9. Semakin kecil pengeluaran per kapita semakin tinggi risiko air minum tercemar (SUSENAS 2001) Pengeluaran Per Kapita (Rupiah) Sumber air tak terlindung
10. Pengeluaran Per Kapita (Rupiah) Sumber penerangan dengan listrik Semakin kecil pengeluaran per kapita semakin rendah sumber penerangan listrik (SUSENAS 2001)
11. Di antara masyarakat yang lebih miskin pengeluaran untuk kesehatan lebih sedikit dari pengeluaran untuk tembakau (SUSENAS 2001) Rata-rata per bulan (rupiah) <100000 100000- 200000- 300000- 400000- 500000< 199999 299999 399999 499999 Pengeluaran per kapita per bulan Pelayanan Kesehatan Tembakau
15. Poverty is Multi-dimensional Material deprivation (low food consumption, poor housing) Low human development (education, health) Lack of voice & ability to influence decisions Acute vulnerability to adverse shocks (illness, economic crises, natural disasters) P O V E R T Y
21. Nutritional Status Non-Food Expenditure Food Expenditure Environmental Hygiene, Health Care, etc . Social/ Personal Care Intra-Household Issues Intervention Programs Income Poverty Kemiskinan dan Kurang Gizi
The four dimensions of poverty outlined above are derived from the World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2000). Poverty is more than inadequate income or human development. It is also vulnerability, lack of voice, power, and representation. This multidimensional view of poverty brings greater complexity to poverty reduction strategies because more factors – such as cultural and social forces – need to be taken into account. Dealing with this complexity requires participation and empowerment. Unlike other development tools, microfinance can affect the multidimensional components of poverty in numerous ways: Increases in income enable people to improve food consumption and invest in housing. Timely loans permit poor households to pay school fees. Assets built with microloans and access to cash during times of emergency enable the poor to better protect themselves against shocks. Access to financial services enhance the self-esteem and confidence of the poor, often enabling microfinance clients to have greater influence over decisions within their households and their communities.
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