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Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete

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The Happiness Alliance - home of the Happiness Index
The Happiness Alliance - home of the Happiness Index

In 2008, 2010 and 2015, Bhutan measured the happiness and wellbeing of its people. This is the 2010 report.

Gouvernement et associations à but non lucratif
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The 2010 Gross National Happiness Index : Part I The Centre for Bhutan Studies 2011 .
. Part I: 1. GNH concept 2. GNH domains 3. GNH survey 4. 33 indicators 5. Weighting 6. GNH thresholds-sufficiency & happiness 7. GNH Index methodology
Background: Legal code of 1629 “if the government cannot create happiness for its people, then there is no purpose for government to exist.” .
4th King of Bhutan, 1972 “Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product.” .
Constitution of Bhutan 2008 Article 9: “The State shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness.” .
HM Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the 5th King of Bhutan, is committed to GNH. Gross National Happiness (GNH) measures the quality of a country in more holistic way and believes that the beneficial development of human society takes place when material and spiritual development occurs side by side to complement and reinforce each other. .
GNH in Bhutan: profound & rooted “We have now clearly distinguished the ‘happiness’ … in GNH from the fleeting, pleasurable ‘feel good’ moods so often associated with that term. We know that true abiding happiness cannot exist while others suffer, and comes only from serving others, living in harmony with nature, and realizing our innate wisdom and the true and brilliant nature of our own minds.” Prime Minister of Bhutan, 2009 .
. Part I: 1. GNH concept 2. GNH domains 3. GNH survey 4. 33 indicators 5. Weighting 6. GNH thresholds-sufficiency & happiness 7. GNH Index methodology
. GNH has Nine Domains: These appear in the 10th plan and are Measured in the GNH Index.
Nine Domains of GNH 1. Living Standard 2. Health 3. Education 4. Time Use 5. Good Governance 6. Ecological Diversity & Resilience 7. Psychological Well-being 8. Community Vitality 9. Culture Diversity & Resilience .
Domains of GNH Standard Domains • Living Standard • Health • Education • Time Use • Good Governance • Ecological Diversity & Resilience • Psychological Well-being • Community Vitality • Culture Diversity & Resilience .
Domains of GNH • Living Standard • Health • Education Newer Domains • Time Use • Good Governance • Ecological Diversity & Resilience • Psychological Well-being • Community Vitality • Culture Diversity & Resilience .
Domains of GNH • Living Standard • Health • Education • Time Use • Good Governance • Ecological Diversity & Resilience Innovative Domains • Psychological Well-being • Community Vitality • Culture Diversity & Resilience ..
. Part I: 1. GNH concept 2. GNH domains 3. GNH survey 4. 33 indicators 5. GNH thresholds-sufficiency & happiness 6. Weighting 7. GNH Index methodology
GNH Index Survey, 2010 CBS Completed Interviews = 7142 Retained Sample size = 6476 Sample representative of 20 districts, and by rural and urban areas 758 variables, covering all 9 domains of GNH Unusual depth and quality of data Draws on 2006 Pre-Pilot and the 2008 Pilot GNH Survey .
. Part I: 1. GNH concept 2. GNH domains 3. GNH survey 4. 33 indicators 5. Weighting 6. GNH thresholds-sufficiency & happiness 7. GNH Index methodology
33 GNH Indicators were selected for the GNH Index according to: 1) Normative values, official documents 2) Statistical properties 3) Accuracy across time 4) Policy relevance 5) Clarity of interpretation The 33 indicators draw on over 120 questions from the survey. .
. Domain Indicators 1 Psychological wellbeing 4 2 Health 4 3 Time use 2 4 Education 4 5 Cultural diversity and resilience 4 6 Good Governance 4 7 Community vitality 4 8 Ecological diversity and resilience 4 9 Living standards 3 Total 33
. Psychological Wellbeing Life satisfaction • Health • Living standard • Occupation • Relationships • Work-life balance Positive emotions • Calmness • Empathy/ compassion • Forgiveness • Contentment • Generosity Negative emotions • Anger • Fear • Worry • Selfishness • Jealousy Spirituality • Spirituality level • Prayer recitation • Meditation • Considerati on of Karma
Health Mental health: • Able to concentrate • Lost sleep over worry • Playing useful part • Capable of making decisions • Constantly under strain • Difficult to cope with difficulties • Able to enjoy • Able to face problems • Feeling unhappy and depressed • Losing confidence • Thinking of self as a worthless person Number of Healthy days Self reported health status – 10% weight Disability • Long- term disability that restricts activities .
Time UseWORK SLEEP .
Education Literacy Knowledge of: • Local legends and folk stories • Local tshechus and festivals • Constitution • How HIV/AIDS is transmitted Schooling Value : Little justification for • Killing • Stealing • Lying • Creating disharmony among people • Sexual misconduct .
Cultural Diversity and Resilience Cultural participation: • Number of days spent in socio-cultural events in a year Speak native languageArtistic skills • Weaving, Embroidery, Painting, Carpentry, Carving, Sculpture, Casting, Blacksmithing, Bamboo works, Gold/silversmith , Masonry, Leather works, Paper making Driglam Namzha (code of etiquette and conduct) • Importance • Changes in practice .
. Good Governance Political participation * Voting * Attending Zomdue at: • Chiwog level • Gewog level • Thromdue level Government performance • Creating jobs • Reducing gap between rich and poor • Providing education • Improving health services • Fighting corruption • Protecting environment • Preserving cultural and traditions Fundamental rights • Freedom of speech & opinion • To vote • To join political party • To form/join tshogpa • To join public service • Equal value of work • Freedom from discrimination Services • Walking time to nearest health care centre • Waste disposal • Source of water • Quality of drinking water • Access to electricity
Community Vitality Donations (time & money) • Proportion of household income donated • Days of volunteering Family • Family care • Wish you were not part of your family • Argue too much • Feel like a stranger in family • Family are understanding • Family are a real source of comfortCommunity relationship • Sense of belonging • Trust neighbours Safety • Having been a recent victim of crime .
Ecological Diversity and Resilience Ecological Issues • Pollution of rivers and steams • Air pollution • Absence of waste disposal sites • Landslides • Soil erosion • Floods • Littering • Noise pollution Responsibility towards Environment Wildlife Damage (Rural) • Wild animals are a constraint to crops. • Crops have been damaged by wild animals Urbanization issues • Traffic congestion • Absence/inadequa te green spaces • Lack of pedestrian friendly streets • Urban sprawl .
Living Standard Assets • Mobile phone • Fixed phone • Personal computer • Refrigerator • Washing machine • Television • Livestock • Land size (5 acres threshold) Household income per capita Housing • Toilet • Electricity • Quality of roof • Persons per room .
GNH Psychological Wellbeing •Life satisfaction •Positive emotions •Negative emotions •Spirituality Health •Mental health •Self reported health status •Healthy days •Disability Time Use • Work • Sleep Education •Literacy •Schooling •Knowledge •Value Cultural Diversity and Resilience •Speak native Language •Cultural Participation •Artistic Skills •Driglam Namzha Good Governance •Gov’t performance •Fundamental rights •Services •Political Participation Community Vitality •Donations (time & money) •Community relationship •Family •Safety Ecological Diversity and Resilience •Ecological Issues •Responsibility towards environment •Wildlife damage (Rural) •Urbanization issues Living Standards •Assets •Housing •Household per capita income .
. Part I: 1. GNH concept 2. GNH domains 3. GNH survey 4. 33 indicators 5. Weighting 6. GNH thresholds-sufficiency & happiness 7. GNH Index methodology
Weighting:  9 domains are equally weighted  33 indicators, 2-4 per domain  Relatively equal weights among 33  Most reliable have larger weights .
. Domain Indicators Weight Domain Indicators Weight Psychological wellbeing Life satisfaction 33% Good Governance Political participation 40% Positive emotions 17% Services 40% Negative emotions 17% Governance performance 10% Spirituality 33% Fundamental rights 10% Health Self reported health status10% Community vitality Donation (time & money) 30% Healthy days 30% Safety 30% Disability 30% Community relationship 20% Mental health 30% Family 20% Time use Work 50% Ecological diversity Wildlife damage 40% Sleep 50% & resilience Urban issues 40% Education Literacy 30% Responsibility towards environment10% Schooling 30% Ecological issues 10% Knowledge 20% Living Standard Per capita income 33% Value 20% Assets 33% Cultural diversity Zorig chusum skills (Artisan)30% Housing 33% & resilience Cultural participation 30% Speak native language 20% Driglam Namzha (Etiquette20% Weights on the 33 Indicators
. Equal Weights within the indicators in 3 domains Domain Indicators Weight Domain Indicators Weight Psychological wellbeing Life satisfaction 33% Good Governance Political participation 40% Positive emotions 17% Services 40% Negative emotions 17% Governance performance 10% Spirituality 33% Fundamental rights 10% Health Self reported health status10% Community vitality Donation (time & money) 30% Healthy days 30% Safety 30% Disability 30% Community relationship 20% Mental health 30% Family 20% Time use Work 50% Ecological diversity Wildlife damage 40% Sleep 50% & resilience Urban issues 40% Education Literacy 30% Responsibility towards environment10% Schooling 30% Ecological issues 10% Knowledge 20% Living Standard Per capita income 33% Value 20% Assets 33% Cultural diversity Zorig chusum skills (Artisan)30% Housing 33% & resilience Cultural participation 30% Speak native language 20% Driglam Namzha (Etiquette20%
. 5 subjective indicators receive10% weights only (dark blue); others equal. Domain Indicators Weight Domain Indicators Weight Psychological wellbeing Life satisfaction 33% Good Governance Political participation 40% Positive emotions 17% Services 40% Negative emotions 17% Governance performance 10% Spirituality 33% Fundamental rights 10% Health Self reported health status10% Community vitality Donation (time & money) 30% Healthy days 30% Safety 30% Disability 30% Community relationship 20% Mental health 30% Family 20% Time use Work 50% Ecological diversity Wildlife damage 40% Sleep 50% & resilience Urban issues 40% Education Literacy 30% Responsibility towards environment10% Schooling 30% Ecological issues 10% Knowledge 20% Living Standard Per capita income 33% Value 20% Assets 33% Cultural diversity Zorig chusum skills (Artisan)30% Housing 33% & resilience Cultural participation 30% Speak native language 20% Driglam Namzha (Etiquette20%
. In 3 domains, subjective indicators are weighted 20%; objective at 30%. Domain Indicators Weight Domain Indicators Weight Psychological wellbeing Life satisfaction 33% Good Governance Political participation 40% Positive emotions 17% Services 40% Negative emotions 17% Governance performance 10% Spirituality 33% Fundamental rights 10% Health Self reported health status10% Community vitality Donation (time & money) 30% Healthy days 30% Safety 30% Disability 30% Community relationship 20% Mental health 30% Family 20% Time use Work 50% Ecological diversity Wildlife damage 40% Sleep 50% & resilience Urban issues 40% Education Literacy 30% Responsibility towards environmen10% Schooling 30% Ecological issues 10% Knowledge 20% Living Standard Per capita income 33% Value 20% Assets 33% Cultural diversity Zorig chusum skills (Artisan)30% Housing 33% & resilience Cultural participation 30% Speak native language 20% Driglam Namzha (Etiquette20%
. Part I: 1. GNH concept 2. GNH domains 3. GNH survey 4. 33 indicators 5. Weighting 6. GNH thresholds-sufficiency & happiness 7. GNH Index methodology
. How much is enough? The GNH Index uses two kinds of thresholds: 1. Sufficiency thresholds 2. Happiness threshold Sufficiency thresholds: Shows how much a person needs in order to enjoy ‘sufficiency’ – how much is enough, normally, to create a happiness condition. Each of the 33 GNH indicators has a sufficiency threshold.
