Agriculture, Class: 10 geography

1. AGRICULTURE
CLASS:10 Geography
By Mrs. Tsering Chokeyi
(Teacher)

2. • The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for
the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool,
and other products.

3. Features of Indian Agriculture
• Cultivate crop in large amount
• 70% of Indian are farmer
• India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice
• Agriculture is the primary activity of Indian
• Farmers also raising animals
• Agriculture provide food for all the human being
• Modern method is use for cultivation in the present world
• Seasonal and Disguised Unemployment are found in agriculture work
• SHIFTING CULTIVATION ( Slash and Burn ): Traditional method of farming

4. Types of Farming
1. Primitive Subsistance farming
2. Intensive Subsistance farming
3. Commercial farming

5. 1. Primitve Farming
• Oldest method of farming
• Done for self sufficient basis

6. Primitive Subsistance
1. Old farming method
2. Use old tools for farming such as wooden plough and ox
3. Much manual labour is needed
4. Farmers depend on monsoon and natural fertility of the soil
5. Praticing old irigation method. Eg. Dekhli, Rahat
6. Land clearance for a few people (family)

7. Slash an Burn farming
Method of cultivation in
which forest are burned
and ashes add to the
fertility of the soil.
Forest are cleared for
planting.
It is also called Shifting
Cultivation

8. Different names of Shifting Culture in different
countries
1. Milpa in Mexico and Central America
2. Roca in Brazil
3. Chena in Srilanga
4. Conuco in Venzuela
5. Ray in Vetnam
6. Ladang in Indonesia

9. Different name of Shifting Cultivation in India
1. Bewar/Dahiya in MP
2. Kumari in Western Ghats
3. Podu/Penda in AP
4. Pama Dabi/Koman/Beringa in Orissa
5. Valre/Waltre in South East Rajasthan
6. Khil in Himalayan Belt
7. Kuruwa in Jharkhand
8. Jhumming in North East

10. Intensive Farming
(Labour Intensive Farming)

11. Intensive Farming
1. Practiced in areas of high
population pressure on land
2. Agricultural production
increase due to use of high
doses of biochemical inputs
and better agricultural inputs
3. Maximum output from the
limited land

12. Commercial Farming

13. Commercial Farming (Modern Farming)
1. Farmer do work on the field for business purpose
2. Modern method is done by using chemical
fertilizer, pesticide, insecticide.
3. Use HYVs
4. For example: Rice a commerial crop in Haryana
Subsistence crop in Orissa

14. Plantation
1. A singlecrop is crop in a large
area
2. It creates interaction between
agriculture an industry
3. Workers are migrant labours
4. Produce raw-materaials for
industries
5. Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane,
banana etc are commercial
crops of India

15. State where commercial farming is practicing
• Punjab
• Haryana
• Orissa
• Assam
• North Bengal
• Karnataka

16. Cropping Pattern
Cultivation of different crops at different points of time on particular
land.

17. Three Cropping Season of India
• Rabi winter crop
• Kharif summer crop
• Zaid third crop

18. Rabi
Wheat
Barley
Peas
Gram Mustard

19. Features of Rabi Crops
1. Sown in winter (October to December) and
harvested in summer (April to June)
2. Precipitation in winter due to western cyclones
3. Crops grown in large part of India such as: Punjab, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttrakhand and Uttar
Pradesh

20. Kharif
Paddy/Rice
Maize
Jowar
Bajra
Tur, Moong, Urad
Cotton
Ground nut
Soya Bean

21. Features of Kharif crops
1. Grown with the onset of monsoon and harvest in September and
October
2. Needs lots of water for the crops
3. The most important rice growing regions are:
Assam, West Bengal, Coastal Orissa, A.P., T.N., Kerala and
Maharashtra, Punjab and Haryana

22. Assam,West Bengal and Orissa are the states
where three crops of paddy are grown
Boro Rice
(Sown in winter)
Aman
(Sown in Rainy)
Aus
(Sown in Summer or
Pre monsoon period)

23. ZAID
TOMATOES

24. Features of Zaid Crops
1. Crop grown in a short period between the Rabi and the Kharif
2. Sown mostly between February-June
3. States like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu etc. grows
Zaid

