Carbon nanotubes

1. CARBON NANOTUBES
ZELİHA SORAN
BİYOMÜHENDİSLİK,ANKARA
2009

2. CARBON NANOTUBES

3. THE CARBON ELEMENT
 Chemical element with symbol
“C”.
 The name originates from the
Latin word carbo meaning
"charcoal"
 Member of group 14 on the
periodic table.
 Atomic number is 6.
 Relative atomic mass 12.011
 Carbon is found free in nature
in three allotropic forms;
amorphous, graphite and
diamond.
Carbon The basis of all life

4. a) Diamond;
b) Graphite;
c) Lonsdaleite;
d–f) Fullerenes
(C60, C540, C70);
g) Amorphous carbon;
h) Carbon nanotube.
Some allotropes of carbon:

5. CHARACTERISTICS
 Non-metalic and tetravalent(This means
that carbon can fill its outer energy level by
forming 4 single covalent bonds with other
atoms).
 Carbon has the highest melting and
sublimation point of all elements.
 Carbon resists oxidation more effectively
than elements such as iron and copper at
room temperature.

7. WHAT IS CARBON NANOTUBE?
 CNTs; molecular-scale tubes of graphitic
carbon with outstanding properties.
 Member of the fullerene(discovered in 1985)
structural family.
 They have extraordinary properties.
 Because of their properties they are useful in
many applications.
 Tubular carbon structures have essentially
never been found in nature

8. They can be thought of as a sheet of graphite rolled into a cylinder.

9. HİSTORY OF CARBON
NANOTUBE
 Some researchers think of that Radushkevich
and Lukyanovich,who are Russian, observed
first CNT in 1952.
 In 1991, Sumio Iijima, a researcher at the
NEC Laboratory in Japan, observed that
these fibers were hollow. The diameter of a
nanotube is on the order of one nanometer,
many times smaller than the width of a
human hair, but up to several microns long.
 Dr. Sumio Iijima was awarded with the 2007
Balzan Prize for Nanoscience for his
discovery of carbon nanotubes.Sumio Iijima (born May
2,1939) is a Japanese physicist
who discovered carbon
nanotubes.

10. A frequently asked question after the discovery of carbon nanotubes
is "How did you find the carbon nanotube" and my first answer is a
"Serendipity", but this is not really the way things went. My real
answer is "Logic or Rationale". Here I would like to explain the
reason for my answer.The origin of the discovery could be traced
back in the beginning of my research carrier, which started in 1970,
when I was a post-doctoral research fellow in Prof.J. M. Cowley's
group at Arizona State University.We developled a high resolution
electron microscope and its use, and successfully recorded the first
electron micrographs showing individual metal atoms in some oxide
crystals
In June, 1991, I found an extremely thin needle-like
material when examining carbon materials under an
electron microscope. Soon thereafter the material was
proved to have a graphite structure basically, and its
details were disclosed. I named these materials "carbon
nanotubes" since they have a tubular structure of carbon
atom sheets, with a thickness scaled in less than a few
nanometers.
http://nanocarb.meijo-u.ac.jp/jst/Iijima/EIijima.html

11. 1991 Discovery of multi-wall carbon nanotubes
1992 Conductivity of carbon nanotubes
1993 Structural rigidity of carbon nanotubes
Synthesis of single-wall nanotubes
1995 Nanotubes as field emitters
1996 Ropes of single-wall nanotubes
1997 Quantum conductance of carbon nanotubes
Hydrogen storage in nanotubes
1998 ChemicalVapor Deposition synthesis of aligned nanotube
films
Synthesis of nanotube peapods
First carbon nanotube field-effect transistors
Brief History of CNT

12. 2000 Thermal conductivity of nanotubes
Macroscopically aligned nanotubes
2001 Integration of carbon nanotubes for logic circuits
Intrinsic superconductivity of carbon nanotubes
2002 Multi-walled nanotubes as fastest oscillators
2003 Stable fabrication technology of CNT transistors
2004 Carbon nanotube filaments in household light bulbs
Carbon nanotubes used in computer&TV screens
2005 Y-shaped nanotubes are ready-made transistors
Development of an ideal CNT diode
2006 Nanotubes used as a scaffold for damaged nerve
regeneration
Oscillating nanotubes found to detect and identify individual
molecules
Thin nanotube films
2007/ 2008 Various studies have been, especially in tissue
engineering and electronics.

