3. Problem Definition
Problem Definition can be defined as a gap or
uncertainty in the decision makers’ existing body of
knowledge which inhibits efficient decision making.
The gap could be academic & theoretical (basic) or
real time and action oriented (applied)
4. Literature Review
It is a survey or overview of the
literature found to be
significant to a topic
It is a collection of scholarly
works you have found to have
relevance to a guiding topic
5. Literature Review
What is the purpose of a literature review?
It can help to…
Increase your knowledge of your
topic
Identify important authors and works
in your area of research
Identify opposing points of view
Identify gaps in the literature
Identify new research, theories,
and/or methodology in your area of
research
6. Research Design
A research design is the overall operational pattern
or framework of the project that stipulates what
information is to be collected from which sources
by what procedures and how it will be analyzed.
(Problem definition reveals WHAT is being
investigated? While research design reveals
HOW it is being investigated?)
7. Types of Research Design
Research Design
Exploratory Conclusive
Descriptive Causal
Cross sectional Longitudinal
8. Exploratory Design
To gather preliminary data to shed light on the
real nature of the problem which also helps in
identifying variables & hypothesis formulation .
The primary purpose of exploratory research is
to provide insights into the problem.
9. Exploratory Research
Focus Group In-depth
Interview
Projective
Technique
Word Association
Test
Sentence Completion
Test
Cartoon
Completion
TAT
10. Descriptive Research Design
The major objective of descriptive
research is to describe market
characteristics or functions.
It seeks to ascertain certain
magnitude/ how many people think
in a certain way. Descriptive studies
are undertaken in many
circumstances
11. When the researcher is interested in
knowing the characteristics of certain
groups such as age, sex, education,
occupation or income, a descriptive
study may be necessary
When the company is interested in
knowing the proportion of people in a
given population who have behaved in a
particular manner. The objective of this
study is to answer who, what, when,
where and how.
Descriptive Research Design
12. Types of Descriptive Research Design
Cross Sectional : Data is taken once
from respondents & Conclusion is drawn.
Longitudinal : A panel of respondents is
formed & data is taken on repetitive
basis to know the changing pattern of
behavior.
13. Causal (Experimental) Research Design
Causal Research is designed for the primary
purpose of obtaining evidence about cause-
and-effect (causal) relationship.
This design helps us to know that which
variables are the cause (independent
variables) and which variables are effect
(dependent variables) of a phenomenon
