously by
national weather services around the world
to create a three-dimensional picture of the
Earth's atmosphere at one point in time.
Data from approximately 600 sites is
transmitted to data centers for use in
numerical weather prediction models
maintained by major governments and

8. Factors affecting local weather and climate are seemingly
endless, though there are a few that have the most
influence.
The important FACTORS are :
Latitude
Latitude is an angle (defined below) which
ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or
South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or
parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the
equator. Latitude is used together with longitude
to specify the precise location of features on the
surface of the Earth.
If you live close to the equator, the climate will be
warmer, while moving north or south from the
equator brings a cooler climate.

9. Altitude
Altitude or height (sometimes known as
'depth') is defined based on the context in
which it is used (aviation, geometry,
geographical survey, sport, atmospheric
pressure, and many more). As a general
definition, altitude is a distance
measurement, usually in the vertical or
"up" direction, between a reference datum
and a point or object. The reference
datum also often varies according to the
context. Although the term altitude is
commonly used to mean the height above
sea level of a location, in geography the
term elevation is often preferred for this
usage.
Altitude, or how high one is above sea level, has effect -- the higher the
elevation, the colder the climate. Mountain areas are generally colder than
surrounding land due to higher altitudes.

10. Proximity to Oceans • The Ocean and water play a major role in climate and
weather
• The Ocean absorbs and stores heat that it gets from the sun
• The Water from the Ocean can affect the temperature and atmosphere in the
circulation of the world.
Points you should note down:
• The water surface requires more heat to raise its temperature.
• Just the top 10 feet of the ocean surface contains more heat than our entire
atmosphere.
Continental Climate:
Being near water affects climate greatly because water's thermal capacity is high.
It is able to retain heat when it is hot and release heat when it is cold, which
affects the temperature of the area around it.
.

11. Earth's Tilt
Earth has seasons because our
planet's axis of rotation is tilted at an
angle of 23.5 degrees relative to our
orbital plane – the plane of Earth's
orbit around the sun. ... But the
orientation of Earth's tilt with respect
to the sun – our source of light and
warmth – does change as we orbit
the sun.
Earth's axis remains tilted in the
same direction with reference to
the background stars throughout a
year .This means that one pole
(and the associated hemisphere of
Earth) will be directed away from
the Sun at one side of the orbit,
and half an orbit later (half a year
later) this pole will be directed
towards the Sun. This is the cause
of Earth's seasons.