Sufficiency thresholds were set by:  International standards: Eg. MDGs, ILO, Habitat  National standards: Eg.1.5 x income poverty line  Normative judgments: Eg. Positive emotions  Participatory meetings: Local advisors gave input - e.g. the threshold for land depends upon its quality. Here in Wangdiphodrang 5 acres is enough. .
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Response range Sufficiency Life satisfaction Health How satisfied are you with your health? 5 (Low-worst) To 25 (High satisfaction) 20-25 Standard of living …with your standard of living? Occupation …with your major occupation? Family relationship …with your family relationship? Work life balance …with your work life balance? Spirituality Spirituality How spiritual do you consider yourself? 1 (Not at all)- 4 (Very spiritual) 4 (Very spiritual) Karma Do you consider Karma in the course of your daily life? 1 (Not at all)-4 (Always) 4 (Always) Prayer recitation How often do you recite prayers? 1 (Not at all)- 4 (Regularly) 4 (Regularly) Meditation How often do you meditate? 1 (Not at all)- 4 (Regularly) 3 (Occasionally) or 4 (Regularly) Positive emotions Calmness During the past few weeks, how often do you experience __(Emotion)_? 5 (Low )-20 (High positive emotion score) 15-20 (Positive emotion score) Compassion Forgiveness Contentment Generosity Negative emotions Selfishness During the past few weeks, how often do you experience __(Emotion)_? 5 (Low)-20 (High negative emotion score) 15-20 (Negative emotion score) Jealousy Fear Worry Anger Psychological wellbeing
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Response range (worst-best) Sufficiency threshold Self reported health status Self reported health status In general, would you say your health is… 1 (Very poor)- 5 (Excellent) 4 (Good) or 5 (Excellent) Healthy days Healthy days Number of healthy days in the past 30 days 0 (Worst)-30(Best) Above 26 days Disability Long term disability Do you have any long term disabilities, health/mental problems? 1 (Yes)-2 (No) 2 (No) Activity limitations Does the long-term disability restrict your activities? 1 (All the time)- 5 (Never) 3 (Rarely) or 4 (Never) Mental health 12 item General health questionnaire 12 item General health questionnaire 0-15 (Severe distress)-21-36 (Normal mental wellbeing) 21-36 (Normal mental wellbeing) Health
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Response range Sufficiency Literacy Literacy level Can you read and write in any of the languages? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) SchoolingSchooling What is your highest level of education? 1 (No formal education)-8 (Postgraduate/PHD) 2 (Class VI) Know- ledge Local legend and folk stories How would you rate your knowledge and understanding on local legend and folk stories? 5 (Low knowledge score)-25 (High knowledge score) 19-25 (Knowledge score) Local tshechus How would you rate your knowledge and understanding on local tshechus? Traditional songs How would you rate your knowledge and understanding on traditional songs? The Constitution How would you rate your knowledge and understanding on constitution? HIV/AIDS transmission How would you rate your knowledge on how HIV/AIDS is transmitted? Killing Is killing justifiable? 5 (Low value score)- 15 (High value score) 14-15 (Value score) Stealing Is stealing justifiable? Lying Is lying justifiable? Disharmony Is creating harmony in human relations justifiable? Value Sexual misconduct Is sexual misconduct justifiable? Education
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Response range Sufficiency Language Ability to speak mother tongue How well can you speak your mother tongue now? 1 (Not at all)-4 (Very well) 4 (Quite well) or 5 (Very well) Cultural participation Number of days participated in socio-cultural activities How many days do you spend in a year attending social and cultural acitivities (community festivals or choku of neighbours)? 1 (None)-5 (More than 20 days) 3 (6-12 days) or 4 (13-20 days) or 5 (More than 20 days) Artisan skills Artisan skills Do you have any of the zorig chusum skills? 0 skill (Worst)-13 skills (Best) One skill or more Driglam Namzha (code of etiquette and conduct) Attitude Is Driglam Namzha important? 1 (Not Important)-3(Very Important) 3 (Very Important-2 (Important) Change over time How do you percieve the change in practice and observance of Driglam Namzha during the last few years? 1 (Getting weaker)-3 (Getting stronger) 3 (Getting stronger) Cultural diversity and resilience
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Range Sufficiency Government performance Creating jobs Rate the performance of government in creating jobs? 7 (Low institutional performance score) - 35 (High institutional performance ) - 28-25 (Institutional performance score Reducing gap between rich and poor in reducing gap between rich and poor? Fighting corruption in fighting corruption? Preserving culture and traditions in preserving culture and traditions? Protecting environment in protecting environment? Providing educational needs in providing educational needs? Improving health services n improving health services? Fundamental Rights Freedom of speech Do you feel that you have right to the freedom of speech and opinion? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) Vote have right to vote? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) Join political party have right to join political party of your choice? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) Form tshogpa have right to form tshogpa? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) Equal access to join public service have right to equal access and opportunity to join public service? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) To equal pay for equal work have right to equal pay for work of equal value? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) Free from discrimination have right to the freedom from discrimination? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) Services Access to health care How long does it usually take you to walk to the nearest health care centre? <60 minutes Electricity Do you have electricity? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) Waste disposal How do you dispose your household waste? 1 (Dump on open land)- 7 (Compost) 5 (Municipal garbage pick up) or 6 (Burning) or 7 (Compositing) Access to water What is the main source of water for your household? 1 (River, pond etc.)-8 (Piped in dwelling) 5 (Protected well) or 6 (Public outdoor tap) or 7 (Piped water outside house) or 8 (Piped in dwelling) Good Governance
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Range Sufficiency Services Access to health care How long does it usually take you to walk to the nearest health care centre? <60 minutes Electricity Do you have electricity? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 2 (Yes) Waste disposal How do you dispose your household waste? 1 (Dump on open land)- 7 (Compost) 5 (Municipal garbage pick up) or 6 (Burning) or 7 (Compositing) Access to water What is the main source of water for your household? 1 (River, pond etc.)-8 (Piped in dwelling) 5 (Protected well) or 6 (Public outdoor tap) or 7 (Piped water outside house) or 8 (Piped in dwelling) Quality of water How would you rate the quality of your drinking water 1 (Very Poor)-5 (Very Good) 5 (Very Good) or 4 (Good) Political participa- tion Election Will you vote in the next elections? 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 1 (No) Zomdue participation The frequency of zomdue attendance in the past 12 months At least once Good Governance (cont’d)
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Response range Sufficiency threshold Donation (time & money) Donations In the past 12 months, did you donate money? Amount of donation made in a year More than 10% of annual household income Days volunteer During the past 12 months, how many days did you volunteer? Number of days volunteered National average- More than 17 days Community relationship Sense of belonging How would you describe your sense of belonging to your local community? 1 (Weak)-3 (Very strong) 3 (Very strong) Trust in neighbours How much do you trust your neighbours? 1 (Trust none of them)-4 (Trust most of them) 4 (Trust most of them) Family Family members care about each other Do the members of your family care about each other? 18 (High family index score)-6(Low family Index Score)Wish you were not part of your family Do you wish you were not part of your family? Feel like a stranger in your family Do you feel like a stranger in your family? Enough time to spend with your family Do you get enough time to spend with your family? Lot of understanding in your family Is there a lot of understanding in your family? Family is a real source of comfort to you Do you think family is a real source of comfort to you? 15-18 (Family index score) Safety Victim of crime Have you been a victim of crime in the last 12 months? 1 (Yes)-2 (No) 2 (No) Community vitality
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Response range (worst-best) Sufficiency threshold Ecological issues Pollution of rivers and streams Is ___ISSUE________ an environmental issue of concern in your community? 1 (Major concern)-4 (Not a concern) 4 (Not a concern) or 3 (Minor concern) or 2 (Some concern) in at least 6 ecological issues Air pollution Noise pollution Absence of waste disposal sites Littering Landslides Soil erosion Floods Responsibility towards environment Feelings of responsibility towards environment Do you feel responsible for conserving the natural environment? 1 (Not at all responsible)-4 (Highly responsible) 4 (Highly responsible) Wildlife damage (Rural) Wildlife problems Was wildlife a constraint to your crops during the last year? 1 (Major constraint)-4 (Not a constraint) 1 (Major constraint) & 1 (A lot) or 2 (Some) Crop loss In the past one year, has your crops been damaged by wild animals? 1 (A lot)-4 (Not at all) Urbanization issues Traffic congestion Is ___ISSUE________ an environmental issue of concern in your community? 1 (Major concern)-4 (Not a concern) 4 (Not a concern) or 3 (Minor concern) or 2 (Some concern) in at least 3 urbanization issues Absence/inadequate green spaces Lack of pedestrian friendly streets Urban sprawl Ecological diversity and resilience