13. Referances:
1. ["Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon", S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991)]
2. ["Are fullerene tubules metallic?", J. W. Mintmire, B. I. Dunlap and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631 (1992)
"New one-dimensional conductors - graphitic microtubules", N. Hamada, S. Sawada and A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992)
"Electronic structure of graphene tubules based on C60", R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus and M. S. Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. B 46, 1804
(1992)]
3. ["Structural Rigidity and Low Frequency Vibrational Modes of Long Carbon Tubules", G. Overney, W. Zhong, and D. Tománek, Z. Phys. D
27, 93 (1993)]
["Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter", S Iijima and T Ichihashi Nature, 363, 603 (1993)
"Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls", D S Bethune, C H Kiang, M S DeVries, G Gorman, R Savoy
and R Beyers, Nature, 363, 605 (1993)]
4. ["Unraveling Nanotubes: Field Emission from an Atomic Wire", A.G. Rinzler, J.H. Hafner, P. Nikolaev, L. Lou, S.G. Kim, D. Tománek, P.
Nordlander, D.T. Colbert, and R.E. Smalley, Science 269, 1550 (1995).]
5. ["Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes", Andreas Thess, Roland Lee, Pavel Nikolaev, Hongjie Dai, Pierre Petit, Jerome Robert,
Chunhui Xu, Young Hee Lee, Seong Gon Kim, Daniel T. Colbert, Gustavo Scuseria, David Tománek, John E. Fischer, and Richard E.
Smalley, Science 273, 483 (1996).]
6. ["Individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as quantum wires", SJ Tans, M H Devoret, H Dai, A Thess, R E Smalley, L J Geerligs and C
Dekker, Nature, 386, 474 (1997).]
["Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes", A C Dillon, K M Jones, T A Bekkendahl, C H Kiang, D S Bethune and M J Heben,
Nature, 386, 377 (1997).]
7. ["Synthesis of large arrays of well-aligned carbon nanotubes on glass", Z F Ren et al., Science, 282, 1105 (1998).]
["Encapsulated C60 in carbon nanotubes", B.W. Smith, M. Monthioux, and D.E. Luzzi, Nature 396, 323 (1998).]
8. ["Unusually High Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes", Savas Berber, Young-Kyun Kwon, and David Tománek, Phys. Rev. Lett.
84, 4613 (2000).]
["Macroscopic Fibers and Ribbons of Oriented Carbon Nanotubes" , Brigitte Vigolo, Alain Pénicaud, Claude Coulon, Cédric Sauder, René
Pailler, Catherine Journet, Patrick Bernier, and Philippe Poulin, Science 290, 1331 (2000).]
9. ["Engineering Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotube Circuits Using Electrical Breakdown", P.C. Collins, M.S. Arnold, and P. Avouris, Science
292, 706 (2001).]
[M. Kociak, A. Yu. Kasumov, S. Guéron, B. Reulet, I. I. Khodos, Yu. B. Gorbatov, V. T. Volkov, L. Vaccarini, and H. Bouchiat , Phys. Rev.
Lett. 86, 2416 (2001).]
10. W. Guo et al., "Energy Dissipation in Gigahertz Oscillators from Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 125501 (2003)
11. Wei JQ et al. (2004), Carbon nanotube filaments in household light bulbs, Applied Physics Letters 84
12. Wei JQ et al. (2004), Carbon nanotube filaments in household light bulbs, Applied Physics Letters 84
13. Knight, Will (15 August 2005). "Y-shaped nanotubes are ready-made transistors", New Scientist Tech. Retrieved on 21 October 2006
14. GE. "GE's Research Program Achieves Major Feat in Nanotechnology". Press release. Retrieved on 22 October 2006.
15. Optic nerve regrown with a nanofibre scaffold" (13 March 2006).
16. Kalaugher, Liz (25 January 2006). "Drying droplets create nanotube films". Retrieved on 21 October 2006.
17. Carbon-nanotube 'strings' may ID single molecules", New Scientist (28 August 2006).

14. PROPERTIES OF NANOTUBES
 Hollow cylinders made of carbon atoms.
Extremely thin and excellent field emitter.
Their diameters are in a range of a few nanometers(about
10,000 times smaller than a human hair).
Their lengths are typically a few micrometers.
Nanotubes, depending on their structure, can be metals or
semiconductors.
Chemically inert.

