Slide about Runway Incursion, Airport Signage and Markings that me and David Hogg made for our CFI exam in early 2015.

1. Runway Incursion
Avoidance

2. “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect
presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway.”
Definition

3. Concentration of aircraft, vehicles, and
runways;
Navigating among these obstacles while
adhering to ATC clearance limits.
Challenges on the Ground

6. ● The flight crewmembers’ failure to use available cues and aids
to identify the airplane’s location;
● Failure [of the crew] to cross-check and verify that the airplane
was on the correct runway before takeoff;
● Flight crew’s nonpertinent conversation during taxi, which
resulted in a loss of positional awareness.
Comair flight 5191
27 August 2006

7. How to prevent runway incursions:
● Understand Airport Markings and Signs;
● Have an airport diagram;
● Review NOTAMs and brief taxi accordingly;
● Apply sterile cockpit procedures;
● Maintain SA;
● Positively identify runway;
● If unsure of position or instructions, ask!

8. Airport Signs and
Markings

9. Markings Color

10. Markings Color

11. Runway Holding Position Marking
The most important markings at an
airport!
Can be encountered at 3 locations...

12. 1. On a taxiway
before a runway
2. On a runway
before a runway
(LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway
located in a runway
approach area

13. 1. On a taxiway
before a runway
2. On a runway
before a runway
(LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway
located in a runway
approach area

14. 1. On a taxiway
before a runway
2. On a runway
before a runway
(LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway
located in a runway
approach area

15. 1. On a taxiway
before a runway
Clearance required!
Check runway and approach paths are
clear.

16. 2. On a runway
before a runway
(LAHSO)
Cross without
authorization
...unless:
“Cleared to land
Runway 27R, hold
short of Runway 12”

17. 3. On a taxiway
located in a runway
approach area
Clearance NOT required, unless:
Check approach area is clear.
“Hold short of runway XX approach area”.

18. Enhanced Taxiway Centerline
At some airports
Not at every hold short lines
Pay attention!

19. Movement Area Boundary Markings
Separates non-movement area and movement area
● Dashed line on movement side (under ATC control)
● Solid line on non-movement side

21. Taxiway/Taxiway Holding Position Marking
● Where ATC normally holds aircraft short of a
taxiway
“Hold short of taxiway Delta”

22. Hold Short if visibility is
low. Ask if in doubt!
Holding Position Marking for ILS

23. Mandatory Instructions Signs
1. Entrance to a runway or critical area
2. Area where aircraft is prohibited from entering

24. Location Signs
Identify the taxiway or runway on which the aircraft is
located

25. Mitigating the Risks - Preflight
Have a current airport Diagram;
Check the NOTAMs;
Study the chart before the flight.

27. ... RWY 17/35 CLSD EXC
XNG...
... RWY 9L/27R CLSD EXC
CROSSING...
NOTAMS

28. ... RWY 17/35 CLSD EXC
XNG...
... RWY 9L/27R CLSD EXC
CROSSING...
NOTAMS

29. Departure and Arrival

30. Write down taxi instructions;
Repeat them in the same
order.
Mitigating the Risks
“Hold Short” instructions must be read back
VERBATIM

31. Ensure clearance received
is adhered to.
Mitigating the Risks

32. Departure

34. Arrival 27L

35. Arrival 27L

36. Arrival 27R

37. Hotspots
Location with a history or potential
risk of:
➢ Collision
➢ Runway Incursion
Heightened attention by pilots
and drivers required!

38. Maintain Situational Awareness:
Head up, Eyes Out;
Listen to frequency;
Adhere to sterile cockpit rules.
Mitigating the Risks
Head-down
Activities?
STOP!

39. Positively Identify Runway
Mitigating the Risks
If unsure of position, STOP!
Ask ATC

40. Aircraft Lights

41. ASDE-X (note the Mode C requirement)

42. Uncontrolled Airports
● LOOKOUT!!!
● CTAF
● Pilot controlled lighting
● Runway in use
● AC 90-42F, page 4

43. 1. Airport lighting and the lights of the
aircraft.
2. Taxiways: blue edge lighting
some have green centerline lights.
3. Stop-bars: Red means stop - just
like a car at traffic lights.
4. The landing light on the aircraft.
Night Operations

44. LAHSO
At designated airports (A/FD);
You can refuse the clearance;
Solo student pilots MUST refuse LAHSO
clearance!;

45. ● Taxi slowly;
● Exercise extreme caution!;
● Stop if in doubt about your position;
● Hold short of ILS critical areas.
Low Visibility Operations

46. Hold Short if LVP in effect.
Ask if in doubt!
Low Visibility Operations

48. Conclusion
Taxi Operations present distinct challenges:
Concentration of aircraft, vehicles and runways and
taxiways;
Navigate among obstacles while adhering to ATC
clearance limits;
Runway/taxiway closures.

49. Conclusion
Have an airport diagram!
Brief!
Know your position!
Write down taxi clearance and read it back to ATC!
Head down activities only when aircraft is stopped

51. This was caused by two B747
aircraft colliding on a runway in fog.

52. Planning begins before we get in the aircraft:
→ Taxi Diagram
→ NOTAMS

53. Ways we can help ourselves:
⇒Maintain sterile cockpit and
minimise workload
⇒Listen to the radio - situational
awareness

54. One of the most important
markings at an airport!
Runway Holding Position Markings and Signs

55. Signage

56. Airport Signs

57. “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect
presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the
protected area of a surface designated for the landing
and takeoff of aircraft.”
Definition

58. At controlled airport, clearance
required to cross from the side with
the 2 solid lines.
Runway Holding Position Marking

59. At uncontrolled airport, make sure the
runway is clear before entering.
You will also have paid close attention
to the radio!
Runway Holding Position Marking

60. Land and Hold Short Operations
1. Not compulsory
2. If we accept we must follow
3. Airports that operate this are
listed in the AFD
LAHSO

61. Hot Spots
Areas on the ground at airports that
have a history of runway incursions or
have been identified by the FAA has
having the potential for runway
incursions.

62. Taxiway Holding Position Markings
● Hold short of this line if
instructed to “Hold short of
taxiway X”
● Not present at all airports

63. We do not cross a stop bar that is
switched on - clearance or no
clearance!!!
We must contact ATC and query why
the bar is still switched on.
Stop Bar Lighting

64. Challenges of Ground
Operations