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Response range (worst-best) Sufficiency threshold Assets Mobile telephone Do you own a _______Equipment____ 1 (No)-2 (Yes) 3 electrical equipment or 5 livestock or 5 acres of land Fixed line telephone Personal computer Refrigerator Colour Television Washing machine Land How many acres of land does your household own? Number of acres Livestock How many livestock does your household own? Number of livestock Housing Type of toilet used What kind of toilet facility does your household use? 1 (No toilet facility, open spaces)-5 (Flush toilet) 5 (Flush toilets) or 4 (Pit latrine with septic tank) Roof material What type of roof material is mainly used for your dwelling? 1 (Slate/Bamboo/ Straw/Wood/Mud)- 2 (Concrete/Brick/Stone /CGI/Metal) 2 (Concrete/Brick/Ston e or CGI/ Metal) Room ratio How many rooms are there in the dwelling (exclude bath/toilet)? Number of persons per room 2 persons per room or less Household per capita income Household incomeWhat was the total cash income for your household during the past 12 months? Household income in Ngultrums 1.5* poverty line Living standards
. Indicator Sub-indicator Question Response range (worst-best) Sufficiency threshold Work Hours of work 480 mins Sleep Hours of sleep 480 mins Time Use
. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Value Safety Speaknativelanguage Family Disability Mentalhealth Urbanizationissues Responsibilitytowards… Lifesatisfaction Governmentperformance Healthydays Assets Selfreportedhealthstatus Ecologicalissues Sleep Negativeemotions Communityrelationship Fundamentalrights Artisanskills DriglamNamzha Positiveemotions Wildlifedamage(Rural) Politicalparticipation Householdpercapitaincome Spirituality Literacy Percentage of people enjoying sufficiency Most Bhutanese enjoy sufficiency in value, safety, native language, family, mental health, urbanization issues, responsibility towards environment, satisfaction in life, government performance, healthy days and assets
. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Value Safety Speaknativelanguage Family Disability Mentalhealth Urbanizationissues Responsibilitytowards… Lifesatisfaction Governmentperformance Healthydays Assets Selfreportedhealthstatus Ecologicalissues Sleep Negativeemotions Communityrelationship Fundamentalrights Artisanskills DriglamNamzha Positiveemotions Wildlifedamage(Rural) Politicalparticipation Householdpercapitaincome Spirituality Literacy Percentage of people enjoying sufficiency 50-60% of Bhutanese enjoy sufficiency in ecological issues, negative emotions, community relationship, Artisan skills, Driglam Namzha etc.
. Mentalhealth Urbanizationissues Responsibilitytowards… Lifesatisfaction Governmentperformance Healthydays Assets Selfreportedhealthstatus Ecologicalissues Sleep Negativeemotions Communityrelationship Fundamentalrights Artisanskills DriglamNamzha Positiveemotions Wildlifedamage(Rural) Politicalparticipation Householdpercapitaincome Spirituality Literacy Housing Donations(time&money) Work Services Schooling Culturalparticipation Knowledge Percentage of people enjoying sufficiency Less than 50% of Bhutanese enjoy sufficiency in literacy, housing, donations, work, services, schooling, cultural participation and knowledge
. Who is considered Happy? The GNH Index uses two kinds of thresholds: 1. Sufficiency thresholds 2. Happiness threshold Happiness Threshold= 66% of domains A person who enjoys sufficiency in more than six or more of the 9 domains is considered happy.
Happiness threshold of 6 or more (66%) of the 9 domains were set based on:  Diversity: Some indicators do not have universal application. Eg. Political participation under Good Governance is not relevant to monks and nuns.  Measurement error: some responses might not be fully accurate, whether it be about household income or about their values  Freedom of choice: Many people seem fully happy without sufficiency in all indicators. They might not value other indicators. Their happiness might not be increased by requiring sufficiency in all. They have enough. .
. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% Value Safety Family Disability Mentalhealth Lifesatisfaction Speaknativelanguage Responsibilitytowards… Healthydays Urbanizationissues Selfreportedhealthstatus Assets Governmentperformance Negativeemotions Wildlifedamage(Rural) Sleep Householdpercapita… Positiveemotions Ecologicalissues Artisanskills Literacy Fundamentalrights Communityrelationship Spirituality Housing Work Applying Both Thresholds 39% of Bhutanese are happy in this indicator means 39% fulfi the conditions of both thresholds ; 1) sufficiency threshold of value indicator and 2) the overall happiness threshold of 6 of the 9 domains
A person is ‘happy’ if he/she achieves sufficiency in 6 or more of the 9 domains Dorji Sufficiency in 7 domains, so he is considered happy Tashi Sufficiency in 4 domains so she is considered unhappy .
A person is ‘happy’ if he/she achieves sufficiency in 6 or more of the 9 domains How many hit the target? .
How can another know? Happiness is deeply personal. Any measure is imperfect. It can only suggest. Yet… .
40.8% of Bhutanese enjoy sufficiency in six or more domains at the same time. According to the GNH Index, they are ‘happy’. .
. Part I: 1. GNH concept 2. GNH domains 3. GNH survey 4. 33 indicators 5. GNH thresholds-sufficiency & happiness 6. Weighting 7. GNH Index methodology
. GNH Index Methodology The GNH Index is related to: 1. Headcount ratio: Percent of people who are happy 2. Breadth: The percentage of domains in which people who are not-yet-happy enjoy sufficiency
. The 2010 GNH Index, like the 2008 Index, is based on the Alkire & Foster (2007, 2011) methodology. In this methodology we: 1. Choose indicators 2. Apply sufficiency thresholds (who has enough)? 3. Apply weights for each indicator 4. Apply the happiness threshold 5. Identify two groups: 1. Happy people 2. Not-yet happy people (policy priority)
. • The first thing we do is apply sufficiency thresholds to each of the 33 indicators. • For simplicity, here we present as if we had nine indicators, one per domain, equally weighted. • We start with each person, one by one, and create their GNH profile. • The tall coloured bar indicates that a person has achieved sufficiency in that domain • The flat dark bar means that they lack sufficiency.
. • The first thing we do is apply sufficiency thresholds to each of the 33 indicators. • For simplicity, here we present as if we had nine indicators, one per domain, equally weighted. • We start with each person, one by one, and create their GNH profile. • The tall coloured bar indicates that a person has achieved sufficiency in that domain • The flat dark bar means that they lack sufficiency.
. • The first thing we do is apply sufficiency thresholds to each of the 33 indicators. • For simplicity, here we present as if we had nine indicators, one per domain, equally weighted. • We start with each person, one by one, and create their GNH profile. • The tall coloured bar indicates that a person has achieved sufficiency in that domain • The flat dark bar means that they lack sufficiency.
. Sample GNH profiles
. Sample GNH profiles
. Next: Count domains (%) Jampel has sufficiency in 3 of 9 domains (orange). That is, 33%.
. Next: who is happy? A person who has 6 or more domains is happy
. What % of people are happy And what % are not-yet-happy? Happy people Here 5 out of 7 people are not yet happy – 5/7 = 71%. 2 out of 7 people are happy – 2/7 = 29%
. GNH Index Methodology Almost there. Now, to compute the GNH Index, we only need to know one more thing: 6. Among the Not-yet-Happy people, what percentage of domains do they lack sufficiency?
. Last step: among the not yet happy… In what percent of dimensions do they lack sufficiency?
. Last step: among the not yet happy… In what percent of dimensions do they lack sufficiency? Have sufficiency in 46% Lack sufficiency in 54%
. The percentage of Happy people we call Hh This is 29% in the example The percentage of not-yet-happy people Hn This is 71% in the example The percentage of domains in which not-yet- happy people lack sufficiency we call An This is 54% in the example
. Why does the GNH Index use shortfalls? So the GNH Index changes when the percent of happy people increases or when not-yet-happy people have sufficiency in more domains. (This makes it useful for policy)
. GNH Index: Formulae The GNH Index Formulae is: 𝑮𝑵𝑯 = 𝟏 − 𝑯 𝒏 × 𝑨 𝒏 Where 𝑯 𝒏 = percent of not-yet-happypeople = 1-𝑯 𝒉 or (100% - % happy people) 𝑨 𝒏= percentage of domains in which not-yet-happy people lack sufficiency
. Now that we’ve computed it, the GNH can be unpacked in different ways, to tell different stories. The GNH Index can be decomposed by subgroups like Dzonkhags, age groups, gender, or some occupations. It can also be analysed by each dimension & indicator.
. GNH Index: Formulae The GNH Index Formulae is: 𝑮𝑵𝑯 = 𝟏 − 𝑯 𝒏 × 𝑨 𝒏 So in Bhutan 2010, the Real GNH Index is GNH = 1-(.591 x .434) = 0.743
. Hence, GNH Index is used: To Understand Happiness: How many people are happy? How are they happy? To Increase Happiness Who is not yet happy? What do they lack?