15. PROPERTIES OF NANOTUBES
 Extremely strong materials.
 Very flexible and very cohesive.
 Very light.
 Very good thermal conductivity.
 Generally they have closed ends.
 Instable( they have a very broad range of physical and
chemical properties that change depending on
diameter, length, chirality or twist).

16. The Structure of CNT
Chemical Bonding of CNT
 All of the bonds make sp2 hybridization similar to graphite.
 Bond angle is 1200.
 The geometry of all atoms are hexagonal and each atom has 3
neighboring atoms.
 Nanotubes naturally align themselves into "ropes" held
together byVan der Waals forces.
 Under high pressure, nanotubes can merge together, trading
some sp² bonds for sp³ bonds, giving the possibility of
producing strong, unlimited-length wires through high-
pressure nanotube linking.

17. Types of Carbon Nanotubes
Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes (SWCNTs)
Multi-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes (MWCNTs)
Figure 2: Schematic of C-SWNT and C-MWNT

18. Types of Carbon Nanotubes

19. SWNT consists of a single layer graphene cylinder.
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
(SWCNTs)
DİAMETER: Average 1,2 nm.

20. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

21. n, m  Chiral vectors (determines chirality
pr twist of the nanotube).
R = na1 + ma2
Blue lines Tube axis
Thin yellow line  Armchair line;
which travels across each hexagon,
separating them into two equal halves.
A  any point on axis which
intersectsone of the carbon atom.
B  a point along the other tube axis
that intersects a carbon atom nearest
to the Armchair line .
Red Arrow (R)  Chiral vector.
http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/ntproperties/

22. The wrapping angle ( ); is formed
between R and the Armchair line.
If R lies along the Armchair line, so;
If = 0° "Armchair" type ;
If =30° "zigzag" type ;
if <<30° "chiral" type.
What this diagram means?
On the before diagram;The vector a1 lies along the "zigzag" line.The other vector a2 has
a different magnitude than a1, but its direction is a reflection of a1 over the Armchair line.
When added together, they equal the chiral vector R.

23. Metallic or Semiconducting?
For a given (n,m) nanotube:
 If n − m is a multiple of 3; the NT is METALLIC;
 Otherwise the NT is SEMİCONDUCTING
 Thus all armchair (n=m) nanotubes are metallic,
and nanotubes (5,0), (6,4), (9,1), etc. are
semiconducting

25. The diameter of CNT;
chiral vectors (n,m)
d = (n2 + m2 + nm)1/2 0.0783 nm

26. Different rolling angles result in different chiralities, or helicities,
of SWNTs. For this reason SWNT has different types:
A "zig-zag" carbon nanotube.
A "chiral" carbon nanotube.
An "armchair" carbon nanotube.

27. b)Zigzag
a) Armchair c) Chiral

28. Multi-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes (MWCNTs)
 Consists of two or more concentric cylindrical
shells of graphene sheets arranged coaxially
around a central hollow with interlayer
separation as in graphite.
SPACE of INTERLAYERS: 0,34 nm.

29. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube

30. Strength&Elasticity of
Carbon Nanotube:
CNTs have been called the
strongest fiber that will be ever
made.
It is 100x stronger than steel, so
carbon nanotubes have the highest
theory strength.
Young’s modulus value of SWNTs
is about 1TeraPascal, but this value
has been disputed, and a value as
high as 1.8Tpa has been reported.
However values can arise with
property differences.
http://www.eastonbike.com/PRODUCTS/TECHNOL
OGY/tech_cnt.html
Properties of CNT

31. MWNTs don’t strongly depend on the diameter and
when it breaks, the outermost layer break first.
According to Bernhole and his team’s research,
pressing of a nanotube will cause it to bend but not
damage.When the force is removed, tube returns to
its original state.
 So; as compared with carbon fibers, carbon
nanotubes are more elastic and stronger. Also it is
stiff as diamond and tensile strength is 200 Gpa.
These properties are ideal for
nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and
composites.