25. MAJOR CROPS

26. Sno. Crops
Cropping
Season Temperature Rainfall Soil State where it grows Special features
1 Rice Kharif Crops High Temperature
above (25°C)
High humidity
with annual
rainfall above
100cm
Silt, loams and
gravels
West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Odisha,
Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra
China:1st largest producer of rice
India : 2nd largest producer of rice
Staple food crop of majority Indian people.
Canal and tube well made irrigation
possible in less rainfall area.
2 Wheat Rabi Crops
Cool and moist
weather during growth
Warm and dry climate
during ripening
50 to 75 cm of
annual rainfall
Loamy and
Black soil
North-west of ganga-satluj plains and
black soil region of the Deccan.
State: Punjab,Haryana, U.P.,
Bihar,Rajasthan,Part of M.P.
Second most important cereal crop
Main food crop of North and North Western
part of India
3 Maize Kharif Crops
In Bihar it is
grown in Rabi
Season
Temperature between
21°C and 27°C
50 to 100 cm
and in areas of
less rain, if
grown under
irrigation
Alluvial fertile
soil or loams
free from
coarse material
Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and
Andhra Pradesh
Use both as food and fodder,
Use of modern inputs for cultivation such
as HYVs, fertilizers and new methods of
irrigation
4 Pulses
(Dal )
Kharif and
Rabi Crops
Less moisture and
even in dry
Low rainfall All types of soil Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka
India : largest producer as well as consumer.
Rich in protein
Part of legume family
Major Crops (Grains)

27. Crops Temperature Rainfall Soils State where it
grows
Special Features
Jowar
27-32 degree Celsius 50-100cm
Clayey loam soil rich
in humus
Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh
• It is third most food crop
• Grown in the moist area which hardly needs irrigation
Bajra
27-32 degree Celsius 50-100cm
Sandy soils and
shallow, black soil.
Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Gujarat and Haryana
• Maharashtra is the largest producer.
• Staple food of porr man
• Bajra can also used as fodder
• It is a good source ofnergy
Ragi
27-32 degree Celsius 50-100cm
It is a dry crop
Red, black, sandy,
loamy, and shallow
black soil
Karnataka, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttaranchal,
Sikkim, Jharkhand and
Arunachal Pradesh
• Imortant cereal in Karnataka
• Stable food of India
5. Millets

28. Sno. Crops Cropping Season Temperature Rainfall Soil type State or area where it
grows
Special Features
1 Sugarcane It takes almost a year
It takes whole years
from sowing to
harvesting.
Hot and humid
climate with temp
ranging between 21°C
to 27°C
Very high temp-
harmful for growth
Low temp-slow its
growth
75cm to 100cm of
annual rainfall
Too heavy rainfall
results in low
sugar content
Black, alluvial,
loamy and
reddish
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab,
Haryana,
• Grown on a variety of soils .
• Needs manual labour from
sowing to harvesting
• Main source of sugar,
gur(jaggary), Khandsari,
Molasses.
• India is the second largest
producer of sugarcane after
Brazil
• It takes almost a year to grow.
2 Oil Seeds
Kharif: Groundnut,
Sesamum(north)
Rabi: linseed,
mustard, Castor
seed,Sesamum(south),
Castor seed,
20 to 30 degree
celsius
50 to 75cm
Light sandy
loams, red,
yellow and black
soils
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Gujarat and
Maharashtra
• India, the largest producer of oil
seed.
• Oil seeds produce in India are:
groundnut, mustard, coconut,
sesamum (till), soyabeab, castor
seeds, cotton seeds, linseeds,
sunflower.
Major Crops (Food Crops other than Grains)

29. Sno. Crops Temperature Rainfall Soil type State or area where it grows Special Features
3 Tea
• More than
25°C
• It grows well
in tropical and
sub-tropical
climate
Heavy rainfall
between 150cm
to 250cm
The rainfall
should be
distributed
throughout the
year.
Light loamy soil,
rich in humus
and iron
Assam, hills of Darjeeling and
Jalpaiguru districts, West Bengal,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal,
Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and
Tripura
• Important beverage crop introduced
by the British in India
• It is a labour intensive
• India is a leading producer as well
as exporter of tea in the world.
4 Coffee 23°C to 28°C
It need abundanr
rainfall 100 to
200cm annually
Humus and
nitrogenous
matter
Cultivation was introduced on the
Baba Budan Hills
Nilgiri in Karnataka,
Kerala and Tamil Nadu
• India produces about four percent
of the world’s coffee production.
• The Arabic

30. Horticulture
• India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables.
• India produces 13% of world vegetable and important producer of
cauliflower, brinjal, potato
• India also produces large number of fruits such as:
1. Mangoes: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
2. Orange: Nagpur and Cherrapujee
3. Banana: Kerala
4. Lichi and Guava: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

31. Sno. Crops Soil Type Temperature Rainfall State Where it grows Special Features
1
Rubber Loamy Soil 25°C 200cm Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Garo hills of
Meghalaya,
• It is an equatorial crop.
• Important industrial raw material
• India rank third among the world’s natural rubber
producer after Thailand and Indonesia
2Fibre Special Feature
Fibre grown in the soil: Cotton, jute, hemp
Fibre obtained from cocoons of the silkworm: Silk
Production of silk fibre is known as sericulture
3
Cotton
(Kharif Crop) Black Soil Between
21°C and 30°C
Annual rainfall
of 50-100cm
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhaya Pradesh,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
• India, believe to be original home of cotton plant
and is third largest producer in the world
• Main raw material for cotton textile industry
4
Jute Flood Plain Soil
Alluvial soil
Temperature varying
from 24°C to 35°C
Require heavy
rainfall of 120 to
150 cm
West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and
Meghalaya
• It is known as golden fibre
• It is use in making bags, mats, ropes, yarns,
carpets and other artefacts.
• Almost 85% of the world jute cultivation is done
in the Ganges Delta
Major Crop (Non-Food Crops)