. How do we increase GNH? 1) Increase the % of happy people (Reduce the % of unhappy) OR 2) Increase the % of domains in which not-yet-happy people enjoy sufficiency. (Reduce the insufficiencies of the unhappy).
. GNH Index: Incentives The 2010 GNH Index, like the 2008 Index, is based on the Alkire & Foster methodology. It provides an incentive ~to sustain GNH among the happy and ~to care for those who are not-yet-happy … so they enjoy sufficiency in more domains … and so they become happy.
The 2010 Gross National Happiness Index : Part I The Centre for Bhutan Studies 2011 .
The 2010 Gross National Happiness Index : Part II The Centre for Bhutan Studies 2011 .
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
A person who has achieved sufficiency in at least 6 of the 9 domains of GNH is classified as “HAPPY”
How is happiness measured? 33 indicators: Sufficiency thresholds Nine domains: Happiness threshold GNH Index: 0.743
40.8% of Bhutanese are classified happy after applying sufficiency and happy threshold. The value for GNH Index 2010 is 0.743 .
. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% National Poverty line 2007 Multidimensional Poverty Index 2010 Gross National Happiness Index 2010 77% 74% 41% Proportion of people non-deprived/happy Indicator: Consumption per capita Domains: Health, Education and Living Standards Domains: Psychological wellbeing, Health, Time use, Culture, Ecology, Community vitality, Good Governance and Living standards
14% 12% 12% 12%11% 10% 10% 9% 9% Health Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Community vitality Living standards Time use Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Education Domain percentage contribution to GNH index In which domains do happy people enjoy sufficiency?
14% 12% 12% 12%11% 10% 10% 9% 9% Health Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Community vitality Living standards Time use Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Education Domain percentage contribution to GNH index In which domains do happy people enjoy sufficiency? Observation 1: All nine dimensions contribute to GNH. Happy people live relatively balanced lives. No dimension is unimportant
14% 12% 12% 12%11% 10% 10% 9% 9% Health Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Community vitality Living standards Time use Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Education Domain percentage contribution to GNH index Biggest contributions Observation 2: Good Health (14%) Community (12%) Ecology (12%), and Psychological well- being (12%) Contribute the most to GNH in 2010.
14% 12% 12% 12% 11% 10% 10% 9% 9% Health Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Community vitality Living standards Time use Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Domain percentage contribution to GNH index Biggest contributions Observation 2: Good Health (14%) Community (12%) Ecology (12%), and Psychological well-being (12%) Contribute the most to GNH in 2010. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Disability Mental health Healthy days Self reported health status 89% 86% 76% 74% Percentage of people enjoying sufficiency in indicators of Health • 89% of Bhutanese either do not suffer from long term disability or those who are disable ones are not restricted from doing their daily activities • 86% of Bhutanese have normal mental wellbeing • 76% of Bhutanese have sufficient number of healthy days • 74% of Bhutanese have rated their health as either “good” or “very good”
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Disability Mental health Healthy days Self reported health status 89% 86% 76% 74% Percentage of people enjoying sufficiency in Health • 89% of Bhutanese either do not suffer from long term disability or those who are disable ones are not restricted from doing their daily activities • 86% of Bhutanese have normal mental wellbeing • 76% of Bhutanese have sufficient number of health days • 74% of Bhutanese have rated their health as either “good” or “very good” 32% 34% 36% 38% 40% Disability Mental health Healthy days Self reported health status 39% 39% 36% 35% Percentage of people enjoying sufficiency and are happy in indicators of Health • Of the Bhutanese who achieved sufficiency levels in disability, 39% are happy (fulfill the happiness threshold) • Of the Bhutanese who have normal mental wellbeing (86), 39% are happy • Of the Bhutanese who have achieved sufficient levels of healthy days, 36% are happy • Of the Bhutanese who have sufficiency in self reported health status , 35% are happy
14% 12% 12% 12%11% 10% 10% 9% 9% Health Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Community vitality Living standards Time use Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Domain percentage contribution to GNH index Biggest contributions Observation 2: Good Health (14%) Community (12%) Ecology (12%), and Psychological well-being (12%) Contribute the most to GNH in 2010. • 96% of Bhutanese have never been victims of crime • 93% of Bhutanese report good family relationship • 76% of Bhutanese report good community relationship • 46% of Bhutanese have sufficiency in donations (time & money) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Donations (time & money) Community relationship Family Safety 46% 63% 93% 96% Percentage of people having sufficiency in indicators of Community vitality
14% 12% 12% 12%11% 10% 10% 9% 9% Health Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Community vitality Living standards Time use Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Domain percentage contribution to GNH index Biggest contributions Observation 2: Good Health (14%) Community (12%) Ecology (12%), and Psychological well-being (12%) Contribute the most to GNH in 2010. • 39% of Bhutanese who report good family relationship are happy • 27% of Bhutanese who have good community relationship are happy • 21% of Bhutanese who have sufficiency in donations (time & money) are also classified happy 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Donations (time & money) Community relationship Family Safety 21% 27% 39% 40% Percentage of people who are happy & have sufficiency in indicators of Community vitality
14% 12% 12% 12%11% 10% 10% 9% 9% Health Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Community vitality Living standards Time use Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Domain percentage contribution to GNH index Biggest contributions Observation 2: Good Health (14%) Community (12%) Ecology (12%), and Psychological well-being (12%) Contribute the most to GNH in 2010. • 83% of Bhutanese have sufficiency in life satisfaction • 65% of Bhutanese report low negative emotions •59% of Bhutanese report high positive emotions • Only 53% of Bhutanese have sufficiency in spirituality 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Spirituality Positive emotions Negative emotions Life satisfaction 53% 59% 65% 83% Percentage of people who have sufficiency in Psychological wellbeing indicators
• 83% of Bhutanese have sufficiency in life satisfaction • 65% of Bhutanese report low negative emotions •59% of Bhutanese report high positive emotions •53% of Bhutanese have sufficiency in spirituality 0% 50% 100% 53% 59% 65% 83% Percentage of people who have sufficiency in Psychological wellbeing indicators Not at all 1% Somewhat 7% Moderately 40% Very 52% How spiritual do you consider yourself to be? Not at all 2% Rarely 7% Occasionally 34% Regularly 57% Do you consider Karma in the course of your daily life?
• 83% of Bhutanese have sufficiency in life satisfaction • 65% of Bhutanese report low negative emotions •59% of Bhutanese report high positive emotions • 53% of Bhutanese have sufficiency in spirituality 0% 50% 100% 53% 59% 65% 83% Percentage of people who have sufficiency in Psychological wellbeing indicators Not at all 6% Rarely 11% Occasionally 34% Regularly 49% How often do you recite prayers? Not at all 82% Rarely 7% Occasionally 6% Regularly 5% How often do you practice meditation?
14% 12% 12% 12%11% 10% 10% 9% 9% Health Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Community vitality Living standards Time use Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Education Domain percentage contribution to GNH index Lowest contributions Observation 3: Happy Bhutanese did not necessarily have high education (9%). Nor did they score equally high in Good Governance (9%).
. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Value Safety Speaknativelanguage Family Disability Mentalhealth Urbanizationissues Responsibilitytowards… Lifesatisfaction Governmentperformance Healthydays Assets Selfreportedhealthstatus Ecologicalissues Sleep Negativeemotions Communityrelationship Fundamentalrights Artisanskills DriglamNamzha Positiveemotions Wildlifedamage(Rural) Politicalparticipation Householdpercapitaincome Spirituality Literacy Housing Donations(time&money) Work Services Schooling Culturalparticipation Knowledge Percentage of people enjoying sufficiency Bhutanese enjoy highest sufficiency in value, safety, native language, family, mental health, etc.
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% Value Safety Family Disability Mentalhealth Lifesatisfaction Speaknativelanguage Responsibilitytowards… Healthydays Urbanizationissues Selfreportedhealthstatus Assets Governmentperformance Negativeemotions Wildlifedamage(Rural) Sleep Householdpercapitaincome Positiveemotions Ecologicalissues Artisanskills Literacy Fundamentalrights Communityrelationship Spirituality Housing Work DriglamNamzha Politicalparticipation Services Schooling Donations(time&money) Culturalparticipation Knowledge Percentage of people who are happy & have sufficiency The indicators in which happy people still often lack sufficiency were knowledge, participation in festivals, donations, having more than 6 years of schooling, enjoying government services, participating politically, and believing in the practice of Driglam Namzha.
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
0.807 0.795 0.783 0.775 0.773 0.771 0.770 0.770 0.753 0.752 0.737 0.736 0.734 0.732 0.712 0.708 0.698 0.698 0.684 0.655 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 GNH Index by dzongkhag (district)
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 Lower boundary GNH Index Upper boundary Confidence intervals of district level GNH indices
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 Lower boundary GNH Index Upper boundary Confidence intervals of district level GNH indices The GNH Index is relatively equal. There are not many significant differences. A larger sample would give higher definition.
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 Lower boundary GNH Index Upper boundary Confidence intervals of district level GNH indices But we might divide Dzongkhags into roughly 3 groups.
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 Lower boundary GNH Index Upper boundary GNH Index by Dzongkhags Higher GNH Lower GNH Samdrup Jongkhar probably has the lowest GNH Index
GNH index map by district Higher GNH Index Lower GNH Index GNH Index by district GNH Index by district Low GNH Index High GNH Index
Higher GNH Index Lower GNH Index Percentage of happy people by district Lower percentage of happy people Higher percentage of happy people
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 GNH Index Per capita Income (BLSSR 2007) GNH ranks districts differently than per capita income
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 GNH Index Per capita Income (BLSSR 2007) GNH ranks districts differently than per capita income Thimphu is not ranked most highly in GNH.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 GNH Index Per capita Income (BLSSR 2007) GNH ranks districts differently than per capita income Thimphu is not ranked most highly in GNH. Dagana and Zhemgang do much better in GNH than income.
