The british Industrial Revolution

1. History Term 1

2. The Industrial Revolution in Britain & Southern
Africa from 1860
Topics To Cover
• Changes during the industrial revolution in Britain
• Southern Africa by 1860
• Diamond mining in Kimberly 1867 onwards

3. • Serfdom : Peasants lived on the land of the farm
owners and had to pay with crops and labour
• Subsistence : Producing just enough for one's own use
• Merchant : A salesman
• Cottage Industry : Farming Industry
• Mechanisation : When machines do the work /
jobs that people use to do
• Mass Production : The manufacturing of large
quantities of standardized products, often
using assembly lines or
automation technology.
• Slum : Very dirty, place where many poor people live in
very tight spaces

4. Wealth From Slave Trade
• Triangle trade route (Europe,
Africa and America) 18th
Century
• Transatlantic slave trade
(Growth of Europe and
America)
• British played the biggest part
in the slave trade (3 Million
Slaves)

5. Wealth From
Slave Trade
• First, Bristol & London were the most
important slave trading cities – Then
Liverpool became the largest
• 175 slave ships. The main income was from
Taxes on imports and exports from ships
passing through
• Guns in Africa
• Lloyds & Barclays
• Rich became politically influential

6. Economy Before
The Industrial
Revolution
• Countryside communities grew grain, sheep for wool
(manual labour)
• Farming tools, but no machinery
• Good Summers = Good Crops
• Long Winter = Hunger

7. Farming Economy
• Selfdom ended end 17th century
• Farms established on ‘Common
Lands’
• Peasant farmers leased land from
the wealthy – Open field System
• Crops could not be grown in large
scale thus leading to peasants being
poor

8. Farming Continued
• Farming developments
increased agricultural
production
• Inventions included New
Farming Methods & Enclosure
System
• Full Control to land owners,
peasants lost, jobs went to
factories

9. Cottage
Industries
• Economic activities during winter
(additional income & time)
• Sewing, lace making & Home
industries
• 18TH century = more specialisied
• Merchants started travelling, buying
raw materials
• Although these industries died
down during industrial revolution,
many skills learned that where of
help in factories
• Goods made at home

10. What was the Industrial Revolution (IR)
• Change in Britain
• People working on land changing to people
working in factories
• People moved to cities for work
• New methods = larger scale production for
cheaper
• Use of iron and coal for Steam Engines

11. • Urbanisation & living
Conditions
• Working Class
• Over-Crowded Housing
• Poverty Work-houses

12. Social Changes during
the Industrial Revolution
 URBANISATION AND CHANGING LIVING CONDITIONS
 Thousands of workers needed to operate machinery
 Cities overflowed, London was not prepared for this
(Whole families in single rooms – 6-8 people in a room meant for 2)
 THE WORKING CLASS
 Mass production & mechanisation = Unemployment
 Harsh conditions, no interpersonal relationships
 12 – 14 hour days - 6 days a week
[Work fast & Without rest]
 Child Labour

13. Over-Crowded Housing
• Houses close to factories (built quickly & cheaply)
• Victorian families big (4+ children)
• No running water, no indoor toilet
• Houses built back to back, no windows at front, no backyard and a
sewer down the middle of the street
• Towns were dirty and unhealthy
• Slum conditions increased diseases – such as (cholera, typhus and
smallpox)

14. Poverty
• Not enough jobs
• Low wages
• Increasing mechanisation =
High Unemployment
• Children sent out to work
• Orphans engaging in Criminal
Activities

15. Work - Houses
• Law passes to look after old, poor, sick, or
unemployed
• Employers provided Food, drink and work
• Food was not good
• Old and sick feared this life

16. The Mines and Factories
• Offered work to may people
• Not always safe = many adults &
children killed or injured
• Strict discipline, harsh punishment,
unhealthy working conditions
• Low wages and long working hours
• No goods working relations between
workers & bosses
• Attacked for stripping workers of
freedom, dignity & creativity

17. Social Changes during the
Industrial Revolution (IR)
• The mines & Factories
• Child Labour
• Child labour in mills
• Child labour in mines

18. Child Labour
• Use of Young children for cheap labour
• Great demand for the child labour for
many reasons :
• Cheap labour so factories can be
competitive
• Obedient, Submissive, Respond to
punishment & not form unions
• Their size helped with working in
factories
• Had Small Hands (kids)

19. Child Labour in Mills
• Thousands of children worked in the cotton mills
• Often Orphans – Place to live - But No Wages
• Children spent all their time in front of machines
with no fresh air or exercise
• Factory owners used them to collect excess cotton
under machines
• Some children got sculpted when their hair got
caught in machines, fingers crushed or death when
they fell asleep at the machines and fell in

20. Child Labour in Mines
• Coal mines are a dangerous place to
work
• Young children worked as trappers
(very lonely and damp)
• Older children had to carry coal on
their backs in big baskets

21. Resistance to Working
Conditions
• Due to the enclosure system, peasant lost farming land and became
poor
• 1830 Swing Riots were a widespread uprising by agricultural workers
• Luddites would destroy machines that threatened their jobs
• Captain Swing – Main Luddite – NOT REAL NAMES (PROTECT IDENTITY)
• Swing Riots – Industry
• Luddites – Industry
• Vigilantes

22. Southern Africa by 1860
• Sa did not exist, many communities in conflict in
Southern Africa
• British occupied The Cape, Eastern Cape & Natal
• Boers left Cape in 1838 on Great Trek
• 2 Boer republics : Orange Free State & Transvaal
• Boers established alliances with black chiefdoms
& Kingdoms

23. Indentured
Labour From
India
• Indians arrived from 1860 onwards
• Worked on sugar plantations in Natal (Now
called KZN)
• Weekly wages
• Returned after contract was completed
• British trades formed the EAST INDIA
COMPANY in 1600 to trade with India
• Disorganised kingdoms in India fought
amongst one another, British took
advantage