1. Immune-Aid
the natural, immune boosting, canine supplement
Hope Turner – 74530
12/10/2010
Word Count: 1893

2. Contents
Immune-Aid .............................................................................................................1
the natural, immune boosting, canine supplement....................................................1
Introduction...........................................................................................................3
Nutritional Recommendations.............................................................................. 4
Animal Health.......................................................................................................4
UK Legislation......................................................................................................5
Immune-Aid - Not Just Another Pill.....................................................................5
Why Raw?.............................................................................................................6
Why Frozen?.........................................................................................................6
Ingredients.............................................................................................................6
Discounted Ingredients..................................................................................... 9
Amounts............................................................................................................9
Testing.................................................................................................................10
Labelling and Advertising...................................................................................10
Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 11
Appendix 1......................................................................................................13
.........................................................................................................................13
Appendix 2......................................................................................................14
Appendix 3......................................................................................................17
References...........................................................................................................21

3. Bibliography....................................................................................................... 26
Introduction
With public awareness and concern for health and nutrition on the rise, it is
perhaps not surprising that the range and market presence of pet
supplements has escalated tremendously over the last decade. Ten years
ago, the main canine supplements available in pet shops were Cod Liver
Oil and two vitamin supplements (Pet-tabs and SA37) along with powdered
formula for hand rearing puppies, wormers and flea treatments. There
were other dietary and some few topical and medically specific
supplements on the market, but most were hard to find, and not well
advertised. Today pet owners are becoming increasingly familiar with
herbal medicines and supplements, current availability ranging from joint
care (anything from kelp, through high doses of Vitamin C to Glucosamine)
to veterinary approved mood calmers i.e. D.A.P (Ceva, 2010). Considering
the plethora of herbal supplements on the market, only those of Dorwest
Herbs (Dorwest Herbs, 2010) and Denes (Denes, 2010), established in
1948 and 1951 respectively, are licensed by the Veterinary Medicines
Directorate. These products contain enough of some specific ingredients
as to be considered medicinal i.e. “… for treating or preventing disease in
animals” (VMD,1,2010), implying that all non VMD licensed pet
supplements on the market, other than those homeopathic remedies
eligible for ‘Grandfather rights’ under the Veterinary Medicines Regulations
2006 (Crown, 2006), are considered to be of no benefit with regard to,

4. treating and/or preventing disease or exerting an immunological or
metabolic response.
Nutritional Recommendations
The Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition has produced a list of minimum
nutrient requirements for dogs per 400 Kcal of metabolisable energy
[Appendix 1] (Kelly & Wills, 1996), however this list only details, 5 of the 7
major minerals, (generally required in large amounts by all animals), 6 of
10 essential trace minerals, 12 vitamins, fat and protein content and 1 fatty
acid. There are no recommendations for the myriad of other vitamins,
minerals and amino acids currently accepted by the BSAVA (British Small
Animal Veterinary Association), nor is there such a thing as a
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) as with human guidelines.
Animal Health
A lack or excess of one or many vitamins, minerals or essential fatty acids
can lead to “major chronic diseases” (Food and Nutrition Board, 1989), if
prolonged can be fatal (Roche, 1976) and malnourished animals are “likely
to have a compromised immune system” (Agar, 2001). The escalation of
illness in pets over the past decade [average UK veterinary visit cost in
2000 £62.01 (Bruce, 2001), average cost in 2009 £254(Petwise, 2009)]
implies some issue within the genetics and/or the daily lives of our pets.
Immune systems can often become compromised, this can be due to
malnutrition, stress or drugs like antibiotics (Ewing & Haresign, 1989) and

5. corticosteroids, at these times it can be helpful to boost the immune
system with specific nutrients to prevent further illness. The ethos being
that optimum health can be achieved through optimum nutrition.
UK Legislation
Currently all legislation with regard to pet foods is derived from the EU,
there are also guidelines recommended by the Pet Food Manufacturers
Association (PFMA 1, 2010) which are voluntarily applied to 95% of British
pet foods.
If a product claims or implies a medicinal benefit, then it is a medicinal
product, according to the Food Safety Act 1990 (Crown, 1990), however
“health foods” and supplements need to be judged by the Medicines
Directorate. In order to adhere to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate to
establish if a product is non-medicinal and therefore does not require
licensing, their borderline ingredients list must be consulted (VMD,2,2010).
Over fifty laws can be distilled in essence to: the use of ingredients certified
fit for human consumption, (with the exemption of those toxic to the
proposed animal) will exceed all current laws and recommendations.
Immune-Aid - Not Just Another Pill
To create a product that does not contravene current EU legislation or
VMD specifications, that appeals to the average pet owner, is easy to
produce and is both nutritionally competent and palatable, the simplest
path seems to be to keep to raw, natural ingredients. As “Meats and liver
are more nutritious when fed raw” (Holst, 2000), it is logical to use meats,

