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ADAM University of Kyrgyz Republic.
Faculty of medicine
Nanopore Sequencing
Student: Tashfeen Ahmad
Group:GM_4
Teacher: Prof. Domashov Iliya
Nanopore Sequencing
Outline
• Nanopore Sequencing Technology
• Raw Data
• Transformations and Raw Data Processing
• Toward Producing a Basecaller
• Future Directions
What is Nanopore
Sequencing?
Determine the sequence of
DNA fragments by passing
DNA through a protein (or
other) pore in a membrane
What is Nanopore
Sequencing?
Oxford Nanopore became the
first company to provide a
commercially available
nanopore sequencer in 2015
(available to community in
2012)
What is Nanopore
Sequencing?
Nanopore is a disruptive technology:
• Sequencer Size
• Read Length
• Potential direct RNA sequencing
• Biology Problem with Data Velocity Issues
• Currently ~400GB/24 hours needs to
be processed
What is Nanopore
Sequencing?
Raw Nanopore Data
Processing Raw Data
• First step is to create a training data set
• Starting from provided raw data followed by processing to produce useful
data set for training to predict genomic bases
• Goal is to release this package to the community for greater access to create
training data sets for this data
Poorly Documented Metadata
Raw Nanopore Data
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GAATT C G G G C T300
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42771000 42772000 42773000 42774000
Time
Signal
G
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CC
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GGGGG
G
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G
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CC
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C
C
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C
C
G
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GGGGGG
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G
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C
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C
GG
G
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G
G
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GG
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TTTTTTTT
T
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GG
G
G
GGGGG
G
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G
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G
G
GG
G
G
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GGGGGG
G
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G
G
G
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G
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G
G
GGGGG
G
G
G
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G
G
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GGGGGGGG
GGGG
G
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G
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G
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A
AA
A
A
AAA
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AA
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CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCC
CCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCC
CC
C
CC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCC
C
CCCC
C
CCC
C
CCCCCCCC
CCCC
T
T
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T
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T
T
T
T
TT
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T
T
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T
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TT
T
T
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TT
T
TT
T
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T
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T
T
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T
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T
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TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
T
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T
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C
C
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
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TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTT
T
T
C
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CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCCC
CC
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
C
CC
CC
GGGG
GG
GT
TT
TTTT
T
T
TTT
T
T
T
A
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AA
AAA
A
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TT
T
TTT
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
TTTTTTT
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TTTTTTTT
TTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTT
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGG
GGGG
G
C
CC
CC
C
CCCC
CCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CC
C
AAA
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A
A
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A
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AA
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AA
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AA
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A
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A
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AA
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A
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AAAAAAAA
A
A
A
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AA
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AAAA
A
AAA
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A
AAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
A
A
AA
A
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AAAAAA
A
AA
A
AAA
AA
A
AAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
AA
AA
A
A
A
A
A
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A
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AAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAA
A
A
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AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
A
A
A
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A
A
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A
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AA
AA
A
A
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AAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAA
A
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A
AAA
A
AAA