Where do the happy people live? Thimphu and Chukha are home to the highest number of happy people…. And unhappy people! They are big dzongkhags. Next: Samtse & Sarpang Gasa Trongsa Pema Gatshel Lhuntse Haa Tashi Yangste Bumthang Zhemgang Punakha Dagana Tsirang Samdrup Jongkhar Wangdue Phodrang Mongar Tashigang Paro Sarpang Samtse Chukha Thimphu Gasa Trongsa Pema Gatshel Lhuntse Haa Tashi Yangste Bumthang Zhemgang Punakha Dagana Tsirang Samdrup Jongkhar Wangdue Phodrang Mongar Tashigang Paro
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Samdrup… Trongsa Tashi Yangste Lhuntse Tashigang Pema Gatshel Mongar Bumthang Samtse Wangdue… Chukha Zhemgang Punakha Tsirang Gasa Thimphu Haa Dagana Sarpang Paro Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Domain contribution to happiness by Dzongkhag The composition of happiness changes a little across Dzongkhags. Thimphu is better in education & living standards, but worse in community vitality
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Lifesatisfaction Spirituality Positiveemotions Negativeemotions Mentalhealth Disability Selfreportedhealthstatus Healthydays Sleep Work Value Literacy Schooling Knowledge Speaknativelanguage DriglamNamzha Artisanskills Culturalparticipation Governmentperformance Fundamentalrights Politicalparticipation Services Safety Family Communityrelationship Donations(time&money) Urbanizationissues Ecologicalissues Responsibilitytowards… Wildlifedamage(Rural) Assets Householdpercapitaincome Housing Paro Samdrup Jongkhar Percentage of people having sufficiency Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Paro and Samdrup differ most in work time, fundamental rights, services, income, housing and wildlife damage .
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
. 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 Urban National Rural 0.790 0.737 0.726 GNH Index by region
. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Urban National Rural 50% 41% 37% Percentage of happy people 50% of urban dwellers are happy as per GNH criteria
. 0% 5% 10% 15% Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Rural Urban National Percentage contribution of domains to GNH Index Contribution of domains to happiness by region In rural areas, Community vitality, Cultural diversity and Good Governance contribute more to happiness Living standards, Education and Health contribute more to happiness in urban areas
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Lifesatisfaction Negativeemotions Positiveemotions Spirituality Disability Mentalhealth Healthydays Selfreportedhealthstatus Sleep Work Value Literacy Schooling Knowledge Speaknativelanguage Artisanskills DriglamNamzha Culturalparticipation Governmentperformance Services Fundamentalrights Politicalparticipation Safety Family Communityrelationship Donations(time&money) Wildlifedamage(Rural) Responsibilitytowardsenvironment Ecologicalissues Urbanizationissues Householdpercapitaincome Housing Assets Rural UrbanPercentage of Bhutanese having sufficiency by region Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Lifesatisfaction Negativeemotions Positiveemotions Spirituality Disability Mentalhealth Healthydays Selfreportedhealthstatus Sleep Work Value Literacy Schooling Knowledge Speaknativelanguage Artisanskills DriglamNamzha Culturalparticipation Governmentperformance Services Fundamentalrights Politicalparticipation Safety Family Communityrelationship Donations(time&money) Wildlifedamage(Rural) Responsibilitytowardsenvironment Ecologicalissues Urbanizationissues Householdpercapitaincome Housing Assets Rural UrbanPercentage of Bhutanese having sufficiency by region Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Urban areas have higher sufficiency in Health, Education, and Living standards.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Lifesatisfaction Negativeemotions Positiveemotions Spirituality Disability Mentalhealth Healthydays Selfreportedhealthstatus Sleep Work Value Literacy Schooling Knowledge Speaknativelanguage Artisanskills DriglamNamzha Culturalparticipation Governmentperformance Services Fundamentalrights Politicalparticipation Safety Family Communityrelationship Donations(time&money) Wildlifedamage(Rural) Responsibilitytowardsenvironment Ecologicalissues Urbanizationissues Householdpercapitaincome Housing Assets Rural UrbanPercentage of Bhutanese having sufficiency by region Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Rural areas have higher sufficiency in Community, Culture, & much of Governance.
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 Female National Male 0.704 0.737 0.783 GNH Index by gender Men are happier than women.
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Female National Male 33% 41% 49% Percentage of happy people
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Male Female Women seem to do better in living standards and ecology. Men and women are about the same in health, time use, governance, and culture.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Lifesatisfaction Positiveemotions Negativeemotions Spirituality Selfreportedhealthstatus Healthydays Disability Mentalhealth Work Sleep Schooling Literacy Value Knowledge Artisanskills Speaknativelanguage Culturalparticipation DriglamNamzha Governmentperformance Fundamentalrights Services Politicalparticipation Donations(time&money) Communityrelationship Family Safety Ecologicalissues Responsibilitytowardsenvironment Wildlifedamage(Rural) Urbanizationissues Assets Householdpercapitaincome Housing Male Female Percentage Bhutanese having sufficiency by sex Psychological wellbeing Health Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 Psychic Happiness level by age group On a scale of zero to 10, I consider myself: 0 (Not a very happy person)------10 (Very happy person)
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 GNH Index Happiness levelPsychic Happiness Age group analysis of GNH Index and Psychic Happiness variable
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 Never married Married Divorced Separated Widowed 0.791 0.747 0.721 0.661 0.625 GNH Index by marital status
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Never married Married Divorced Separated Widowed 50% 42% 36% 27% 19% Percentage of happy people
8% 10% 11% 11% 12% 11% 12% 13% 11% 12% 11% 9% 8% 8% 6% 12% 11% 10% 11% 8% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Never married Married Divorced Separated Widowed Contribution to happiness by marital status Health Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Time use Psychological wellbeing Education Community vitality Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 GNH Index and percentage of happy people by educational level Percentage of happy people GNH Index
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Contribution of domains to happiness Living standards Ecological diversity and resilience Community vitality Good Governance Cultural diversity and resilience Education Time use Health Psychological wellbeing
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Contribution of domains to happiness Living standards Ecological diversity and resilience Community vitality Good Governance Cultural diversity and resilience Education Time use Health Psychological wellbeing As education increases, contribution of living standards & education to happiness increases; governance and culture decrease
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 GNH Index and percentage of happy people by occupational status Percentage of happy people GNH Index
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Contribution of domains to happiness Living standards Ecological diversity and resilience Community vitality Good Governance Cultural diversity and resilience Education Time use Health Psychological wellbeing
Part II: Understanding Happiness 1. National happiness 2. Happiness by Dzongkhag 3. Happiness by region 4. Happiness by gender 5. Happiness by age group 6. Happiness by marital status 7. Happiness by educational level 8. Happiness by occupational group 9. People’s Stories
Who is Happy? Some real people (minor details have been changed)
One happy person in the GNH survey was a married woman aged 35 living in rural Haa. She is a housewife who has completed primary school. Again, she achieved sufficiency in over 90% of the domains. She said she still suffered from selfishness and jealousy, and did not donate very much time/money. She was concerned about littering and the absence of good waste disposal, as well as floods, and did not know any zorig chosum skill.
When asked what contributed most to her happiness she said: • Having sufficient income • Being in good relation with the husband • When everyone is in good health.
Another happy person in the GNH survey was a young man aged 22 who lived in rural Sarpang and was never married. He is a farmer who finished primary school. His only deprivations were that wildlife damaged his crops, and that he did not know about his political rights.
When asked what contributed most to happiness he said: • A peaceful environment • Enough money • No suffering • Good health • Good relations with my friends.
Another happy person in the GNH survey was a widowed gomchen aged 70 living in rural Thimphu. He had no formal education, and was deprived in education, housing, sleep and did not participate politically. He observed that getting good agricultural products from the land contributes to happiness.
Another happy person in the GNH survey was a married woman farmer aged 44 living in rural Tongsa. She was illiterate, and was deprived from wildlife damage to her crops, and thought she never felt forgiveness among the positive emotions – yet was happy. She mused that she felt happy when she was able to do her household work, when she was harvesting potatoes, and as she wove.
Another happy person in the GNH survey was a married shopkeeper aged 37 living in urban Bumthang. He has finished 10th class, and meditates and prays regularly. He enjoys sufficiency in nearly every indicator. But he did mention that at the moment he only rarely experiences calmness and contentment. He also lacked some knowledge and did not think Driglam Namzha was terribly important.
Another happy person in the GNH survey was a married corporate employee aged 35 living in urban Chukha. He has completed 10th class, and has achieved sufficiency in nearly all indicators. He was a bit sleep deprived, and did not feel a deep sense of belonging to his community, but was overall very satisfied with his life.
When asked what contributed most to happiness he said: • To be healthy • To meet basic needs • To have peace in the family • To be religious
Our final happy person in the GNH survey is an unmarried young woman aged 26 living in urban Tashigang. She completed a bachelor’s degree and is a civil servant living alone. She scores highly across domains, although she misses a sense of belonging. When asked what contributes to her happiness she replied: Love, Family, Friends, Education, and Enough money.
The 2010 Gross National Happiness Index : Part II The Centre for Bhutan Studies 2011 .
The 2010 Gross National Happiness Index : Part III The Centre for Bhutan Studies 2011
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
The GNH Index is formulated to provide an incentive to Increase Happiness. Civil servants, business leaders, and citizens of Bhutan may ask, ‘how can I help to increase GNH?’ The GNH Index can help them answer this question in practical ways.
Increasing GNH “Our nation’s Vision can only be fulfilled if the scope of our dreams and aspirations are matched by the reality of our commitment to nurturing our future citizens.” HM Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the 5th King of Bhutan
Increasing GNH To Increase happiness, we need to ask a new set of questions. We have to identify people who are not yet happy. And we have to ask, where do they lack sufficiency? What must more be done? This analysis is of direct relevance for policy.