6. that are fresh and certified fit for human consumption, as well as fruit and
vegetables, herbs and other fresh ingredients known to boost the immune
system.
Why Raw?
The storage stability of vitamins and minerals are impaired by cooking
(Lugwigshafen et al. 1984). Phospholipids found in the cell walls of plant
and animal material and essential for the health of each living cell are also
broken down by heat. Phospholipids are needed in great quantities by the
immune system, especially in the formation of pus in infected wounds
(Pond, 2000).
Why Frozen?
Fatty Acids are not broken down by freezing, even up to -80°, however
most cells and whole organisms are (Pond, 2000), in effect the freezing
process can destroy most pathogenic bacteria in the same way as
cooking, but without the deleterious effect of destroying the nutrients
required for the health and wellbeing of the consumer.
Ingredients
Fresh meat and bone, fruit and vegetables, cottage cheese, live yogurt,
egg, linseed oil (cold pressed), extra virgin olive oil, garlic and spirulina.
Any cooking process negatively effects the vitamin and mineral content of

7. foods, hence this supplement is composed of raw fresh foods and frozen
to maintain its nutritional value.
The first of these (meat & bone, fruit and vegetables) will be minced
together and closely replicates what wild canids would naturally eat, they
provide essential vitamins, minerals and lipids and add to the overall
palatability of the product. N.B. The chicken content will be restricted to
wings (being an optimum muscle to bone ratio).
Cottage cheese contains a mineral also found in soil and faecal matter
(Billinghurst, 2001), thus preventing your dog from eating these through the
need for self medication, and reducing the risk of infection from other
pathogens/bacteria.
Live yogurt contains probiotic cultures which aid digestion and replace the
good bacteria in the gut, but preventing microbial colonisation, increasing
absorption of the small intestine, and producing anti-E.coli factors inhibiting
the growth of many bacteria, especially pathogenic gram-negative types
(Ewing & Haresign, 1989), and is advised to be given when on antibiotics
(Lewis, Morris & Hand, 1988).
The egg and oils balance out the omega 3 and 6 content helping to
promote healthy skin and coat (Billinghurst, 2001). The Linseed Oil (high in
Omega 3) must be cold pressed due to the deleterious effect of n-hexane’s
combination with lysine (from the seed) in the chemical extraction process,
this forms 2,5-dimethylpyrrole (DeCaprio, Olajos & Weber, 1982) which is
toxic (DeCaprio, Kinney & LoPachin, 2009), degenerating first the
peripheral and then the central nervous system. The Olive Oil is Extra

8. Virgin due to it being the least processed and therefore highest quality,
high in monounsaturates, Omega 3 and Vitamin E and good for lowering
cholesterol (Billinghurst, 2001).
Garlic helps to boost the immune system by providing a hostile
environment for parasites, it also helps maintain a healthy heart and
circulatory system (Billinghurst, 2001).
Spirulina is natures’ super-food, a natural multi-vitamin and mineral which
provides all the required amino acids in a form that is five times easier to
digest than meat or soy protein. (Challem, 1981)
Immune-aid does not contain grains, whilst useful for fibre content in many
diets, the combination of increased permeability of gastric mucosa and the
reduction in pH by lactic acid given off by fermenting starches can lead to
ulcers, and structural/functional damage to stratified squamous, cardiac
and gastric epithelium. Grains in a natural canine diet would be minimal,
i.e. the stomach contents of a field mouse. Many gastrointestinal diseases
can be attributed to feeding the wrong diet (Stevens & Hume, 1995)
leading to further issues with absorption and then nutrition or the lack of.
Appendix 2 lists what natural products are used and why. Appendix 3
provides details of the functions of the vitamins/minerals etc. derived from
those foods listed in Appendix 2. A brief dissection of Appendix 3 shows
the many advantages of the proposed ingredients.