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AAAA
A
A
AA
A
A
AA
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AAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAA
AA
AA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAA
A
AAA
T
TTTTTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTT
AAAAAAAAA
AA
AAA
A
A
A
AAAAAAAA
A
AAA
A
A
AA
AAAA
A
AAA
AAAAAA
A
AAA
GGGG
G
GGGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGG
G
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGGG
G
350
400
450
500
42771000 42772000 42773000 42774000
Time
Signal
• ~50 (250-400 with new R9 pore) base pairs per second pass through a pore
• Need to segment signal into individual events representing base pairs and
determine to which base each event corresponds
Nanopore Raw Correction
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●
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●
●
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●
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●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
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●
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●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
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●
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●
●
●
●
●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●
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●
●
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●
●
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●
●
350
400
450
500
42771000 42772000 42773000 42774000 42775000
Time
Signal
50
55
60
65
70
75
42771000 42772000 42773000 42774000 42775000
Start
Mean
50
55
60
65
70
75
14200.0 14200.5 14201.0 14201.5
Start
Mean
GAATT C G G G C T A
42771000 42772000 42773000 42774000 42775000
Start
BaseCall A C G T
Entropy 0.5 1.0 1.5
SD 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
BaseCall − A C G T
Match False True
ad6d8bda−1dd5−47be−9898−3bdb250f8b5f
Segmentation
Call Bases
Align to
Genome
Nanopore Raw Correction
T
T
TTTTT
T
T
T
T
T
TTTT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
AAA
A
AA
A
A
AAAA
A
A
AAA
A
AA
C
C
CCC
CCCCCC
CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCC
CCCCCC
C
CC
CCCCCCC
C
C
C
C
C
CCCCCC
C
CCCCC
C
C
CCCCC
CC
CCC
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CCCCCC
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
C
CC
CC
CCC
CCC
CCCC
C
C
C
CC
CC
C
TTTT
T
T
TT
TTTTTT
T
T
T
GGGG
GGGG
G
GGG
GG
G
G
G
G
G
GTT
T
T
T
T
T
TTTT
T
TT
TT
T
TTT
T
T
A
AA
A
A
AA
AA
A
AA
AAA
AA
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
T
TT
T
T
TT
TTT
TTTTT
T
TT
TTT
G
G
GGGGGG
G
G
G
GG
G
GGG
GGG
GGG
G
G
G
GGG
GGGGG
G
GGG
G
G
GG
GGG
G
G
GGG
G
G
G
GGGGGG
G
GG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
GGG
GG
GGGG
G
G
GGGGG
GG
GGG
G
G
G
GGG
GG
G
GGGGG
GG
GG
GGGGGGGG
G
GG
G
GG
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
TTT
TTTTT
T
TTTTT
TTTTT
TT
T
TTTTTT
TTT
T
T
T
TT
TTTT
T
T
TTTTT
TT
T
TTTT
TTTTTTT
T
T
TTTT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
TT
TTTTTT
T
TT
TT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
TTTTT
TT
T
T
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TTT
TTT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
TT
T
T
TTT
T
C
C
C
CCCCC
CC
C
CCCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCC
CCC
CCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCC
C
C
A
A
AAA
AA
AA
AA
A
A
A
AAAAAA
A
A
AAAAAA
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
A
A
A
AAAA
A
AAA
AA
A
AAAAAAAA
CCCCCC
C
C
C
CCCCCCCC
CCC
CCCCCCC
C
C
CCC
CC
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CCCC
C
CCC
CC
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCC
CC
CCCC
CC
CCCCC
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
CC
CC
C
C
CCCCC
CC
CC
C
C
C
CCC
C
CC
C
C
C
C
C
CC
CCCC
C
CCC
C
C
CC
C
CCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCCC
C
C
CC
C
CCCCCCC
CCC
CCCCC
C
C
C
CCC
C
T
TTT
T
TT
T
TTTTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTT
TTT
T
TTTT
TTTTTT
T
T
TTT
TTTTTTTTTT
G
G
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGG
GGGGGGG
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
GG
G
A
AAAA
A
AAAA
A
AA
A
A
AAAA
AAAA
A
AAAA
A
A
AAAAA
A
AA
AAAA
A
A
AAA
A
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
A
AA
AA
A
AAA
A
A
A
AAA
AA
AA
A
A
A
A
AAA
A
A
AA
A
AAAAA
AA
A
A
A
AA
AA
AAA
AAAAA
AAA
AAAAAA
AA
AAA
AAA
A
A
AAA
AA
AAA
AA
A
AAAAAA
AAA
AA
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
AAAAAAA
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
A
A
AA
AAAA
AAAA
A
A
A
A
A
A
AAAA
A
A
A
A
AAAAAA
A
A
AA
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
AA
A
AAAAA
A
AAAAAA
AA
A
AAA
A
AA
A
AAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
T
T
TT
TTT
TTTT
TTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTT
TTTT
T
T
TTTTT
T
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTT
T
G
GG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
G
G
GG
GG
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
GG
G
G
GG
GG
GG
GG
G
G
G
GG
G
G
GGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGG
GGG
GGGGGG
G
GGGG
TTTT
T
TTT
A
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAA
AAA
A
TT
T
T
T
TTTTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTT
TTT
TTT
TT
CCCCC
C
CCCCCC
CC
CC
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
CCCCCCCCCCCC
CCC
C
CCC
CCC
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
CCCCCC
CC
CC
C
CCCCC
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCCC
CC
C
CCCCC
C
CC
CCC
C
C
CCCCC
C
C
CCCCC
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
C
CC
C
C
CCCC
CC
CCCCCCCC
CC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCC
CCCC
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCC
C
CC
CCCCC
C
CC
C
CC
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
CC
C
CC
CC
C
CC
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCCC
CCCCCC
C
CC
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
CC
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
CCCCCC
C
C
CCC
C
C
CCC
C
C
CC
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
CCCCCC
C
CCC
CCCCCCCCC
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CCCCCC
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
TTTTTT
TTTTTT
T
TTTTTT
TTTTTT
TT
TTTTTT
T
TTTTTT
T
TTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTT
GGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GG
GGGG
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GG