32. Thermal Conductivity
 Ultra-small SWNTs have even been shown to
exhibit superconductivity below 20oK.
 Thermal conductivity ~6000W/mK at room
temperature. (C-C bonds)*.
x Copper: 385W/mK.
 Also x2 of diamond.
 The temperature stability of CNT is estimated:
x 2800 0C in vacuum .
x 75o 0C in air.
* Savas Berber,Young-Kyun Kwon, and DavidTománek ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, andCenter for
Fundamental Materials Research, MichiganState University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1116

33. Electrical Conductivity
 1000 time higher than copper.
 They can be metallic or semiconducting
depending on the diameter and chirality.
 Conductivity in SWNTs are depending on chirality
and diameter.
 Conductivity in MWNTs is quite complex. Some
types of “armchair”-structured CNTs appear to
conduct better than other metallic
CNTs. Furthermore, interwall reactions within
MWNTs have been found to redistribute the
current over individual tubes non-uniformly.

34. Mechanical Properties
S =W/ A
S: stress on the wire
W: weight
A: area
e = L / L
e: strain
L: stretch
L: length
S = Ee
E:The proportionally constant in
Young’s modulus

35. Vibrational Properties
 Similarly carbon nanotubes also have normal
modes of vibration.
Normal modes of vibration: Specific set of
vibrational motions which each molecule has.

36. PROCESSING OF CNTs
 Chemical Vapour Deposition Method(CVD)
 Plasma Enhanced CVD
 Thermal CVD
 Laser Methods
 Laser vapouration
 Carbon Arc Methods
 Arc- Discharge
 Ball Milling
 Other Methods
 Diffusion flame synthesis
 Electrolysis
 Solar energy
 Heat treatment of a polymer
 Low temperature solid prolysis
 Holographic optical tweezers*
* Processing carbon nanotubes with holographic optical tweezers; Joseph Plewa,1 EvanTanner,1 Daniel M.
Mueth,1 and David G. Grier2,2004

37. Chemical Vapour Deposition Method(CVD)
 Most prevalent process.
 This is a method of
making nanoparticulate
from the gas phase.
 Material is heated to form
gas and then allowed to
deposit as a solid on a
surface, usually under
vacuum.
Carbon Nanotube Growth Mechanism

38. CVD:
For processing carbon nanotube;
 Carbon-rich compound is heated to very high temperatures until the material
vaporizes.
 Then when the vapor cools, carbon is deposited directly on a Inconel (a nickel-based
super alloy with good electrical conductivity) substrate in the form of nanotube
arrays.
 This process typically involves reacting a metal catalyst with a hydrocarbon
feedstock at high temperatures (>700 °C) to produce carbon nanotubes which
depending on the reaction conditions can create a wide variety of lengths
(nanometers to millimeters) and widths (1–100 nm)
 As a reason of carbon nanotubes toxicity, a purification step is usually required
before carbon nanotubes can be used for biomedical applications.

39. Plasma Enhanced Chemical
Vapour Deposition
Often used to grow free standing
vertically aligned MWCNT.
approx.400V
MWCNT
With this method it is possible to grow large arrays of aligned and non-
aligned MWNT films.
Dc, rf, microwave,
inductive plasmas
have been used
for this technique

40. Fig.3. SEM sequence of nanotubes
alignment obtained in plasma-CVD
set-up for different growth time
X The average: 15nm.
X Atmospheric pressure at a
temperature of 750°C using 10 time
more hydrogen than acetylene.
In the first 5-8 minutes the nanotubes
have a very high growth rate of approx.
9um/min. Unlike the nanotubes
produced by thermal-CVD which will not
suffer any changes in their structure and
morphology if they are grown for longer
time (t.ex. 3hous), the nanotubes
synthesised by plasma-CVD are affected
by the changing in the chemical
composition of the gaseous mixture in a
plasma atmosphere.

41. Thermal Chemical Vapour
Deposition
Thermal-CVD system consists of
quartz tube furnace which can
operate till 1200 0C.
Main advantages
•The absolute
ability for mass
production of
nanotubes
material
•The controllable
growth of carbon
nanotubes at a
specific location
on a substrate for
incorporation in
electronic device.
SWCNT
MWCNT

42. •Using plasma enhanced-CVD as a production method, Fe catalyzed
nanotubes films are much thinner and theirs length can be better
controlled by time.
•The gaseous mixture and temperature conditions are similar for the
production in thermal-CVD.The only difference is the pressure (7Torr) and
the electric field used for plasma ignition which seems to play an
imporatant role in their excellent alignment.
PLASMA-THERMAL CVD

43. Laser Vapouration Method
•The condensing
vapor of the
heated flow tube is
at 1200 ℃ in
chamber.
•Laser pulse is
used to evaporate
a target containing
carbon mixed with
a small amount of
transition metal
from target.
•The target is
mixed with
catalyst Co/Ni/Fe
instead of pure
graphite.
SWCNT