9. Discounted Ingredients
Whilst honey is a well-known anti-biotic and anti-microbial, used as far
back as ancient Egypt, there is no guarantee that the average pet owner
will be able to brush the animals teeth after each meal. Colloidal Silver is
also one of natures’ anti-biotics, as silver has been used for centuries
(silver tankards/penny used for purifying beer, when beer was cleaner than
water) and is now even being used on plasters, however the cost of this is
prohibitive.
However a mixture of honey, colloidal silver, goats milk, evening primrose
oil and cod liver oil, would make an excellent post-operative convalescence
supplement. Goats milk is much more akin to dogs milk than cow or sheep
milk and is easier to digest (Holst, 2000); Evening primrose and cod liver
oils contain activated omega 3 & 6, which are easier to absorb than the
inactive ones used in Immune-aid. (Billinghurst, 2001)
Amounts
The amounts in this product follow the guidelines as set out by the BARF
Diet (Billinghurst, 2001) “60% raw meaty bones, 15% crushed vegetable
matter, 10% offal, 5% fruit, the remainder as supplements to mimic faeces
and soil”. Bear in mind that these quantities are not simply arbitrary but
based on research of the diet of a dogs wild counterparts, after all even the
milk of a domestic dog contains 40% protein (Stevens & Hume, 1995), as

10. opposed to the much lower content (between 4 and 30%) we tend to wean
them onto.
Testing
This product has been tested for over 8 years, using 60+ animals over 4
generations. These animals were provided with this supplement on a
regular basis as part of their standard diet. Accidental exposure to Parvo-
virus in 2006 demonstrated a higher immunity in those animals who were
third and fourth generation, than other members of the pack. Puppies have
been reared on this product from 3 weeks of age (mixed at that age with
goats milk), and post-operative animals whose prospects were bleak
according to their vet, have been fed on it exclusively and now prosper into
old age (authors personal experience).
Labelling and Advertising
The VMD have standards which must be adhered to with regards to
advertising (VMD,3,2010). From 1st September 2010 responsibility for
aspects of food labelling has transferred from the Food Standards Agency
to DEFRA. Labels must be truthful, include a list of ingredients, display
storage instructions and durability in accordance with the Food Labelling
Regulations 1996, and must also adhere to food composition legislation
and European marketing standards. (FSA, 2010).
The moisture, fat, protein, ash and fibre content need to be calculated by a
specialized company such as FAPAS (http://www.fapas.com), part of the
Food and Environmental Research Agency, therefore the figures given on
Label 1 below, may require correction.

11. Label 1
Conclusion
Optimal nutrition lends itself towards optimal health, a great number of
vitamins, minerals and lipids are utilised by the body, not just for energy,
but specifically for health. A good combination of these healthy nutrients in
a palatable, easy to provide package, can aid the body to heal itself, by
boosting the immune system and the health of not only each organ, but
each individual cell.

12. Canids who are ill, stressed or immune suppressed (upon veterinary
approval), would profit from Immune-aid, long term use of which can
benefit health and longevity.

13. Appendices
Appendix 1
(Kelly & Wills, 1996)

14. Appendix 2
Raw Vitamins in mg per 100g – where Reason:
material available (Mervyn,1989)
Apple Carotene: 30µg High in Vitamin C – good
Vitamin E: 0.2 source of fibre
Thiamine: 0.04
Riboflavin: 0.02
Nicotinic acid: 0.1
Pyridoxine: 0.03
Pantothenic acid: 0.1
Folic acid: 5µg
Biotin: 0.3µg
Vitamin C: 3
Brocolli Vitamin E: 2.3 Complex carbohydrate,
Biotin: 1 µg high in Vitamin C
Magnesium: 25
Pantothenic acid: 0.3
Choline: 80
Chromium: 21
Carrot High in Beta-carotene,
natures anti-cancer, high
in vitamin A
Chicken Vitamin E: 0.6 Source of protein, fats, B
Wings Biotin: 3 µg vitamins and minerals,
(including Copper: 0.3 bone is a good source of
bone) Magnesium: 50 calcium, phosphorus,
Panthothenic acid: 1.2 magnesium and protein
Bone: (Evans & White, 1992)
Calcium: 40
Phosphorus: 18.5
Cottage Vitamin A: 385µg Contains a mineral also
Cheese Vitamin B12: 1.5 found in soil and faecal
Calcium: 725 matter.
Iron: 0.14
Magnesium: 5
Phosphorus: 134
Potassium: 86
Sodium: 13
Zinc: 0.38
Copper: 0.028
Selenium: 8.4
Thiamin 0.02
Riboflavin: 016
Niacin: 0.13
Folate: 12
Retinol: 11
Vitamin E: 0.01
Vitamin K: 0.1