National GNH Index: .743 using the happiness threshold of 66%
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 GNH Index by income group (Household per capita income) GNH Index increases with income per capita • Bhutan still has a significant share of people not able to meet basic physical needs • some relationship is organic, because income is an indicator measured in the GNH Index and is also correlated with assets, housing, and education.
59% of Bhutanese do not fulfil the threshold of being happy in 6 or more than 6 domains. According to the GNH Index, they are ‘not-yet-happy’. National headcount ratio:
Of course, happiness is deeply personal. Some of these people may regard themselves as fully flourishing. That is why we need to discuss GNH widely in Bhutan.
Of the Bhutanese who are unhappy, on average they have insufficiency in 43% of the domains (roughly equal to 4 domains) National Breadth (Lack of sufficiency):
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% National Poverty line 2007 Multidimensional Poverty Index 2010 Gross National Happiness Index 2010 23% 26% 59% Proportion of people deprived/unhappy . Indicator: Consumption per capita Indicator: Health, Education and Living Standards Indicator: Psychological wellbeing, Health, Time use, Culture, Ecology, Community vitality, Good Governance and Living standards 1,66,124 1,46,956 3,76,975
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Lifesatisfaction Positiveemotions Negativeemotions Spirituality Selfreportedhealth… Healthydays Disability Mentalhealth Work Sleep Schooling Literacy Value Knowledge Artisanskills Speaknativelanguage Culturalparticipation DriglamNamzha Government… Fundamentalrights Services Politicalparticipation Donations(time&… Community… Family Safety Ecologicalissues Responsibility… Wildlifedamage(Rural) Urbanizationissues Assets Householdpercapita… Housing % insufficiency amongst the unhappy % insufficiency amongst the happy First, a birds eye view of happy vs unhappy people. How do their achievements vary? When the blue bars are higher, it means that insufficiency is higher among unhappy people. For example, insufficiency in Life satisfaction is much higher among the unhappy.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Lifesatisfaction Positiveemotions Negativeemotions Spirituality Selfreportedhealth… Healthydays Disability Mentalhealth Work Sleep Schooling Literacy Value Knowledge Artisanskills Speaknativelanguage Culturalparticipation DriglamNamzha Government… Fundamentalrights Services Politicalparticipation Donations(time&… Community… Family Safety Ecologicalissues Responsibility… Wildlifedamage(Rural) Urbanizationissues Assets Householdpercapita… Housing % insufficiency amongst the unhappy % insufficiency amongst the happy Across all indicators we see that there is no indicator in which orange bars are higher than blue – none in which ‘happy’ people have less sufficiency than unhappy. But some are relatively close; others very different. Let’s look further.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Lifesatisfaction Positiveemotions Negativeemotions Spirituality Selfreportedhealthstatus Healthydays Disability Mentalhealth Work Sleep Schooling Literacy Value Knowledge Artisanskills Speaknativelanguage Culturalparticipation DriglamNamzha Governmentperformance Fundamentalrights Services Politicalparticipation Donations(time&money) Communityrelationship Family % insufficiency amongst the unhappy % insufficiency amongst Looking at psychological well-being, health, and time, we see that the ‘unhappy’ always have higher insufficiency. The groups are closest in sleep. Psychological Health Time Use well-being
Schooling Literacy Value Knowledge Artisanskills Speaknativelanguage Culturalparticipation DriglamNamzha Governmentperformance Fundamentalrights Services Politicalparticipation Donations(time&money) Communityrelationship Family Safety Ecologicalissues Responsibilitytowards… Wildlifedamage(Rural) Urbanizationissues Assets Householdpercapitaincome Housing e unhappy % insufficiency amongst the happy Education Culture Governance In education, culture, and governance, the groups are least different in of Value, Language, Driglam Namzha, and Political participation. Both have highest deprivations in education.
DriglamNamzha Governmentperformance Fundamentalrights Services Politicalparticipation Donations(time&money) Communityrelationship Family Safety Ecologicalissues Responsibilitytowards… Wildlifedamage(Rural) Urbanizationissues Assets Householdpercapitaincome Housing % insufficiency amongst the happy Community Ecology Living Standard In community, ecology, and living standard, the strong differences are in wildlife damage and in living standard. Happy people’s insufficiencies in community and ecology are otherwise rather close and in urbanization, almost equal.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Lifesatisfaction Positiveemotions Negativeemotions Spirituality Selfreportedhealth… Healthydays Disability Mentalhealth Work Sleep Schooling Literacy Value Knowledge Artisanskills Speaknativelanguage Culturalparticipation DriglamNamzha Government… Fundamentalrights Services Politicalparticipation Donations(time&… Community… Family Safety Ecologicalissues Responsibility… Wildlifedamage(Rural) Urbanizationissues Assets Householdpercapita… Housing % insufficiency amongst the unhappy % insufficiency amongst the happy Next we analyse the blue bars – the insufficiencies of unhappy people – and ask, how can we reduce them?
Education 16% Living standards 14% Time use 14% Good Governance 13% Cultural diversity and resilience 11% Psychological wellbeing 11% Ecological diversity and resilience 8% Community vitality 7% Health 6% Percentage contribution to unhappiness Education is the highest contributor to unhappiness Health is the lowest contributor to unhappiness followed by community vitality
Education 16% Living standards 14% Time use 14% Good Governan ce 13% Cultural diversity and resilience 11% Psycholog ical wellbeing 11% Ecological diversity and resilience 8% Communi ty vitality 7% Health 6% Domain contribution to unhappiness 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 0.2% 4.2% 4.8% 6.2% Knowledge Schooling Literacy Value Contribution of Education indicators to unhappiness 0% 20% 40% 60% Value Literacy Schooling Knowledge 2% 39% 45% 58% Percentage of people who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Assets Household per capita income Housing 19% 35% 39% -1.0% 4.0% 9.0% 14.0% 2.8% 5.1% 5.7% Housing Household per capita income Assets Education 16% Living standards 14% Time use 14% Good Governan ce 13% Cultural diversity and resilience 11% Psycholog ical wellbeing 11% Ecological diversity and resilience 8% Communi ty vitality 7% Health 6% Domain contribution to unhappiness Contribution of Living standard indicators to unhappiness Percentage of people who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency
Contribution of Time use indicators to unhappiness Contribution of Good Governance indicators to unhappiness 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 00% 4.8% 8.7% Work Sleep 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 0.6% 1.1% 4.6% 7.2% Services Political participation Fundamental rights Government performance 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Sleep Work 22% 40% Percentage of people who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency 21% 38% 43% 59%
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 0.3% 2.1% 3.3% 5.6% Cultural participation Artisan skills Driglam Namzha Speak native language 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 1.8% 2.1% 2.2% 4.9% Spirituality Life satisfaction Positive emotions Negative emotions Cultural diversity and resilience indicators to unhappiness Psychological wellbeing indicators to unhappiness 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 3% 24% 25% 43% Percentage of people who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Life satisfaction Negative emotions Positive emotions Spirituality 15% 25% 29% 34%
Community vitality indicators to unhappiness Ecological diversity and resilience indicators to unhappiness Percentage of people who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 0.4% 2.1% 4.5% Donations (time & money) Community relationship Family Safety 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 0.5% 0.8% 1.5% 5.5% Wildlife damage (Rural) Urbanization issues Ecological issues Responsibility towards environment 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 3% 6% 24% 34% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Urbanization issues Responsibility towards environment Ecological issues Wildlife damage (Rural) 9% 11% 19% 32%
0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 0.9% 1.2% 1.6% 2.4% Healthy days Mental health Disability Self reported health status Contribution of Health indicators to unhappinessEducation 16% Living standards 14% Time use 14% Good Governan ce 13% Cultural diversity and resilience 11% Psycholog ical wellbeing 11% Ecological diversity and resilience 8% Communi ty vitality 7% Health 6% Domain contribution to unhappiness Percentage of people who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% Disability Mental health Healthy days Self reported health status 9% 12% 18% 20%
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% Spirituality Positiveemotions Negativeemotions Lifesatisfaction Selfreportedhealthstatus Healthydays Mentalhealth Disability Sleep Work Knowledge Schooling Literacy Value Culturalparticipation DriglamNamzha Artisanskills Speaknativelanguage Services Politicalparticipation Fundamentalrights Governmentperformance Donations(time&money) Communityrelationship Family Safety Wildlifedamage(Rural) Ecologicalissues Responsibilitytowardsenvironment Urbanizationissues Housing Householdpercapitaincome Assets Total percentage of people who lack sufficiency in the indicators – whether they are happy or not yet happy. Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% Total percentage of people who lack sufficiency Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecolog diversi and resilien More than 50% of the Bhutanese are insufficient in 3 of the 4 indicators of Education.
46% 54% Literacy Literate Illterate Schooling No formal education, 65.56 Primary education (VI), 13.75 LS education (VIII), 5.36 MS education (X), 7.50 HS education (till degree 2nd yr), 4.21 Diploma/Cer tificate, 0.69 Bachelors Degree, 2.45 Post Graduate, 0.48
Very poor 37% Poor 28% Average 23% Good 10% Very good 2% Knowledge and understanding in local tshechus and festivals Very poor 32% Poor 25% Average 22% Good 17% Very good 4% Knowledge and understanding in traditional Bhutanese songs Knowledge Very poor 37% Poor 28% Average 23% Good 10% Very good 2% Knowledge of local legends and folk tales
Not at all 5% Just heard of it 21% Some understan ding 43% Good understan ding 31% Knowledge and understanding on transmission of HIV/AIDS Very poor 33% Poor 29% Average 24% Good 12% Very good 2% Knowledge of Constitution Knowledge (contd.)
