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Chapter_4.pptx
1.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Principles of Management, 6e P C Tripathi & P N Reddy Chapter 4 Planning 1
2.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited 2 Learning Objectives Describe the nature and importance of planning Present the various types of plans Explain the steps in planning and the strategic planning process Identify the limitations of planning and suggest ways to make it effective List the skills required for effective planning Understand strategic planning in Indian industry
3.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Nature of Planning Planning is the beginning of the process of management Planning is an intellectual process Planning is a continuous process Planning is an all-pervasive function 3
4.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Importance of Planning Minimizes Risk and Uncertainty Leads to Success Focuses Attention on the Organization's Goals Facilitates Control Trains Executives 4
5.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Types of Plan Vision Mission Objectives Strategies Operational Plans 5
6.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Minimises Risk and Uncertainty Leads to Success Focuses Attention on the Organisation's Goals Facilitates Control Trains Executives 6 Minimises Risk and Uncertainty Leads to Success Focuses Attention on the Organisation's Goals Facilitates Control Trains Executives Hierarchy of Organizational Plans
7.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Vision A vision describes a firm’s aspirations, beliefs and values, and shapes organization's strategy. A vision should be brief, focused, clear and inspirational to an organization's employees. It should be linked to customers’ needs and convey a general strategy for achieving the mission. 7
8.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Mission Mission is the unique aim of an organization that sets it apart from others of its type. It is an organization's specialization in some area—service, product or client, which decides the organization's scope of business. A firm’s mission guides the development of strategies. It establishes the context within which daily operating decisions are made and sets limits on available strategic options. 8
9.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Objectives 9 Objectives are goals or aims that the management wishes the organization to achieve in pursuit of its mission. These are the end points or pole-star towards which all business activities like organizing, staffing, directing and controlling are directed. Objectives are the specific targets to be reached by an organization. They are the translation of an organization's mission into concrete terms against which results can be measured.
10.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Characteristics of Objectives 10 Objectives are multiple in number Objectives change over time Objectives are either tangible or intangible Objectives have a priority Objectives are generally arranged in a hierarchy Objectives sometimes clash with each other
11.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Requirement of Sound Objectives 11 Objectives must be both clear and acceptable Objectives must support one another Objectives must be precise and measurable The more precise and measurable the goal, the easier it is to decide how to achieve it. Precise and measurable goals are better motivators of people than general goals. Precise and measurable goals make it easier for lower level managers to develop their own plans for actually achieving those goals. It is easier for managers to ascertain whether they are succeeding or failing if their goals are precise and measurable. Objectives should always remain valid
12.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Advantages of Objectives 12 They provide a basis for planning and for developing other type of plans such as policies, budgets and procedures. They act as motivators for individuals and departments of an enterprise by pointing the way to desired performance. They eliminate haphazard action which may result in undesirable consequences. They facilitate coordinated behaviour of various groups which otherwise may pull in different directions. They function as a basis for managerial control by serving as standards against which actual performance can be measured. They facilitate better management of the enterprise by providing a basis for leading, guiding, directing and controlling the activities of people of various departments. They lessen misunderstanding and conflict and facilitate communication among people by minimizing jurisdictional disputes. They provide legitimacy to organization’s activities.
13.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Strategies Strategy is a term which connotes a response to a competitive environment. In a competitive situation, it is not enough to build plans logically from goals unless the plans take into account the environmental opportunities and threats and the organizational strengths and weaknesses. A corporate strategy is a plan that takes these factors into account and provides an optimal match between the firm and the environment. Two important activities involved in strategy formulation are: Environmental Appraisal Corporate Appraisal 13
14.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Environmental Appraisal Components of External Environment Political and legal components Economics component Competitive component Social and cultural component Attributes of External Environment Turbulence Hostile Diverse Restrictive Technically complex 14
15.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Corporate Appraisal Corporate appraisal involves an analysis of the company’s strengths and weaknesses. Modes of Strategy Formulation Planning mode Entrepreneurial mode Adaptive mode 15
16.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Operational Plans Operational plans act as means of implementing the organization’s strategy. They provide the details of how the strategy will be accomplished. There are two main types of operational plans: i. Standing Plans ii. Single-use Plans 16
17.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Standing Plans These plans are designed for situations that recur often enough to justify a standardised approach. The major types of standing plans are: Policies Procedures Methods Rules 17
18.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Policy: Advantages and Disadvantages A policy is a general guideline for decision-making. It sets up boundaries around decisions, including those that can be made and shutting out those that cannot. Advantages of Policies Policies ensure uniformity of action in respect of various matters at various organisational points. Policies speed up decisions at lower levels. Policies make it easier for the superior to delegate more and more authority to his subordinates Policies give a practical shape to the objectives Disadvantages of Policies Policies with broad areas of discretion and initiative lead to inconsistent interpretations and make the very delegation of authority difficult which they are intended to implement. 18
19.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Types of Policies 1. Classification on the basis of sources Originated policies Appealed policies Implied policies Externally imposed policies 2. Classification on the basis of function 3. Classification on the basis of organizational level 19
20.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Guidelines for Effective Policy-Making Policies should, as far as possible, be stated in writing and should be clearly understood by those who are supposed to implement them. Policies should make their purpose clear, define the appropriate methods, action and responsibilities and delineate the limits of freedom of action permitted to those whose actions are to be guided by them. To ensure successful implementation of policies, the top managers and the subordinates who are supposed to implement them must participate in their formulation. A policy must strike a reasonable balance between stability and flexibility. Conditions change and policies must change accordingly. Different policies in the organization should not pull in different directions and should support one another. Policies should not be detrimental to the interest of society. Policies must be comprehensive to cover as many contingencies as possible. Policies should be periodically reviewed. 20
21.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Procedures Policies are carried out by means of more detailed guidelines called “procedures”. A procedure provides a detailed set of instructions for performing a sequence of actions involved in doing a certain piece of work. The same steps are followed each time that activity is performed. 21
22.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Difference between Procedures and Policies 22 Policies Procedure Policies are general guides to both thinking and action of people at higher level. Procedures are general guides to action only usually for people at lower levels. Policies help in fulfilling the objectives of the enterprise. Procedures show us the way to implement policies. Policies are generally broad and allow some latitude in decision- making. Procedures are specific and do not allow latitude. Policies are often established without any study or analysis. Procedures are always established after thorough study and analysis of work.