15. Beta Carotene: 3
Egg Vitamin A: 140µg A good source of all
Biotin: 25 µg essential minerals, and a
Calcium: 60 moderate source of all
Panthothenic acid: 1.8 vitamins excluding C.
Vitamin B12: 2 (Mervyn,1989)
Chromium: 183
Garlic Garlic is well known for its
ability to maintain a
healthy heart and
circulation, but it also
provides an environment
that is hostile to parasites
Linseed A rich source of Omega 3
Oil (Cold
pressed
Liver Vitamin A: 20 Source of protein, fat, fat
Thiamine: 1.0 soluble vitamins and B
Riboflavin: 9.57 vitamins (Evans & White,
Pyridoxine: 2.31 1992) High in Iodine.
Nicotinic acid: 44.9
Panthothenic acid: 24.1
Folic acid: 1.09
Vitamin B12: 0.363
Biotin: 0.109
Vitamin C: 75.9
Vitamin E: 1.39
Carotene: 5.08
Choline: 2170
Chromium: 55
Cobalt: 15
Copper: 6
Olive Oil Vitamin E: 4.6 High in Omega 3
Copper: 1.6
Bell High Beta-carotene,
Pepper natures anti-cancer
Spirulina Carotene: 250 A Super-food
Vitamin B12: 0.2
Vitamin E: 19
Thiamine: 5.5
Riboflavin: 4
Nicotinic acid: 11.8
Pyridoxine: 0.3
Pantothenic acid: 1.1
Inositol: 35
Folic acid: 0.05
Biotin: 0.04
Calcium: 104.5-131.5
Magnesium: 141-191.5

16. Phosphorus: 761.7-894.2
Iron: 47.5-58
Sodium: 27.5-41.2
Potassium: 1331-1540
Chloride: 400-440
Manganese: 1.8-2.5
Zinc: 2.7-3.9
Traces of: bismuth, chromium,
cobalt & selenium
Yogurt Aids digestion and
(Live) replaces the good
bacteria in the gut

17. Appendix 3
Vitamin/Mineral Function (Mervyn, 1989)
etc.
Vitamin A Sight, skin, mucous membranes, anti-infective,
protein synthesis, bones, anti-anaemia, growth
Vitamin B1 Acts as a coenzyme in converting glucose into
energy in muscles and nerves
Vitamin B2 Acts as coenzymes FMN & FDN in converting
protein, fats & sugars into energy.
Needed to repair and maintain body tissue and
mucous membranes
Acts in conversion of tryptyphane to nicotinic acid .
Vitamin B6 Acts as the coenzyme form Pyridoxal-5-phosphate
in amino acid metabolism and in all other functions.
Needed for formation of brain substances and
nerve impulses
Used in blood formation, energy production, and
nerve impulse transmission
Is an anti-depressant and anti-allergy
Vitamin B12 Needed for synthesis of DNA and the basis of body
cells
Maintains a healthy myelin sheath (nerve insulator)
Detoxifies cyanide in food and tobacco smoke
Beta-Carotene Reduces risk of heart disease and cancer. Known
to reduce cancer.
Biotin Used as a coenzyme in:
Energy production
Maintaining healthy skin, hair, sweat glands,
nerves, bone marrow & sex glands
Bismuth Antacid, protects mucous membranes
Vitamin C High doses may reduce the risk of chronic
diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
Calcium Builds and maintains healthy bones and teeth
Controls excitability of nerves and muscles
Controls conduction of nerve impulses
Controls contraction of heart and other muscles
Assists in process of blood clotting
Controls blood cholesterol levels
Assists in absorption of B12
Chloride Aids digestion
Works with sodium and potassium to aid hydration
Choline Fat-stabilizing
Precursor of betaine, needed in metabolism and
acetylcholine, a nerve substance
As a component of lecithin