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% Total percentage of people who lack sufficiency Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecolog diversi and resilien More than 40% of the Bhutanese are insufficient in 2 of the 4 indicators of Good Governance
Services Others 0% River, pond, lake, streams, rainwater 2% Spring 2% Unprotected well 0%Protect well 1% Public outdoor tap 21% Piped water outside house 49% Piped-in dwelling 25% Source of water Very poor 2% Poor 5% Neither good nor poor 10% Good 45% Very good 38% Quality of drinking water Others 1% Dump on open air 1% Dump in forest 1% Dump in rivers/strea ms 1% Municipal garbage pick-up 15% Burning 55% Composting 26% Waste disposal method
Electricit y 0% No 28% Yes 72% Do you have electricity in your household? More than 60 mins walk to nearest health care centre 37% 60 mins or less than 60 mins walk to nearest health care centre 63% Distance to nearest health care centre
Political participation Yes 93% No 4% Don' know 3% Will you participate in the next general election? Once or more 63% Never 37% In the past 12 months, how many times have you attended zomdues (meetings)?
Fundamental rights No 8% Yes 91% Don't know 1% Do you feel that you have right to freedom of speech and opinion? No 1% Yes 98% Don't know 1% Do you feel you have the right to vote? No 6% Yes 92% Don't know 2% Do you feel you have the right to join political party of your choice? No 12% Yes 83% Don't know 5% Do you feel you have the right to form tshogpa?
No 15% Yes 81% Don't know 4% Do you have right to equal access and apportunity to join public service? No 12% Yes 85% Don't know 3% Do you have right to equal pay for work of equal value? No 12% Yes 86% Don't know 2% Are you free from discrimination based on race, sex, raligion language etc.?
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
Percentage of not-yet-happy people by district Higher percentage of not-yet-happy people Lower percentage of not-yet-happy people
. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Samdrup Jongkhar Trongsa Tashi Yangste Lhuntse Tashigang Pema Gatshel Mongar Samtse Bumthang Wangdue Phodrang Chukha Zhemgang Gasa Thimphu Haa Punakha Tsirang Dagana Sarpang Paro Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Domain contribution to unhappiness
. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Lifesatisfaction Spirituality Negativeemotions Positiveemotions Disability Mentalhealth Selfreportedhealthstatus Healthydays Sleep Work Value Literacy Schooling Knowledge Speaknativelanguage DriglamNamzha Artisanskills Culturalparticipation Governmentperformance Fundamentalrights Politicalparticipation Services Safety Family Communityrelationship Donations(time&money) Ecologicalissues Responsibilitytowards… Urbanizationissues Wildlifedamage(Rural) Householdpercapitaincome Assets Housing Paro Samdrup Jongkhar Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Percentage of Bhutanese who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency in indicators
. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Percentage of not-yet-happy people Population in hundred thousands
Where do the unhappy people live? Thimphu and Chukha are home to the highest number of unhappy people…. Note Chukha and Thimphu also house the highest number of happy people! They are big dzongkhags. Thimphu, 52,910 Chukha, 42,431 Samtse, 36,574 Tashigang, 34,168 Samdrup Jongkhar, 30,450 Mongar, 23,034 Sarpang, 20,231 Wangdue Phodrang, 18,646 Paro, 16,886 Tashi Yangste, 12,124 Zhemgang, 10,544 Lhuntse, 10,432 Tsirang, 9,760 Bumthang, 9,734 Trongsa, 9,567 Dagana, 9,431 Punakha, 9,278 Pema Gatshel, 9,108 Haa, 6,198 Gasa, 1,681 Thimphu Chukha Samtse Tashigang Samdrup Jongkhar Mongar Sarpang Wangdue Phodrang Paro Tashi Yangste Zhemgang Lhuntse Tsirang Bumthang Trongsa Dagana Punakha Pema Gatshel Haa Gasa
Average insufficiencies amongst the not-yet-happy Higher insufficiencies Lower insufficiencies Those living in Samdrup Jongkhar, Lhuentse, Tashi Yangste, and Trongsa experience insufficiency in the most indicators at the same time.
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Percentage of not-yet-happy Average insufficiency 63% 44% 50% 42% Rural Urban More unhappy people in rural areas!
. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Percentage of unhappy people Average insufficiency 67% 43% 55% 41% Rural Urban In Rural areas, not- yet-happy people’s average ‘shortfall’ is about the same as urban shortfall. This is good news. It suggests less disparity in unhappiness by region.
. 6% 7% 11% 6% 6% 5% 8% 8% 8% 11% 11% 14% 11% 11% 12% 13% 13% 16% 13% 14% 15% 15% 14% 7% 16% 15% 12% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Rural National Urban Education Living standards Time use Good Governance Psychological wellbeing Cultural diversity and resilience Ecological diversity and resilience Health Community vitality Contribution of the domains to Unhappiness at the national level, for urban areas and for rural areas
. 6% 7% 11% 6% 6% 5% 8% 8% 8% 11% 11% 14% 11% 11% 12% 13% 13% 16% 13% 14% 15% 15% 14% 7% 16% 15% 12% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Rural National Urban Education Living standards Time use Good Governance Psychological wellbeing Cultural diversity and resilience Ecological diversity and resilience Health Community vitality Contribution of the domains to Unhappiness at the national level, for urban areas and for rural areas Urban Areas have highest insufficiency in Governance, Time use, and Culture.
. 6% 7% 11% 6% 6% 5% 8% 8% 8% 11% 11% 14% 11% 11% 12% 13% 13% 16% 13% 14% 15% 15% 14% 7% 16% 15% 12% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Rural National Urban Education Living standards Time use Good Governance Psychological wellbeing Cultural diversity and resilience Ecological diversity and resilience Health Community vitality Contribution of the domains to Unhappiness at the national level, for urban areas and for rural areas Rural Areas have highest insufficiency in Education and Living Standards.
. Value Literacy Schooling Knowledge Services Fundamental rights Political participation Government performance Percentage of Bhutanese who are not yet happy and lack sufficiency in Education and Good Governance indicators Rural Urban National
. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Safety Family Community relationship Donations (time & money) Speak native language Driglam Namzha Artisan skills Cultural participation Percentage of Bhutanese who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency in Cultural diversity and resilience and Community vitality indicators Rural Urban National
. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Assets Household per capita income Housing Percentage of Bhutanese who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency in Living standards indicators National Rural Urban
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
. 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 Female National Male 0.704 0.737 0.783 GNH Index by gender
. 0.660 0.680 0.700 0.720 0.740 0.760 0.780 0.800 Male Female Lower boundary GNH index Upper boundary Significant tests for GNH indices for gender
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Percentage of not-yet-happy people Average insufficiency 51% 42% 67% 44% Male Female 67% of women are unhappy. About 51% of men are unhappy.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Percentage of unhappy people Average insufficiency 51% 42% 67% 44% Male Female Not-yet-happy people’s average ‘shortfall’ (lack of sufficiency) is the almost same for men and women.
Contribution of the domains to unhappiness by gender The contribution to unhappiness in men and women by the respective domains is similar 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Male Female 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 8% 10% 11% 12% 11% 13% 13% 14% 13% 14% 13% 15% 16% Health Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Psychological wellbeing Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Time use Living standards Education
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Disability Mental health Healthy days Self reported health status Spirituality Positive emotions Negative emotions Life satisfaction Percentage of Bhutanese who are not-yet-happy and lack sufficiency in Health and Psychological wellbeing indicators Male Female National
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
. GNH is highest among those aged 21-25 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 <=20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 >65 GNH Index by age group
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% <=20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 13% 12% 12% 11% 11% 10% 11% 10% 10% 9% 4% 4% 4% 5% 6% 5% 6% 8% 8% 9% 11% 14% 14% 15% 14% 16% 14% 14% 14% 11% 11% 12% 14% 15% 16% 16% 17% 17% 17% 18% 14% 13% 13% 11% 11% 11% 10% 10% 10% 10% 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 6% 6% 6% 7% 13% 11% 12% 13% 14% 14% 15% 14% 15% 15% Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards . Young people are better educated, healthier, and have relatively good living standards. Older people do better in culture, governance, community, and psychological well-being. Domain contribution to unhappiness by age group
41% 36% 37% 37% 35% 34% 30% 29% 28% 27% 27% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% <=20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 >65 Spirituality Positive emotions Negative emotions Percentage of the not-yet-happy in Psychological wellbeing indicators
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% <=20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 >65 Self reported health status Healthy days Disability Mental health Percentage of the not-yet-happy in Health indicators
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% <=20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 >65 Donationa (time & money) Community relationship Family Safety Percentage of the not-yet-happy in Community vitality indicators The not-yet happy still have very high and stable achievements in family and safety – except the very young. Community decreases with age.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% <=20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 >65 Work Sleep Percentage of the not-yet-happy in Community vitality indicators
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
50% 58% 64% 73% 81% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Never married Married Divorced Separated Widowed Percentage of not-yet-happy GNH Index Average insufficiency amongst the not-yet-happy Note: results are illustrative only
Contribution of domains to unhappiness by marital status 12% 11% 11% 10% 10% 5% 6% 7% 9% 9% 12% 14% 13% 11% 11% 11% 16% 16% 16% 18% 15% 11% 9% 11% 9% 15% 13% 14% 13% 13% 9% 7% 8% 8% 6% 9% 8% 8% 9% 8% 11% 14% 14% 14% 15% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Never married Married Divorced Separated Widowed Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards
Contribution of domains to unhappiness by marital status 12% 11% 11% 10% 10% 5% 6% 7% 9% 9% 12% 14% 13% 11% 11% 11% 16% 16% 16% 18% 15% 11% 9% 11% 9% 15% 13% 14% 13% 13% 9% 7% 8% 8% 6% 9% 8% 8% 9% 8% 11% 14% 14% 14% 15% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Never married Married Divorced Separated Widowed Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards The contrast between married, divorced, separated, and widowed is not very big. Widowed and Divorced enjoy a little less culture. Never married to show a different profile of deprivations
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
Note: The survey is not representative by occupational group, and some of the occupational categories are very small. So these results must be understood to be ‘illustrative’but not definitive. Further research would be required to verify their accuracy.