23.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Advantages and Limitations of Procedures Advantages They indicate a standard way of performing a task. This ensures a high level of uniformity of performance in the enterprise. They facilitate executive control over performance. Limitations By prescribing one standard way of performing a task, they limit the scope for innovation or improvement of work performance. By cutting across department lines and extending into various other departments they sometimes result into so much duplication, overlapping and conflict that the actual work does not get done properly and resources are wasted. 23
24.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Methods A method is a prescribed way in which one step of a procedure is to be performed. The method that is selected for discharging a particular step under the existing conditions may become outdated in due course of time because of the discovery of better and more economical methods. The need for better and more economical methods of operation is great because of the pressure of competition. Methods help in increasing the effectiveness and usefulness of the procedure. 24
25.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Rules Rules are detailed and recorded instructions that a specific action must or must not be performed in a given situation. Rules bring in predictability. A rule is different from a policy, procedure or method. They allow simple screening of violations and legitimize punishment when violated. 25
26.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited These plans, are developed to achieve a specific end; when that end is achieved, the plan is dissolved. The major types of these plans are: Programmes Budgets 26 Single-Use Plans
27.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Business Plan It is an important document prepared by an entrepreneur as a start-up strategy to prove to private investors, customers, suppliers and distributors that he is in a position to articulate and manage the diverse aspects of his business. 27
28.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Steps in Planning 1. Establishing Verifiable Goals or Set of Goals to be Achieved 2. Establishing Planning Premises 3. Deciding the Planning Period 4. Finding Alternative Courses of Action 5. Evaluating and Selecting a Course of Action 6. Developing Derivative Plans 7. Establishing and Deploying Action Plans 8. Measuring and Controlling the Progress 28
29.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Strategic Planning Process The planning mode in which a corporate strategy is actively formulated is called strategic planning. Following are the eight steps: Step 1: Evaluate and improve last year’s strategic plan process by building into it the deployment lessons learned during last year. Step 2: Reaffirm the organization's vision, mission, values and objectives, which form the foundation for the strategic plan. Step 3: Review organization's operational performance for the prior year to know its key strengths and weaknesses. Step 4: Evaluate the external environment to prepare for each environmental element (such as products, service, competitive advantage and marketing and technological approach) a list of potential opportunities and threats. Continued… 29
30.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Step 5: Conduct SWOT analysis based upon the issues identified in steps 1, 3 and 4 and forecast the results of continuing the existing strategy. Step 6: Identify, evaluate and select alternative approaches if a change in the existing strategy appears necessary. Thus, new markets may be entered, key products may be redesigned to enhance quality or reduce cost, new investments may be undertaken or old ones terminated and so on. In choosing among the available possibilities, the organization should select the alternatives that utilize the existing strength and not those that are non-existing and need both time and money to be built-up. Step 7: Deploy the modified plan. Communicate it to all departmental heads and stakeholders for aligning their actions, measures and goals via derivative plans, programmes and budgets. Step 8: Provide for updates and tracking to be conducted throughout the year. 30
31.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Difference Between Strategic Planning and Tactical Planning 31 Strategic Planning Tactical Planning It deals with long-term concept of the organization, which is based on its mission, vision and objective It deals with short-term allocation of resources for implementing the strategy Its emphasis is on doing the right things, i.e., effectiveness Its emphasis is on doing things rightly, i.e., efficiency It is done by top-level corporate managers It is done by lower-level managers Its success depends on the judgement, experience, intuition and the well guided discussion of the top-management team Its success depends on staff work and mathematical models. It is more prone to unanticipated factors that may erupt to change the situation It has greater element of certainty
32.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Limitations in Planning 32 1. Planning is an expensive and time-consuming process 2. Planning sometimes restricts the organization to the most rational and risk-free opportunities 3. The scope of planning is said to be limited in the case of organizations with rapidly changing situations 4. Establishment of advance plans tends to make administration inflexible 5. There is the difficulty of formulating accurate premises 6. Planning may sometimes face people’s resistance
33.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Making Planning Effective Coordination Communication Participation Proper Climate 33
34.
Copyright © 2017
by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Planning Skills 34 1. Ability to think ahead 2. Ability to define company objectives 3. Ability to forecast future environmental trends 4. Ability to frame correct strategies 5. Ability to monitor the implementation of strategies 6. Ability to provide an appropriately timed, intermeshed network of derivative and supporting programmes
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