18. Chromium Controls blood glucose by promoting uptake by
muscles and organs
Stimulates burning of glucose for energy
Controls blood cholesterol levels
Stimulates protein synthesis
Stimulates production of essential nerve
substances
Increases resistance to infection
Suppresses hunger symptoms
Cobalt Synthesis of DNA
Production of red blood cells
Synthesis of methionine, choline & creatine
Copper Hair & Skin pigmentation
Skin healing
Protects against toxic agents
Concerned with nerve impulses in the brain
Formation of blood and healthy bones
Helps develop resistance to infection
Vitamin E Antioxidant
Reduces oxygen needs of muscles
Anti-blood clotting agent
Blood vessel dilator
Maintains healthy blood vessels
Protects polyunsaturated oils
Protects amino acids
Protects vitamin A
Prevents thrombosis
Prevents atherosclerosis
Increases ‘safe’ cholesterol
Acts with selenium
Promotes ability of white blood cells to resist
infection
Folic Acid Decreases plasma concentration of homocystein, a
risk for heart disease.
Inositol Reduces blood cholesterol
Restores healthy hair
Anti-anxiety agent
Iodine Necessary for a healthy metabolism
Iron In haemoglobin acts as oxygen carrier in red blood
cells
In myoglobin acts as oxygen reservoir in muscles
In body cells acts in oxygen transfer in
cytochromes
Protects against peroxide poison
Used in developing resistance to infection
Magnesium Cofactor in energy production and cell replication,
also for vitamins B1 and B6.
Stabilizes body cell structure
Used in growth, repair and maintenance of body
cells.

19. Cofactor in hormones
Used in nerve impulse transmission
Manganese Growth
Maintains healthy nervous system
Cofactor for enzymes for energy production and
health of joints
Cofactor for female sex hormones
Cofactor for nucleic acid synthesis
Production of thyroxine
Cofactor for Vitamins B, C & E
Synthesis of structural proteins of body cells
Development and maintenance of health bones
Stimulates glycogen storage in liver
Nicotinic acid Acts as coenzymes NAD & NADP in cell
respiration
Produces energy from sugars, fats & protein
Maintains healthy skin, nerves, brain, tongue,
digestive system
Omega 3 Helps correct blood pressure, boosts the immune
response, ant-inflammatory, aids joints, good for
skin and hair, aids growth of lean muscle, helps to
burn off fat and prevents food craving.
Omega 6
Panthothenic Acts as a coenzyme in:
acid Production of energy
Production of anti-stress hormones
Controlling fat metabolism
Formation of antibodies
Maintaining healthy nerves
Detoxifying drugs
Para- Part of Folic Acid:
aminobenzoic synthesis of body protein
acid Red blood cell production
Skin cancer preventative
Anti-grey hair factor
Phosphorus Structural components of bones and teeth
Used in the production of energy including via
burning sugar
Cofactor for many enzymes
Activator for vitamin B complex
Aids in absorption of diet
Maintains alkalinity of blood
Component of RNA and DNA
Potassium Maintains normal water balance
Essential activator in enzymes, particularly within
energy production
Stabilizes internal cell structure
Assists in protein synthesis
Used in nerve impulse transmission
Pyridoxine B6 vitamin

20. Riboflavin B2 vitamin
Selenium Preservation of normal liver function
Maintains resistance to disease
Protects against toxic minerals & substances
Promotes male sexual reproductive capacity
Maintains healthy eyes, sight, hair, & skin
Acts as an anti-inflammatory
Maintains healthy heart
Anti-oxidant
Reduces the risk of cancer, and decreases death
from many cancers.
Sodium Maintains water balance
Used in nerve impulse transmission
Smooths the response of all muscle contractions
including the heart
Helps to preserve body pH balance
Constituent of ATP
Transports nutrients, amino acids and glucose into
cells
Thiamine Vitamin B1
Zinc Growth
Insulin activity
Releases vitamin A from the liver
Maintains healthy liver function
Used in the metabolism of pituitary, adrenals,
ovaries and testes
Development of skeleton, nervous system and
brain in a growing foetus

21. References
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