1. Lesson Plan in English Grammar for Fourth Year Students
I. Objectives
Students must be able to do the following at the end of the activities with at least 85% proficiency:
Match cause-effect relationship.
Use conjunctions to show cause-effect relationship.
Compose a paragraph using conjunctive adverbs.
II. Subject Matter
Conjunctions/Connectives of Cause and Effect
Reference: English Book pp. 228-230
Materials: Visual Aids
III. Procedure
A. Motivation:
1. Ask the class the following questions:
a. Have you ever done something that did not have an outcome?
2. Introduce the cause-effect topic.
A cause is WHY something happens.
An effect is WHAT happens.
B. Presentation:
1. Introduction
a. Introduce the lesson.
C. Discussion
1. Discuss cause-effect relationship and how to use the connectives.
Cause-effect relationship is a form of reasoning to reach valid conclusions. In grammar,
we can show this relationship by using conjunctions/connectives of cause and effect. These
connectives may introduce the cause-clause or the effect-clause.
Example: 1. Ken did not do his homework.
2. He got a bad grade.
a. Ken did not do his homework; (therefore/so/thus/consequently), he got a bad
grade.
b. (Because/Since) Ken did not do his homework, he got a bad grade.
In letter a, 2 independent clauses were joined/combined by the connective „therefore‟. In writing this
sentence, use a semicolon (;) after the first clause then add a connective followed by a comma (,).
In letter b, the 1st sentence was introduced by the connective “Since”. In writing this sentence, we only
used a comma to separate the 2nd sentence.
*The connectives that introduce the cause-clause ()
1
2. If, since, because, thus
* The connectives that introduce the effect-clause
Therefore, so, thus, consequently
*other examples of cause-effect connectives
Hence, for, for this reason, on account of this, it follows, as a result, arising from this, so that, etc
2. Ask the students to match the cause-effect relationship of the examples given.
C. Application
1. Let the class answer the exercises on the board by using conjunctions to show cause-effect
relationship.
IV. Evaluation:
A. Let the students answer the question using proper conjunctive adverbs on a piece of paper:
1. Why are trees important in the ecological system?
V. Assignment:
A. Describe the scenario in a world where all trees and forests are destroyed using conjunctive adverbs.
Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
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