GGGGGGG
G
GG
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGGGG
G
GGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGG
GGG
G
G
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
C
CC
C
CC
CC
CCCCC
CCC
C
C
CGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGGGG
G
G
GGGG
G
G
G
GG
G
G
GG
G
GGGGGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGG
GG
G
G
GG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
G
GG
G
G
G
G
GGG
GG
G
G
GG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
CCCCC
CC
C
CC
C
CC
C
C
C
CC
CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
CCCC
CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
A
A
AA
A
A
AA
AA
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AA
AAA
A
A
A
A
AAA
A
AA
A
A
A
A
AAAA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AA
A
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AA
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
AA
AAA
A
AAA
AAAAAAA
A
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
AA
AA
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
AA
AA
AAA
A
A
AAA
A
A
AA
A
AAAAA
A
AA
AA
A
A
A
A
AAAA
A
AA
A
AA
AA
A
AAAAA
A
AA
AAA
A
A
AA
AA
A
A
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AAAA
AAA
AAA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
AAA
AA
A
AAAAA
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AAAA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AAAA
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTTTT
TTT
T
TTT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTTT
T
TT
T
T
T
TTT
TTT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
TTTT
TT
T
TT
TTT
T
T
TT
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
TT
TTTT
C
CCC
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
CC
C
CC
C
CCCC
C
DDD
D
DD
DDDDDD
D
T
T
TTTTT
T
TT
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
GGG
G
GG
G
GG
G
G
G
GGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGGGG
GG
GGG
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
C
C
CC
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCC
CCC
CCCCCCCCC
CCCC
C
CC
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
CCCCCCC
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
CC
AA
AA
A
A
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AAAA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
AA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
AA
AC
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
C
CC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
TT
T
TT
T
TT
TTT
T
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
TT
T
T
T
TT
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
D
D
DDD
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
DDDD
D
DD
D
DD
D
D
D
D
D
DD
D
D
D
D
D
DD
DDD
D
D
D
G
G
GG
GGG
G
G
G
C
CCC
C
CC
C
CCCC
CC
C
CC
C
CC
C
GGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGG
GGG
G
D
DDD
D
DDD
DD
T
T
T
TTT
T
T
TT
T
TTTT
TTT
G
G
GGGG
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAAAA
AAAAA
AA
AAAAAAAAA
GG
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
C
CCCCC
CCCC
C
C
C
C
TT
TT
TTTTT
TTT
TTTTTT
TTTTTT
GG
G
G
G
GG
G
GGGGGGG
G
GTTT
T
T
TT
T
T
TTT
TTTTTT
T
T
TTTT
TTT
TTT
T
T
TTTT
T
TTTTT
T
TTT
T
T
GGGGG
G
G
G
GGG
GG
G
G
G
GG
G
GG
T
TT
T
TT
TTTT
TTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTT
T
T
T
C
C
CC
C
C
CCCC
C
CC
C
CCC
C
C
C
CCCC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCC
C
C
C
CCCCC
CCCCCCCC
CC
C
C
CCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCC
CC
C
CCCCC
CCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
CC
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
CC
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
CC
C
CCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
C
CC
CC
CC
CC
CCC
T
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
TT
TTTTT
T
T
A
A
AA
AAA
A
A
A
A
C
C
CC
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CT
T
T
T
TTTTTT
T
T
T
T
TTT
T
T
TT
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
G
GG
G
G
GGG
GGGG
G
G
G
G
G
GGGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
GG
G
G
G
GGG
T
T
TT
T
T
TTT
TT
TTTT
T
T
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
T
TT
T
T
TTTTT
TTT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
T
TTTTT
TT
T
TT
TT
T
TTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTTT
TT
TTTTTTT
T
T
T
TT
TT
TTT
T
T
GGGGGG
G
GGGGGGA
AA
A
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
A
AAAA
AA
AAAAAAA
A
AAA
AA
A
A
A
AA
A
AAAA
AAAAA
AA
AAA
A
T
T
TTT
T
T
T
TTT
TTTTT
T
T
T
TTT
T
TTTTT
TT
TTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
G CCT AA AAG C GCTC300
350
400
450
500
550
107161000 107162000 107163000 107164000
Time
Signal
T
TTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTT
T
TTT
TTTTT
T
T
AAA
A
AAA
AAAAAA
A
AAA
A
AAC
CCCC
CCCCCC
CC
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
CC
CCC
CCCCC
CCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
C
CC
C
C
CCCCCC
C
CCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCCC
C
C
C
CCCC
CCCCCC
C
C
CC
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
CCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
CC
CCCCC
TTTT
T
T
TT
TTTTTT
T
T
T
GGGGGGGG
G
GGG
GG
G
G
G
G
G
GTT
T
T
T
TTTTTT
T
TTTTT
TTTT
T
A
AAAA
AAAAA
AA
AAAAAAAAAAA
A
AATTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTG
G
GGGGGG
GG
GGG
GGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGG
G
GGG
G
G
GG
GGG
G
G
GGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
GGG
GG
GGGG
GG
GGGGG
GG
GGG
G
G
G
GGG
GG
G
GGGGGGG
GG
GGGGGGGG
G
GG
G
GG
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
TTT
TTTTT
T
TTTTT
TTTTT
TTT
TTTTTT
TTT
T
T
T
TT
TTTT
T
T
TTTTT
TT
T
TTTT
TTTTTTT
T
T
TTTT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
TT
TTTTTT
T
TT
TT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
TTTTT
TT
T
T
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TTT
TTT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
TT
G
G
GGGG
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CC
C
CCCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCC
CCC
CCCC
C
CCCCCCC
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCC
CCC
C
C
AA
AAA
AA
AA
AA
A
A
A
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
A
AAA
A
A
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
A
A
A
AAAA
AAAAAA
AAAAAAAAA
CCCCCC
C
CC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
C
CCCC
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CC
C
CCC
C
CCC
C
C