44. Arc-Discharge
Typically the positive
electrode (anode) has 6 mm
diameter, and negative
electrode (cathode) has 9 mm
diameter.
Typical conditions for
operating a carbon arc for the
synthesis of carbon nanotubes
include the use of carbon rod
electrodes separated by ~1 mm
with a voltage of 20-40 eV
across the electrodes and a dc
electric current of 50-100 A
flowing between the
electrodes.
 After the metal catalyst (Co,
Ni, Fe,Y) fills into the anode
graphite hole, multi-wall
nanotube can synthesis.
The first technique which is used for fabrication
of CNTs by Iijima

45. Ball Milling:
 Small balls are alowed to rotate
around a drum and drop with
gravity force on to a solid
enclosed in the drum.
 Ball milling breaks down the
structure into nanocrystallites.
 Ball millling is the preferred
method of preparing nanometal
oxides.
 The milling process embraces a
complex mixture of fracturing,
grinding, high-speed plastic
deformation, cold welding,
thermal shock, intimate mixing,
etc.
For example, in the case of
nanotubes the ball milling can be
used for;
• Scissors in cutting long
nanotubes/wires to a short length
• Opening of caped nanotubes
• Enhancing functionalization of
nanotubes with small molecules
• Improving hydrogen storage in
nanotubes
• Preparing fine catalyst particles
• Inducing structural
changes/modification by creating
active sites on the surface

46. Purification of CNTs
MAIN IMPURITIES PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES
 Graphite sheets
 Amorphous carbon
 Metal catalyst
 Smaller fullerenes
 Oxidation
 Acid treatment
 Annealing
 Ultrasonication
 Micro filtration
 Electromagnetic radiation
 Cutting
 Functionalisation
 Chromatography techniques.

47. Oxidation
ADVANTAGES:
Good way to remove
carbonaceous impurities.
Good way to clear the
metal surface.
DISADVANTAGES:
The efficiency is highly
depends on a lot of
factors(metal content,
oxidation time,
enviroment, oxidising
agent and temperature).
SWNT is oxidised too.
!The temperature is raised above 600 °C, SWNTs will also oxidise, even
without catalyst; so the temperature and the time should be in good control.

48. Acid Treatment
 It is used to remove the
metal catalyst.
 Before acid treatment,
surface of the metal
must be exposed by
oxidation or sonication.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The damage of SWNT
changes with acid:
Example:
 HNO3  effects metal
catalyst, not SWNT.
 HCl  effects both of
them, but less effect on
SWNT.

49. Annealing
 Purification with high
temperature.
(873 – 1873 K)
At this temperature :
≈ Graphitic
carbon&short
fullerenes pyrolyse.
≈ Also with vacuum, at
1873 K metal melts and
can be removed.
DISADVANTAGES:
High temperature can
damage to SWNT.

50. Ultrasonication
 Ultrasonic vibrations
seperate the particles.
DISADVANTAGES:
The solvent influences
the stability of the
dispersed tubes in the
system(inverse ratio).
In this method the separation of the particles is highly dependable on the surfactant,
solvent and reagent used.

51. Magnetic Purification
ADVANTAGES:
 Laboratory-sized
quantities of SWNTs
can be producted.
 This technique does
not require large
equipment.

52. Micro filtration
 This technique is based on
size separation.
 SWNTs and a small amount
of carbon nanoparticles are
trapped in a filter;
The other nanoparticles are
passing through the filter.
∞ catalyst metal
∞ fullerenes
∞ carbon nanoparticles

53. Electromagnetic radiation
In this technique;
1) The mixtures are exposed to electromagnetic radiation.
2) This induces localized heating in the residual catalyst particles.
3) The localized heating creates breaches in the outer layers.
4) Particles may be removed
under relatively mild conditions
that do not significantly affect the
structural integrity of the NTs.