32. Technology and Institutional Reforms
Technology Reform ------- Green Revolution
Institutional Reform ------- Land Reform

33. Why Reform/changes
• Thousand years of agriculture practiced in India
• Sustained uses of land without techno-institutional changes have
hinderance the pace of agricultural development
• Most of the farmers still depend on monsoon for irrigation
• Serious problem for growing population

34. Institutional Reform
• After independence following are given priority to bring institutional
reform:
1. Collectivisation
2. Consolidation of holdings
3. Cooperation
4. Abolition of zamindari
• Land reform was the main focus of five year plan

35. Technology Reform
• Introduction of green revolution has changed the way of farming and
irrigation
• Use of chemical fertilizer, HYVs, machines, tractors etc has started
• Started new methods of irrigation like sprinkle and drip irrigation
• Announcement of minimum support price

36. 1980s and 1990s
Comprehensive land development programme
Institutional Reform
Governement steps:
1. Provisional for crop insurance
against natural disaster
2. Grameen banks and cooperation
societies for providing loan at low
interest
3. Introduction of new scheme like
KCC and PAIS
Technological Reform
Government steps:
1. Introduction of special weather
bulletin
2. Agriculture Programme for farmers
on radio and television

37. Bhoodan-Gramdan
• Vinoba Bhave: Spiritual heir or follower of Mahatma Gandhi
• Idea of Gramswarajya by Patyatra
• Incident in Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh: Poor villagers demanded
land
• Bhoodan by Sri Ram Chandra Reddy: Offer 80 acres of land to the 80
land-less villagers
• Idea spread and many zaminders came forward to offered land to the
landless villagers

38. Contribution of Agriculture to the national
economy, employment and output
• GDP(Gross Domestic Product): Total number of goods produce and
services provide in the country
• From 1951 onwards: Share of agriculture in GDP decline
• In 2010-11 share of agriculture in employment rise
Share in GDP < Share in employment

39. Steps taken by the Government to improve the
situation
1. Establishment of Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR)
2. Agricultural Universities
3. Veterinary services and animal breeding centres
4. Horticulture development
5. Research and development in the field of meteorology and weather
forecast
6. Improvement in rural infrastructure

40. Problem or challenges faced by Indian Farmers
• International Competition
• Reduction in public investment by the government
• Decrease in the subsidies leads to increase in the cost of production

41. Food Security
availability of food
• Dimension of food security accessibility of food
affordability of food
economically less developed state
• Who are food insecure? remote areas of the country
area prone to natural disaster
Buffer Stock
• Two components of food security
Public Distribution System

42. Problems Related to Food Security
• MSP: High subsidies in input or higher cultivation of wheat and rice
distorted the cropping pattern,
Create serious imbalance inter-crop parities
Eg: Punjab and Haryana
• Subsidies (fertilizer) :
 Excessive and imprudent use
Water logging, salinity, depletion of essential micronutrients in the
soil

43. • Administrative difficulties in identifying APL and BPL
• Shift in cultivation:
Food Crops to fruit, vegetables, oil seeds and industrial crops.
 Competition between land use: Net Sown area (cereal and pulses)
decline, Increase in population has made risk to food security.

44. More problems or challenges of small Farmers
1. Insufficient Water management:
 Water scarcity, pumping ground water, water incentive crops,
Free power supply to section of farmer
2. Fertilizer and chemical leads to the decline on land productivity
Impact on farmer
Small farmer will not sustain
Large farmer may sustain

45. Farmers suffer from Double disadvantage
• High cost of production
• High production reaches market
• Fall in price due to high supply
• Causes distress in sale
Therefore, no food security without the security of the small farmer.

46. Impact of Globalization on Agriculture
• Globalization: not a new phenomena
• 19th Century, British India and Indian crops (spices and cotton)
• After 1990, Indian farmers faced new challenges
 Competition in International market, why? Highly subsidised
agriculture in other countries(USA AND European countries)

47. Indian Agriculture is on crossroad
• Increase in population, decrease in land size, fall in income
• To overcome the problem, green revolution was introduced in 1960s
• Green Revolution promised much but now it is under controversies
• Green Revolution: the key word today is “gene revolution”
• India having organic farming
• Economist view:
 Indian farmers have blank future
Indian farmers should diversity their cropping pattern from cereals to high-
value crops (fruits, medicinal herbs, vegetables, bio-diesel crops etc

48. If everybody switched to
organic farming,
We couldn’t support
the earth’s current population-
may be half
Nina Fedoroff