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
C
C
CCC
C
CCCC
C
C
C
CCCCCC
C
CCC
C
C
CCC
CCC
CCCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
C
CCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCC
CC
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
C
CCCCC
C
T
TTT
T
TT
T
TTTTT
T
TTTT
TTTTT
TTT
T
TTTT
TTTTTT
T
T
TTT
TTTTTTTTTT
G
G
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGG
GGGGGGG
GGG
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
TTTTT
T
TTTT
TTT
TTTTTT
TTTTTTTTT
T
T
TTTTT
T
TTTTTT
T
T
TTT
T
T
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTT
TT
TTTT
T
T
T
TTTT
TTTT
T
T
TTTT
TT
TT
T
T
T
T
TTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTT
T
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
TTT
T
T
TTT
TTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTT
TTT
T
T
TTTT
T
T
T
T
TTTTTTT
T
TTTT
TTT
TTTTT
TT
T
TTTTT
TTTTTTT
TT
TAAA
A
AA
A
AAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAA
AAAAAAA
A
TT
TT
TTT
TTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTT
TTTTT
TTTTTT
T
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTT
T
GGGGGG
G
G
G
G
GG
G
GGG
GG
GGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGG
G
GGG
GG
GG
GG
G
G
G
GGG
G
GGGG
G
G
GGGGG
GGG
G
G
G
GGGG
G
GG
GGGGGG
G
GGGG
TTTT
T
TTT
A
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAA
AAA
A
AA
A
A
A
AAAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
AAA
AA
TTTTT
T
TTTTTT
TTTTT
TT
TT
T
T
T
TTTT
TTT
T
TT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TT
T
T
T
TTTTTT
T
T
TT
AAAAAAAAA
AA
AAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAA
AA
A
AAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAA
AAAA
A
AAA
AAAA
A
AA
AAAAAAAAAA
AA
A
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AA
AAAA
A
A
A
A
AAAAAAA
A
AA
AAAAA
AAA
AAA
A
A
A
AAA
A
A
AAA
AAA
A
AA
AA
A
AA
A
AA
A
AAA
AAAAAAAAAA
AAA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
A
A
AA
AAAA
AAAAAAA
A
A
AAA
AAAAAA
A
AA
A
AAA
A
A
A
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AA
AAA
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAA
CC
C
CC
C
T
TTTT
T
T
TTTTT
T
TTTT
T
T
TTTTTT
TT
TTTTTT
T
TTTTTT
T
TTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTT
GGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGG
G
GG
GGGG
GGGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGGG
GG
GG
G
GGGG
G
GG
GGGG
GGGGG
GGGGGGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGG
GG
G
GGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGG
GGG
G
G
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
C
CC
C
CC
CAAAAAA
AAA
A
AAAAAAA
AAA
A
AAAAAGGG
G
GGGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGG
GGG
G
GGGG
GGGG
G
GGGGG
GGG
GGGGGGG
G
GGGG
GG
GG
GG
GG
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
GGGGG
G
G
G
G
G
C
C
CCC
C
CC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
C
CC
CC
C
C
CCCC
C
CC
C
CCC
C
CCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
CC
AAAA
AA
AA
AA
AA
A
AA
AA
A
AA
A
AAAAAA
A
AA
A
AAA
A
AA
A
A
AAAAAAAAA
A
A
AAAA
A
AAA
AAAAAA
A
AA
A
AA
A
AAAAA
AAAA
AAA
A
AA
AAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAA
A
A
AAA
A
A
AA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAA
A
A
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAA
AAA
A
AA
A
AAAAA
AAA
AAAAAAAAAAA
A
A
AA
AA
AAAAA
A
A
AAAAA
AAA
AAA
A
AAA
A
AA
A
A
AAAA
A
A
AAAAAA
CC
CC
C
CCCCC
TTTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
TT
TT
TT
T
TTTT
TTT
T
T
T
TTTTTTT
T
TT
TTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTT
T
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTT
T
T
T
TT
TTT
T
TTTTTT
CCCC
CCCCC
C
CCCC
CCCTTTT
T
TTTTG
GGG
G
GG
GGGGGG
C
C
C
CCCCCC
CCCC
C
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
GGG
G
GG
G
GGG
G
G
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
GG
GGGGGG
G
G
G
GG
C
C
CC
CC
C
CCC
CC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CC
CC
CCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCCCCC
AAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAC
C
C
C
CCCC
CC
CCCCCCCCCC
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
CCCC
CC
T
TTTTTT
TTT
T
TT
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTT
TTTT
T
TT
TTTT
TT
T
TTTTT
TT
TT
T
TTTT
T
TT
TTT
T
TTT
T
T
TT
TTTTTT
T
T
TTTTTT
TTT
T
TTT
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
TTT
TTTTTTTT
T
T
GG
GGG
G
G
G
C
CCC
C
CCC
CCCCCCCCCC
CC
C
GGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGG
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
G
GGG
GG
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
TT
T
TT
TT
TTT
G
G
GG
G
G
AAAA
A
A
AAAAAAA
AA
A
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
AA
A
AAAAA
A
AA
AA
AA
AAAAA
A
A
A
AAAAAAAA
GG
GGGG
GG
GG
GGGGGGGGGG
GG
GG
C
CCCCCCCCCC
C
C
CTT
TT
TTTTT
TTT
TTTTTT
TTTTTT
GG
G
G
G
GG
G
GGGGGGG
G
G
TTT
T
TTT
T
TTTT
TTTTTT
T
T
TTTT
TTT
TTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
TGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
GG
TTT
T
TT
TTTT
TTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTT
T
T
T
C
C
CC
C
C
CCCC
C
CC
C
CCC
C
C
C
CCCC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCC
C
C
C
CCCCC
CCCCCCCC
CC
C
C
CCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCC
CC
C
CCCCC
CCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
CC
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
CC
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
GG
G
GG
GGG
C
C
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
C
C
C
C
C
CT
TT
TTT
TT
T
T
T
TT
T
TTT
TTTTT
TT
A
AAAAAA
A
A
AA
CC
CCCC
CCCC
C
C
CC
C
C
CCCCCCCC
C
C
CCCC
C
C
CC
CCCT
TTT
T
T
GGG
G
GGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
GGGGG
G
GG
GG
GG
GGGGG
G
G
GGG
T
TTT
T
TTTT
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
T
TTTT
T
TTTTT
TTTTTT
T
T
T
TTTT
T
TTTTT
TT
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTTT
TT
TTTTTTT
T
T
T
TT
TT
TTT
T
T
GGG
GG
G
G
G
GGGGGA
AA
A
AA
AAA
A
AA
A
AAAA
AA
AAAAAAA
A
AAA
AA
A
A
A
AA
A
AAAA
AAAAA
AA
AAA
A
T
T
TTT
T
T
T
TTT
TTTTT
T
T
T
TTT
T
TTTTT
TT
TTT
T
TTTTTT
T
TT
TTT
TT
TTTTTTT
T
TTTTTT
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
350
400
450
500
550
107161000 107162000 107163000 107164000
Time
Signal
Nanopore Raw Correction
T
T
T
TT
T
TT
TT
T
TT
T
TT
T
TT
TT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
TTTTTTTTT
TT
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCC
CCC
C
CCCC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCC
C
CCC
C
C
T
TT
T
TTT
TTT
TTTT
T
TTT
T
T
TT
TTT
TTTT
TTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
T
TTTTT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
TT
TTTT
TTTTT
TTT
T
T
T
TT
TTTTTT
T
T
T
T
T
TT
G
GGG
GG
GGGG
GGG
G
GG
GGGGGG
GG
GGG
GGGGG
GG
TTTTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTT
TTT
T
T
T
TTTT
T
TTTTT
T
TT
TTT
T
TTT
T
T
TTTTTT
T
TT
TTT
T
T
T
TT
CC
C
CCCC
CCCCCCCCC
CC
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGG
GGGG
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDD
DDDDD
D
DDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
D
D
DDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DD
DD
D
DDD
D
DDDD
C
CC
CC
CCC
CC
CCC
C
CCCCC
C
C
AA
AAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
A
A
A
AA
A
AA
AA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
AGGG
G
G
G
GGG
GG
GG
G
G
GGGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
G
GGG
GG
GGGG
G
GGG
GGG
G
G
G
GG
GG
CC
CCC
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
CC
C
C
CC
C
CCCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CCC
C
CC
C
CC
C
C
C
C
CC
C
CCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCC
C
C
CC
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
C
CCCCC
C
CCC
C
C
C
CCCCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCCC
CCCCC
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCCC
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
CCCCCC
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
TTT
T
TTTTT
T
TTT
TTTT
TT
T
T
T
G
G
G
G
GGGGG
GG
GGG
A
A
A
AA
AA
A
A
AAA
AA
AAA
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
TT
TT
T
TTTT
T
TT
T
T
TT
TT
T
T
T
TT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
23604000
Time
T
TTTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTTTTT
T
TTT
TTT
TTTT
T
TTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTTT
TTT
C
CC
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CC
T
TT
T
TTT
TTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
T
TTTT
T
TTTTTT
T
TT
T
T
T
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
GG
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
T
TTTTTT
TTTTT
T
TT
TTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
CC
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGG
GGGG
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGG
CCC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
AAAAAAAAA
AAAAAA
AA
A
AAA
AA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AGGG
GG
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGGGG
G
GG
G
G
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GG
GG
GG
CCCCCC
CC
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCC
CCCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CCC
CC
CCC
C
CC
C
CC
C
C
CC
CC
C
CCCCC
CC
CC
CCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCC
C
C
CCC
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
CC
C
CC
CCCCCC
C
CCCCC
C
CCCC
C
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCC
CCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCCC
CCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
AA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
TTTT
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
T
T
T
G
GG
G
GGGGG
GG
GGG
AAAAAAAA
A
AAA
AA
AAAA
AAA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AAA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AAA
TTTTT
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
23604000
T
T
T
TT
T
TT
TT
T
TT
T
TT
T
TT
TT
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
TTTTTTTTT
TT
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCC
CCC
C
CCCC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCC
C
CCC
C
C
T
TT
T
TTT
TTT
TTTT
T
TTT
T
T
TT
TTT
TTTT
TTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
T
TTTTT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
TT
TTTT
TTTTT
TTT
T
T
T
TT
TTTTTT
T
T
T
T
T
TT
G
GGG
GG
GGGG
GGG
G
GG
GGGGGG
GG
GGG
GGGGG
GG
TTTTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTT
TTT
T
T
T
TTTT
T
TTTTT
T
TT
TTT
T
TTT
T
T
TTTTTT
T
TT
TTT
T
T
T
TT
CC
C
CCCC
CCCCCCCCC
CC
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDD
DDDDD
D
DDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
D
D
DDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DD
DD
D
DDD
D
DDDD
C
CC
CC
CCC
CC
CCC
C
CCCCC
C
C
AA
AAAAAAA
AAAAA
A
A
A
A
AA
A
AA
AA
AAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
AGGG
G
G
G
GGG
GG
GG
G
G
GGGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
G
GGG
GG
GGGG
G
GGG
GGG
G
G
G
GG
GG
CC
CCC
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
CC
C
C
CC
C
CCCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CCC
C
CC
C
CC
C
C
C
C
CC
C
CCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCC
C
C
CC
C
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
C
CCCCC
C
CCC
C
C
C
CCCCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCCC
CCCCC
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCCC
C
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
CCCCCC
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
TTT
T
TTTTT
T
TTT
TTTT
TT
T
T
T
G
G
G
G
GGGGG
GG
GGG
A
A
A
AA
AA
A
A
AAA
AA
AAA
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
TT
TT
T
TTTT
T
TT
T
T
TT
TT
T
T
T
TT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
23604000
Time
T
TTTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTTTTT
T
TTT
TTT
TTTT
T
TTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTTT
TTT
C
CC
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CC
T
TT
T
TTT
TTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
T
TTTT
T
TTTTTT
T
TT
T
T
T
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
GG
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
T
TTTTTT
TTTTT
T
TT
TTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
CC
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGG
GGGG
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGG
CCC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
AAAAAAAAA
AAAAAA
AA
A
AAA
AA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AGGG
GG
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGGGG
G
GG
G
G
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GG
GG
GG
CCCCCC
CC
CCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCC
CCCC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
CCC
CC
CCC
C
CC
C
CC
C
C
CC
CC
C
CCCCC
CC
CC
CCC
CC
CC
C
C
CCC
C
C
CCC
C
C
CCC
C
C
C
CC
C
CC
C
CC
CCCCCC
C
CCCCC
C
CCCC
C
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCC
CCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCCC
CCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