54. Cutting
Can be by three ways;
1. Chemically
 Fluor
2. Mechanically
 Ball-milling
3. Combination of these
 Ultrasonic vibration
 (vibration -- > mechanical
acid solution -- > chemical)

55. Chromatography
 This technique is mainly used to
separate small quantities of SWNTs into
fractions with small length and diameter
distribution.
 The SWNTs are run over a column with a
porous material, through which the
SWNTs will flow.The columns used are
GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography)
and HPLC-SEC (High Performance
LiquidChromatography - Size Exclusion
Chromatography) columns.
 The number of pores the SWNTs will
flow through, depends on their size. (the
larger molecules will come off first).
 The pore size will control what size
distribution can be separated. However,
a problem is
DISADVANTAGE:
 The SWNTs have to be
either dispersed or
solvated.This can be done
by ultrasonication or
functionalisation with
soluble groups.

56. Dispersion of CNT
Difficult to disperse into liquids, such as;
 Water
Ethanol
Oil
Polymer
Epoxy resin

57.  For accelerate the dispersion effect,
the dispersant are added into the
solution.
 The reagent polyvinylpyrrolidone
(PVP) is a good dispersion agent.
 Or Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate
is a good reagent; but in a research it is
found that the PVP is a better
dispersing reagent.
For overcome this problem;
Ultrasonic Dispersion
 Liquid jet streams
 Micro turbulences

58. http://www.hielscher.com/ultrasonics/nano_03.htm

59. Functionalization
Functionalization: To make nanotubes more easily dispersible
in liquids, it is necessary to physically or chemically attach
certain molecules*, or functional groups, to their smooth
sidewalls without significantly changing the nanotubes’
desirable properties.
 Functionalization methods can create more active bonding
sites on the surface of the nanotubes.
 CNTs can be functionalized by treating with chemical groups.
 Some types of functionalized CNTs are soluble in water and
other highly polar, aqueous solvents.
*The geometrical and electronic structures of open-end fully functionalized single-walled
carbon nanotubes ;Chatchawal Wongchoosuk,Anurak Udomvech andTeerakiat Kerdcharoen,
16 March 2008

60. For biological uses;
 CNTs can be functionalized by attaching
biological molecules, such as lipids, proteins,
biotins, etc. to them.
 Then they can usefully mimic certain biological
functions, such as protein adsorption, bind to
DNA and drug molecules.(also for biosensors).

61. WARNING: When studying carbon
nanotubes by transmission electron
microscopy (TEM);
 Contamination risk is very high..

62. Because of the carbon films commonly used to support
samples often contain fullerene-like structures
• P.J.F. Harris; Department of Chemistry,University of Reading,Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD,UK ; 9 July 2000

63. Contamination
on MWCTs
Fig. 2. (a) Low-magnification phase
contrast image showing the cluster of
carbon tubes and onions as found on a
self-made C-support film; (b) higher
magnification micrograph of one of the
multi-walled nanotubes, with the
channel clearly visible in the centerR.F. Klie a,*, D. Ciuparu b, L. Pfefferle b,Y. Zhu a, 18 March 2004

64. Solution;
Might be;
 to use films with no carbon coating,
 the amorphous carbon films made by
electron beam evaporation

65. APPLICATION OF CNTs
 Electronics
 Field emission and Shielding
 Transistors
 Storage
 Fuel Cells
 Batteries
 Mechanical Machines
 Television
 Computer
 Space Elevators
 Biosensors
 Chemical Sensors
 Medical Diagnosis
 Gene Chips
 Proteomics Arrays
 Catalysis
 Mechanical Reinforcement
 BiomedicalApplications
 Neurobiology
 Controlled Drug Delivery
 GeneTherapy
 Tissue Engineering(bone, muscle
etc)

66. Electronics
 Micro-electronics
 Super capacitors
 Superconductors
 Superconducting using "entirely end-bonded" multi-walled carbon
nanotubes.
 Field emission flat panel displays
 Field Effect transistors and Single electron transistors
 As a result of their semiconducting properties, fabrication of the first
transistor based on a SWCNT.
 Nano electronics
 Electromagnetic shielding

67. Storage
 Noble radioactive gas storage
 Hydrogen Storage
 Fuel cells
 Solar storage
 Data storage
 Batteries
 Flat Panels

68. Fig. 1 Artist’s impression of a nanotube-based field-effect
transistor (from http://med.tn.tudelft.nl/~/tubefet.jpg)
FIELD- EFFECT TRANSISTOR

69. DATA STORAGE
The yellow atoms are fluorine and the
white ones are hydrogen. In the
original diagram fluorine is being used
to represent a binary one, and
hydrogen a zero.
NASA data storage system

70. http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/physics/high_sc
hools/2007/AlternateFuels
HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