27% 29% 37% 41% 42% 49% 50% 51% 53% 56% 58% 69% 88% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Percentage of not-yet-happy people GNH Index Average insufficiency amongst the not-yet-happy people .
10% 11% 12% 11% 10% 10% 6% 15% 12% 13% 10% 6% 12% 4% 6% 6% 4% 3% 5% 8% 4% 5% 5% 7% 14% 4% 16% 13% 13% 14% 20% 17% 11% 11% 19% 11% 16% 5% 14% 16% 17% 15% 15% 12% 10% 13% 10% 13% 7% 16% 16% 8% 11% 10% 11% 14% 15% 15% 7% 15% 14% 17% 11% 15% 18% 18% 12% 16% 15% 16% 17% 16% 19% 14% 17% 10% 16% 18% 9% 6% 12% 9% 10% 11% 8% 12% 11% 12% 6% 11% 12% 12% 16% 8% 12% 9% 9% 20% 8% 5% 9% 13% 17% 5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% National Work Force Farmer House wife Others RBG/RBA/RBP Corporate employee Gomchen Unemployed Trader/Shopkeepe… School… GYT/DYT member Monk/Anim Civil servants Psychological wellbeing Health Time use Education Cultural diversity and resilience Good Governance Community vitality Ecological diversity and resilience Living standards Contribution of domains to unhappiness by occupational status
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Positive emotions Negative emotions Spirituality Percentage of the not-yet-happy in some of the Psychological wellbeing indicators - monk/anim have lowest insufficiencies.
Part III: Increasing Happiness 1. GNH Index and Policy: concern for Unhappiness 2. Insufficiencies by Dzongkhag 3. Insufficiencies by region 4. Insufficiencies by gender 5. Insufficiencies by age group 6. Insufficiencies by marital status 7. Insufficiencies by occupational group 8. Policy recommendations 9. Sustaining GNH
•Life satisfaction •Positive emotions •Negative emotions •Self reported health •Number of healthy days •Disability •Mental health •Work •Sleep •Responsibility towards environment •Speak native language •Assets •Housing •Family •Household per capita income Individual/House hold effort • Donations •Safety •Community relationship •Cultural participation •Wildlife damage •Driglam Namzha Community effort • Political participation • Services • Government performance • Fundamental rights • Literacy •Schooling •Knowledge •Value •Zorig Chusum skills •Urban issues •Ecological issues Government effort Who can increase GNH?
•Life satisfaction •Positive emotions •Negative emotions •Self reported health •Number of healthy days •Disability •Mental health •Work •Sleep •Responsibility towards environment •Speak native language •Assets •Housing •Family •Household per capita income Individual/House hold effort • Donations •Safety •Community relationship •Cultural participation •Wildlife damage •Driglam Namzha Community effort • Political participation • Services • Government performance • Fundamental rights • Literacy •Schooling •Knowledge •Value •Zorig Chusum skills •Urban issues •Ecological issues Government effort Individuals are linked out
•Life satisfaction •Positive emotions •Negative emotions •Self reported health •Number of healthy days •Disability •Mental health •Work •Sleep •Responsibility towards environment •Speak native language •Assets •Housing •Family •Household per capita income Individual/House hold effort • Donations •Safety •Community relationship •Cultural participation •Wildlife damage •Driglam Namzha Community effort • Political participation • Services • Government performance • Fundamental rights • Literacy •Schooling •Knowledge •Value •Zorig Chusum skills •Urban issues •Ecological issues Government effort Communties affect others
•Life satisfaction •Positive emotions •Negative emotions •Self reported health •Number of healthy days •Disability •Mental health •Work •Sleep •Responsibility towards environment •Speak native language •Assets •Housing •Family •Household per capita income Individual/House hold effort • Donations •Safety •Community relationship •Cultural participation •Wildlife damage •Driglam Namzha Community effort • Political participation • Services • Government performance • Fundamental rights • Literacy •Schooling •Knowledge •Value •Zorig Chusum skills •Urban issues •Ecological issues Government effort And so does government
Government/ Corporation/ Private Community/ Civil society/ Religious Individual/ Household Meaningful work, services, products Meaningful relationships, collective action, models Sharing, relationships, authentic self-direction, shaping own happiness GNH is created when different groups work to do what they do best.
GNH Index highlights- Education  Education is the highest contributor to unhappiness as per GNH Index  Bhutanese have more than 50% insufficiency in 3 of the 4 indicators  The highest insufficiency being in the knowledge indicator. Bhutanese experience low levels of knowledge in cultural & historical aspects of the country & in health and politics.
Proportion having insufficiency in Education indicators Education Schooling (45%) Literacy (52%) Knowledge (93%) Value (3%) • Knowledge comprises of 4-sub indicators which are observed to be relatively low in the country irrespective of any demographic characters •Knowledge of local legends and folk stories •Knowledge of local tshechus • Knowledge of traditional Bhutanese songs • Knowledge of Constitution •Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Weights: Schooling and literacy higher weights
Education is the highest contributor to unhappiness Proportion having insufficiency in Education indicators Education Schooling (45%) Literacy (52%) Knowledge (93%) Value (3%) • • Literacy and schooling are conventional indicators for which policies are already in lined for its advancement Weights: Schooling and literacy higher weights•Knowledge of local legends and folk stories •Knowledge of local tshechus • Knowledge of traditional Bhutanese songs • Knowledge of Constitution •Knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Proportion having insufficiency in Living standard indicators Living standards Household per capita income (47%) Housing (54%) Assets (26%) • •Roofing •Toilet •Overcrowding Gasa 1% Haa 2% Trongsa 2% Bumthang 2% Zhemgang 3% Tsirang 3% Paro 3% Sarpang 4% Lhuntse 4% Punakha 4% Dagana 4% Tashi Yangste 5% Pema Gatshel 5%Wangdue Phodrang 5% Thimphu 6% Samdrup Jongkhar 7% Chukha 7% Mongar 10% Samtse 11% Tashigang 12% Percentage of people who lack sufficiency in housing Weights: all equal
• Proportion having insufficiency in Good Governance indicators Good Governance Government performance (21%) Services (59%) Fundamental rights (38%) Political participation (43%) Gasa 1% Tsirang 2% Dagana 3% Tashi Yangste 3% Tashigang 4% Pema Gatshel 4% Wangdue Phodrang 4% Sarpang 4% Mongar 4% Punakha 4% Bumthang 4% Trongsa 5% Zhemgang 5% Lhuntse 5% Samtse 5% Haa 6% Paro 6% Samdrup Jongkhar 6% Chukha 10% Thimphu 13% Percentage of people who lack sufficiency in political participation Weights: Higher on services & participation
• Proportion having insufficiency in Good Governance indicators Good Governance Government performance (21%) Services (59%) Fundamental rights (38%) Political participation (43%) Gasa 2% Sarpang 3% Thimphu 3% Haa 3% Tashi Yangste 5% Paro 5% Bumthang 5% Punakha 5% Chukha 5% Tashigang 5% Mongar 5%Trongsa 5% Zhemgang 6% Wangdue Phodrang 6% Dagana 6% Tsirang 6% Lhuntse 6% Samtse 6% Samdrup Jongkhar 7% Pema Gatshel 7% Percentage of people who lack sufficiency in services Weights: Higher on services & participation
• Proportion having insufficiency in Good Governance indicators Good Governance Government performance (21%) Services (59%) Fundamental rights (38%) Political participation (43%) Sarpang 1%Gasa 2% Tsirang 2% Haa 4% Punakha 4% Zhemgang 4% Samtse 5% Chukha 5% Dagana 5% Paro 5% Wangdue Phodrang 5% Trongsa 5%Mongar 5% Tashi Yangste 5% Thimphu 6% Tashigang 6% Bumthang 7% Lhuntse 8% Pema Gatshel 8% Samdrup Jongkhar 9% Percentage of people who lack sufficiency in fundamental rights Weights: Higher on services & participation
• Proportion having insufficiency in Cultural diversity and resilience indicators Cultural diversity and resilience Speak native language (5%) Artisan skills (38%) Driglam Namzha (40%) Cultural participation (67%) Gasa 2% Tashigang 3% Tashi Yangste 4% Sarpang 4% Pema Gatshel 4% Trongsa 4% Paro 5% Mongar 5% Lhuntse 5% Tsirang 5%Punakha 5% Zhemgang 5% Samdrup Jongkhar 5% Haa 5% Bumthang 5% Wangdue Phodrang 6% Dagana 6% Thimphu 6% Samtse 7% Chukha 7% Percentage of people who lack sufficiency in cultural participation • Rural 74% Urban 26% Percentage of people who lack sufficiency in cultural participation Weights: Higher on language and participation
• Proportion having insufficiency in Community vitality indicators Community vitality Donations (time & money) (54%) Safety (4%) Community relationship (37%) Family (7%) Gasa 2% Tashigang 4% Dagana 4% Tsirang 4% Sarpang 4% Pema Gatshel 5% Tashi Yangste 5% Bumthang 5% Wangdue Phodrang 5%Zhemgang 5% Haa 5% Lhuntse 5% Trongsa 5% Punakha 5% Mongar 5% Paro 6% Samtse 6% Samdrup Jongkhar 6% Chukha 8% Thimphu 8% Percentage of people who lack sufficiency in donations (time & money) Weights: Higher on donations and safety
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete
Bhutan 2010 Gross National Happiness Index Report Complete

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Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  2. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  3. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  4. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  5. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  6. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  7. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  8. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  9. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain
  10. Hypothetical classification of psychological wellbeing domain