AA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
TTTT
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
T
T
T
G
GG
G
GGGGG
GG
GGG
AAAAAAAA
A
AAA
AA
AAAA
AAA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AAA
A
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AAA
TTTTT
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
23604000
1. Center on deletion
2. Expand to
neighboring
regions
3. Segment using
mean changepoint
Correct
deletions:
Nanopore Raw Correction
1. Center on
insertion
2. Expand to
neighboring
regions
3. Segment using
mean changepoint
Correct
insertions
:
CCC
CCCC
C
CG
G
G
GG
GGG
G
GG
G
GG
GGG
G
GGG
GG
G
G
G
GGG
GGGG
G
G
G
GGGG
GG
G
G
G
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
G
G
G
G
G
GGGG
G
G
G
C
CC
CCCCCCCCCC
CCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
CCCCCC
CC
A
AAAAAAA
A
AG
GGGGGGG
G
GGGG
CCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCC
CCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
CTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTT
T
TT
TTT
TTTTTTTT
TTT
TTT
TTTT
TTT
T
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTT
TT
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TT
T
T
TTT
TTTTT
TTTTTTTT
T
T
GGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGG
G
GG
GG
G
G
GGGGG
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
G
GG
GG
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
G
GGGGGG
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGG
GGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGG
G
G
GGGG
G
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
G
G
GG
GGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
GG
G
GG
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GG
GGGGG
GGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
GGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
GG
GGG
GG
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
GGGG
GGG
GG
GG
GGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GG
G
G
G
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGG
G
GG
GGG
G
G
GG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
G
G
GGG
G
G
GG
C
CCCCCC
CCCCCCC
C
A
AAA
AAAA
AAA
AA
AAA
A
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
CCCCC
C
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCCTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TT
T
G
GGGGGG
GGGG
DDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDD
DDDD
D
DDDD
DD
D
DD
D
D
G
GG
GGGG
GG
GG
CC
C
CC
CCCCCC
CCCC
CCCC
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
AAAA
A
A
AAA
AAA
A
AA
A
AA
AA
AA
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
AAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
CCCCC
CCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCC
C
CCC
CC
C
CCCC
GGGGGGG
T
6523000 4652400
CCC
C
C
CG
G
G
GGGGG
G
GG
G
GGGGGGGGG
GG
GG
G
GGGGGGG
GGG
GGGG
GG
G
G
G
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
GGG
GG
G
G
G
GGGGGG
G
C
CC
CCC
CCCCCCC
CCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
CCCCCC
CC
A
AAAAAAA
A
AG
GGGGGGG
G
GGGG
CCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCC
C
C
CCC
CCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCC
CCC
CCCCCCCC
C
TTT
T
TTTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TTT
TTT
TTTTTTT
T
TTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTT
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
TTTTT
TTTTTTTT
T
T
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGG
G
GG
G
GG
GG
G
G
GGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
GG
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
G
GGGGGG
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGG
TTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTT
T
T
TTT
T
T
GGGG
G
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
G
G
GG
GGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
GG
G
GG
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GG
GGGGG
GGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
GGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
GG
GGG
GG
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
GGGG
GGG
GG
GG
GGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GG
G
G
G
GG
G
GG
G
GG
GGGGGGGGG
GGG
G
G
GG
GGGGG
G
GG
G
G
GGG
G
G
GG
C
CCCCCC
CCCCCCC
C
A
AAA
AAAA
AAA
AA
AAA
AT
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
T
T
TTT
T
T
TTT
TTTTTTTT
TTTT
TTTTTT
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TT
T
TT
TTTTTTTT
AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
CCCCC
C
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
CCC
CC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CC
C
CCTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTT
TT
T
TTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
G
GGGGGG
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGG
GGGG
G
GGGG
GG
G
GG
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGG
GG
C
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
CCCC
CCCC
A
A
AA
A
A
AAAAA
A
A
AA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
AAA
A
AA
A
AA
AA
AA
AAA
AAA
A
A
AAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCC
C
CCCC
GGGGGGG
6523000 4652400
CCC
CCCC
C
CG
G
G
GG
GGG
G
GG
G
GG
GGG
G
GGG
GG
G
G
G
GGG
GGGG
G
G
G
GGGG
GG
G
G
G
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
G
G
G
G
G
GGGG
G
G
G
C
CC
CCCCCCCCCC
CCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
CCCCCC
CC
A
AAAAAAA
A
AG
GGGGGGG
G
GGGG
CCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCC
CCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
CTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTT
T
TT
TTT
TTTTTTTT
TTT
TTT
TTTT
TTT
T
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTT
TT
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TT
T
T
TTT
TTTTT
TTTTTTTT
T
T
GGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGG
G
GG
GG
G
G
GGGGG
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
G
GG
GG
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
G
GGGGGG
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGG
GGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGG
GGGG
G
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
G
G
GG
GGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
GG
G
GG
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GG
GGGGG
GGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
GGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
GG
GGG
GG
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
GGGG
GGG
GG
GG
GGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GG
G
G
G
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGG
G
GG
GGG
G
G
GG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
G
G
GGG
G
G
GG
C
CCCCCC
CCCCCCC
C
A
AAA
AAAA
AAA
AA
AAA
A
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
AAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
CCCCC
C
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCCTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TT
T
G
GGGGGG
GGGG
DDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDD
DDDD
D
DDDD
DD
D
DD
D
D
G
GG
GGGG
GG
GG
CC
C
CC
CCCCCC
CCCC
CCCC
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
A
A
AA
A
A
A
A
A
AA
AAAA
A
A
AAA
AAA
A
AA
A
AA
AA
AA
AA
A
AA
A
A
A
AAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
CCCCC
CCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCC
C
CCC
CC
C
CCCC
GGGGGGG
T
6523000 4652400
CCC
C
C
CG
G
G
GGGGG
G
GG
G
GGGGGGGGG
GG
GG
G
GGGGGGG
GGG
GGGG
GG
G
G
G
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
GGG
GG
G
G
G
GGGGGG
G
C
CC
CCC
CCCCCCC
CCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
CCCCCC
CC
A
AAAAAAA
A
AG
GGGGGGG
G
GGGG
CCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCC
C
C
CCC
CCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCC
CCC
CCCCCCCC
C
TTT
T
TTTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TTT
TTT
TTTTTTT
T
TTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTT
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
TTTTT
TTTTTTTT
T
T
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGG
G
GG
G
GG
GG
G
G
GGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
GG
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
G
GGGGGG
GG
G
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGG
TTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTT
T
T
TTT
T
T
GGGG
G
GG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
G
G
GG
GGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
GG
G
GG
GGGG
G
GGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GG
GGGGG
GGGGGG
GGG
GGGGG
GGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
GG
GGG
GG
GGGGGGGGGGG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
GG
G
GG
GGGG
GGG
GG
GG
GGGGGGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGGGG
G
GG
G
G
G
GG
G
GG
G
GG
GGGGGGGGG
GGG
G
G
GG
GGGGG
G
GG
G
G
GGG
G
G
GG
C
CCCCCC
CCCCCCC
C
A
AAA
AAAA
AAA
AA
AAA
AT
TTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
T
T
TTT
T
T
TTT
TTTTTTTT
TTTT
TTTTTT
TTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTT
TT
T
TT
TTTTTTTT
AAAA
A
AAAA
AAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
CCCCC
C
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
CCC
CC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CC
C
CCTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTT
TT
T
TTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
G
GGGGGG
GGGG
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGG
GGGG
G
GGGG
GG
G
GG
G
G
G
GG
GGGGGG
GG
C
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
CCCC
CCCC
A
A
AA
A
A
AAAAA
A
A
AA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AAA
AAA
A
AA
A
AA
AA
AA
AAA
AAA
A
A
AAAA
A
A
AAAAAAAAAA
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCC
C
CCCC
GGGGGGG
6523000 4652400
Nanopore Raw Correction
Complex
Corrections
:
TT
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCC
AAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
A
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
TTTT
T
TTT
TTT
TTTT
TTT
T
TTTT
TTTTT
TTTTT
T
T
TTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTT
T
TT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTTTTT
TTTT
TTTTT
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGG
GGGG
G
G
GGGGG
G
T
TTTTT
TTTT
T
TTTT
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
TTT
TTTT
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
TTTTT
TT
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
T
T
T
TT
TTT
C
CC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
AAAAAAAAAA
AAA
A
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGG
G
G
CCCCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CC
C
CCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
CCC
CCCCC
C
CCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCCCC
CT
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
D
DD
DDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDA
AAAAAA
AAAAC
CCCCCC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CCC
C
C
CCCC
C
CCCCC
C
CC
CCC
C
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
TT
TT
T
TTTTT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
TT
TTT
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTTTTT
T
T
T
T
T
T
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
CCC
C
C
CCCCC
C
CC
CC
C
CCC
CCC
C
CCCCC
C
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
C
T
T
TT
TT
TTT
TT
T
T
TTT
T
TTT
T
T
TT
T
TT
TT
T
T
TTTTT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
TT
T
TTT
TT
T
T
TT
TTT
TTT
TTTTTTTTTT
TTTT
C
CC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCC
CCC
C
CCCCC
CCCC
AA
A
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAA
A
AAA
AA
A
AAAAAAAA
A
A
AAAAAAA
A
AA
AAAA
A
A
A
AAAAAA
AAAAAA
G
00 46526000
TT
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCC
AAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AA
AAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAA
AAA
A
AAAA
AAA
A
A
A
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
TTTT
TTTTTTTTTTT
TTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGG
G
T
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
TTT
TTTTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
TT
T
TT
T
TTTTT
C
CC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
AAAAAAAAAA
AAA
A
G
GGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
GGGGG
GG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGG
G
GGG
GGG
G
GGGG
GGGGG
GG
GGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGG
GGG
G
GGGGGG
GGGGGG
G
GGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGG
G
G
GGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
G
GGGGGGG
GG
G
GGG
GGGGGGGG
G
GG
G
GGGGGGGG
GG
GGGGG
GG
GG
G
GGGGGG
GGG
GGG
GG
G
G
GG
G
G
GGGGGG
GGGG
GG
GGGGG
CC
CC
CCC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCC
C
CC
TT
TTTTTT
T
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTT
T
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
AAAAAA
AAA
AC
CCCCCC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CCC
C
C
CCCC
C
CCCCC
C
CC
CCC
C
TTTTT
TTTTTTT