71. Mechanical
Machines&Equipment
 Television
 Computer
 Nano tweezers
 Fly wheels
 Nanolithography
 Avionics
http://www.mariosrcmodels.com/nurnburg_2007.htm

72. Composite Materials
 Reinforcement of armor and other materials
 Mechanical Reinforcement of polymer
 Collision-protection materials
 Conducting Composites(as conducting
plastics or ceramic materials)

73. Space Elevators
 Thermal protection of spacecraft is crucial for
atmospheric re-entry and for other tasks
involving high temperatures.
 Carbon nanotube structural
materials can radicallay
reduce structural mass,
miniaturise electronics,
and reduce power
consumption.
 The mechanical properties of
CNTs are useful for SEs.

74. STEPS OF ESTABLISHING SPACE
ELEVATOR

75. BIOMEDİCAL APPLICATIONS
CNTs can be used for various biomedical
applications.
WHY?

76. Because ;
A large part of the human body consists of
carbon. so CNTs are though of biocompatible
materials
Cells grow on CNTs; and there is no toxic
effect.
Cells do not adhere to CNTs.
CNTs can be used coating for prosthetics.
Especially in neurons, it is crucial to conduct
electrical signals and this is possible for CNTs.

77.  If we functionalize the sidewalls of CNT with
chemically modify, it can be used for: vascular
stents, and neuron growth and regeneration.
 It has also been shown that a single strand of
DNA can be bonded to a nanotube, which can
then be successfully inserted into a cell.

78.  Single-walled carbon nanotubes have the greatest
potential for use in cancer research and clinical
oncology.
 Due to their superior cytocompatible, mechanical and
electrical properties, carbon nanotubes/nanofibers
(CNTs/CNFs) are ideal scaffold candidates for bone
tissue engineering applications.*1
 There are several studies on the use of carbon
nanotubes as versatile excipients for drug delivery and
imaging of disease processes have been reported, also
carbon nanotubes may have a place in the
armamentarium for treatment and monitoring of
cancer, infection, and other disease conditions.*2
*1 -L. Zhang, B. Ercan,T.J.Webster, in: C. Liu (Ed.),The Area of ‘Carbon’
- Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: Promises for improved tissue regeneration; Lijie Zhang andThomas J.Webster, 7
November 2008
*2 Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Porter D, Schulte P, KaganVE, Fadeel B, CastranovaV.Mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity and
medical applications of carbon nanotubes:Two faces of Janus? PharmacolTher. 2008 Dec 6.

79.  CNTs are ideal scaffold candidates for bone tissue engineering
applications.*1
 In a recent study by Price et al., 60 nm diameter CNFs
significantly increased osteoblast adhesion and concurrently
decreased competitive cell (fibroblast, smooth muscle cell, etc.)
adhesion in order to stimulate sufficient osseointegration.*2
 Using biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA)/CNT composites as
an example PLA/CNT composite exhibited ideal electrical
conductivity for bone growth.*3
*1:R.L. Price, M.C.Waid, K.M. Haberstroh andT.J. Webster, Biomaterials 24 (2003), p. 1877
*2: L.P. Zanello, B. Zhao, H. Hu and R.C. Haddon, Nano Lett. 6 (2006), p. 562.
*3: P.R. Supronowicz, P.M. Ajayan, K.R. Ullmann, B.P.Arulanandam, D.W. Metzger and R.
Bizios, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 59 (2002), p. 499.
BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING:

80. NERVE GROWTH&REGENERATION
 Due to the fact that carbon nanotubes have excellent electrical conductivity,
strong mechanical properties, and have similar nanoscale dimensions to
neurites, they have been used to guide axon regeneration and improve
neural activity as biomimetic scaffolds at neural tissue injury sites.*1
 Mattson et al. found for the first time that neurons grew on multiwalled
carbon nanotubes.*2
 Emergent applications of nanotechnology to neuroscience include
molecular imaging, drug delivery across the BBB,
scaffolds for neural regeneration and
bioelectrical interfaces.*3
*1 Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: Promises for improved
tissue regeneration; Lijie Zhang andThomas J. Webster, 7 November
2008
*2 M.P. Mattson, R.C. Haddon andA.M. Rao, J. Mol. Neurosci. 14
(2000), p. 175.
*3 Pancrazio JJ.Neural interfaces at the nanoscale. Nanomed. 2008
Dec;3(6):823-30

81. Biosensors
 Development of very specific biosensors, molecules such as
carboxylic acid (COOH), poly m-aminobenzoic sulfonic acid
(PABS), polyimide, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have been used
to functionalize CNTs as have amino acid derivatives,
halogens, and compounds.
 SWNTs have tunable emission from 900 to 1400 nm,and do
not photobleach.*1
 DNA has higher chemical stability and nucleic acid arrays are
proner than protein counterparts for direct synthesis onto a
chip surface; these indicates importance of DNA biosensors
for clinical and other applications.*2
 CNTs can enhance the electroactivity of biomelecules and
promote the electron-transfer reaction of proteins due to their
electrocatalytic capabilities, and these properties make CNTs
efficient materials. *3
*1 Sequential delivery of dexamethasone andVEGF to control local tissue response for carbon nanotube fluorescence based
micro-capillary implantable sensors ;Jaeyun Sung, PaulW. Barone, Hyunjoon Kong and Michael S. Strano, 8 November 2008
*2Trends in DNA biosensors F.R.R.Telesa and L.P. Fonseca, 23 July 2008
*3V.Vamvakaki, M. Fouskaki and N. Chaniotakis, Anal. Lett. 40 (2007), p. 2271.

82. Biosensors

83. Gene Chips

84. APPLICATIONS
Carbon nanotubes
can adsorb small
organic solutes from
biological media.*
Intracellular folate metabolism adapted to
show competitive adsorption on CNTs.
* L. Guo, A.V. Bussche, M. Buechner, A.H.Yan, A.B. Kane and R.H. Hurt, Small 4 (2008), pp. 721–727.

85. Other Studies from Literature
 Chao Zhao’s group has designed SWNTs-driven DNA
nanomachine.The motor DNA is human telomeric G-
quadruplex DNA.This nanomachine can fastly and reversibly
detect human telomeric i-motif DNA formation at pH 7.0.*
*A DNA nanomachine induced by single-
walled carbon nanotubes on gold surface ;
Chao Zhaoa,Yujun Songa, Jinsong Rena and
Xiaogang Qu,4 January 2009

86. Other Studies from Literature
 For an article,There are four areas that carbon nanotubes can be
used in which are relevant for tissue engineering—cell tracking
and labeling, sensing cellular behavior, augmenting cellular
behavior and enhancing tissue matrices.
 In another study, an electrochemical DNA nano-biosensor is
prepared.*2
 In a study; MWCNT yarn and PLGA were used for composite
scaffold. Fibroblast cells were cultured and the MWCNT yarn was
found to support cell growth throughout the culture period, with
fibroblasts attaching to, and proliferating on, the yarn surface.*3
*1 Carbon nanotube applications for tissue engineering ;Benjamin S. Harrison,andAnthony Atala, 28 August 2006.
*2 Electrochemical DNA nano-biosensor for the study of spermidine–DNA interaction ;Ali Mehdinia, S. Habib Kazemi, S.
Zahra Bathaie, Abdolhamid Alizadeh, Mojtaba Shamsipur and Mir Fazlollah Mousavi,3 January 2009
*3Tubular micro-scale multiwalled carbon nanotube-based scaffolds for tissue engineering ;Sharon L. Edwards, Jeffrey S.
Church, Jerome A.Werkmeister and John A.M. Ramshaw, 4 January 2009

87. PRICES
From: http://sesres.com/Nanotubes.asp

88. References
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_carbon_nanotubes
 http://nanocarb.meijo-u.ac.jp/jst/Iijima/EIijima.html
 http://www.pa.msu.edu
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube
 http://www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au/nanotube/
 http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=2036#_Chemical_Vapour
_Deposition
 http://homepages.ed.ac.uk/aa01/tube_mech.html
 http://www.fy.chalmers.se/atom/research/nanotubes/production.xml
 http://nanotube.korea.ac.kr/study_eng_3.html
 http://www.nsti.org/news/item.html?id=50
 http://www.cict.nasa.gov/
 Nanotechnology/ Basic science and emerging technologies; Mick Wilson,
Kamali Kannangara, Michelle Simmons, Burkhard Raguse.
 Nonochemistry; Geoffrey A Ozin&Andre C Arsenault,RSC Publishing.
 Introduction to Nanotechnology; Charles P. Poole Jr., Frank J. Owens.

89. THANK YOU… 