T
TTTT
T
TTT
T
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTT
TTTTTT
T
TTTTTT
T
TTTTT
CCCCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCC
CCCCCCCCC
CCC
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCC
C
C
T
T
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTT
T
TTTTTTTTT
T
T
TT
TTT
TTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
C
CC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCC
CCCC
AA
A
AAAAAAA
AAAAA
AA
AAAA
A
AAAAAA
A
AAA
AA
A
A
A
AAAAAA
A
A
A
AAAAAA
A
AA
AAAA
A
A
A
A
AAAA
A
AAAA
00 46526000
TT
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCC
AAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
A
A
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
TTTT
T
TTT
TTT
TTTT
TTT
T
TTTT
TTTTT
TTTTT
T
T
TTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTT
T
TT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TT
T
TTTTTTT
TTTT
TTTTT
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGG
GGGG
G
G
GGGGG
G
T
TTTTT
TTTT
T
TTTT
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
TTT
TTTT
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
TTTTT
TT
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
T
T
T
TT
TTT
C
CC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
AAAAAAAAAA
AAA
A
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGG
GG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGGGG
G
G
CCCCCCCC
C
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CC
C
CCCCCCCCCCC
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCCC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
CCC
CCCCC
C
CCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CC
CCCCC
CT
TT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
D
DD
DDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDA
AAAAAA
AAAAC
CCCCCC
C
CCCCCCC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CCC
C
C
CCCC
C
CCCCC
C
CC
CCC
C
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TT
TT
TT
TT
T
TTTTT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
TT
TTT
TT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTTTTT
T
T
T
T
T
T
C
C
CC
CCCCCC
CCC
C
C
CCCCC
C
CC
CC
C
CCC
CCC
C
CCCCC
C
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
C
C
T
T
TT
TT
TTT
TT
T
T
TTT
T
TTT
T
T
TT
T
TT
TT
T
T
TTTTT
T
T
TT
T
T
T
TT
T
TTT
TT
T
T
TT
TTT
TTT
TTTTTTTTTT
TTTT
C
CC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCCCC
CCC
C
CCCCC
CCCC
AA
A
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAA
A
AAAAAA
A
AAA
AA
A
AAAAAAAA
A
A
AAAAAAA
A
AA
AAAA
A
A
A
AAAAAA
AAAAAA
G
00 46526000
TT
CCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
C
C
C
CCC
CCCCCCCC
CCCC
AAAA
AAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAA
A
AAAAAAAAAAAA
AA
AAAA
AAAAA
A
AAAA
AAA
A
AAAA
AAA
A
A
A
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTTTT
TTTT
TTTTTTTTTTT
TTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTT
T
TTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
G
GGGG
G
GGGGG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGGGGGGG
G
GGGGG
G
T
TTTTTTTTT
TTTTT
T
T
T
TT
TT
T
TTT
TTTTT
T
T
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
T
TTT
TT
T
TT
T
TTTTT
C
CC
C
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
AAAAAAAAAA
AAA
A
G
GGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
G
G
GGGGGGGGGG
GGGG
GGGGG
GG
GGGG
GGG
G
GGGGGG
GGGGG
G
GGGGGGG
G
GGG
GGG
G
GGGG
GGGGG
GG
GGGGGGG
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
GGG
GGG
G
GGGGGG
GGGGGG
G
GGGGG
G
G
G
GGGGGGG
G
G
GGGG
GGGGGG
GGGGGGG
G
GGGGGGGG
G
G
G
G
G
GGGGGGG
GG
G
GGG
GGGGGGGG
G
GG
G
GGGGGGGG
GG
GGGGG
GG
GG
G
GGGGGG
GGG
GGG
GG
G
G
GG
G
G
GGGGGG
GGGG
GG
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00 46526000
1. Determine if
multiple
corrections
“intersect”
2. Expand selection
to entire region
3. Segment using
mean changepoint
Raw Nanopore Data
• Noise level is quite high (hopeful for improvements in base technology)
• Shown above is the same DNA sequence observed 8 times
Toward a Basecaller
Post correction and
normalization distributions
• Clearly some signal exists
before complex machine
learning
• ~13% accuracy achievable by
nearest mean calculations
Toward a Basecaller
• Oxford Nanopore has recently upgraded to a RNN basecaller which
produces reads with ~85% accuracy, thought it is still computationally
intensive
• Larger sequencer (PromethION) produces 12Tb of data in 48 hours (up to
1.44GBps) with current machine requiring ~1kW.
Toward a Basecaller
Current event (base) segmentation is
done using an FPGA t-test and all
computation (RNN) is completed on
the mean and SD of these segments
We are currently working to integrate
basecalling and segmentation directly
from the raw data via an RNN with
potentially vast improvements in
accuracy as well as speed which will
become increasingly important with
throughput improvements. 0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
FPRate
TPRate
−2
−1
0
1
log10FDR
Challenges
• Data Velocity
• Basecaller must be able to keep up with the increasing speed of the data
• Accuracy
• Basecaller must be accurate enough to provide meaningful biological
insight
• Adaptabiltiy
• Would like to be able to interrogate the data in order to assess confidence
as well as possible alterations outside of the given model
Future Directions
• Produce 1D basecalls on par with current algorithms ~70-80%
• Exploring architectures and pre-processing
• Investigate base alterations (methylation, acetylation, etc.) via encoding layers
• Release package to create raw data training sets and provide QC metrics for
raw reads.
Nanopore Sequencing
Thanks!

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Nanopore Sequencing

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Single molecule Long read Publicly available through select community starting April 2014
  2. Single molecule Long read Publicly available through select community starting April 2014
  3. Single molecule Long read Publicly available through select community starting April 2014
  4. Single molecule Long read Publicly available through select community starting April 2014
  5. Single molecule Long read Publicly available through select community starting April 2014
  6. Single molecule Long read New chemistry (R7) showing as low as 26% error rate (for 2D reads) 37% error for 1D reads
  7. Single molecule Long read Publicly available through select community starting April 2014
  8. Single molecule Long read Publicly available through select community starting April 2014