This presentation, on the future of CCS, was delivered by Jon Gibbins, Director, UKCCSRC and Ciara O'Connor, Network Manager, UKCCSRC on Day 2 of the CCPilot100+ Conference at the University of Leeds.

1. The UKCCSRC is supported by the
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research
Council as part of the Research Councils UK
Energy Programme
CCS – the future
Jon Gibbins & Ciara O’Connor
UK CCS Research Centre
www.ukccsrc.ac.uk
jon.gibbins@ed.ac.uk
CCPilot100+ Conference, Lecture Theatre C, Engineering Building, University of Leeds
23-24 April 2014

2. About the UKCCSRC
The UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre (UKCCSRC) leads
and coordinates a programme of underpinning research on all
aspects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in support of basic
science and UK government efforts on energy and climate change.
The Centre brings together nearly 200 of the UK’s world-class CCS
academics and provides a national focal point for CCS research and
development.
Initial core funding for the UKCCSRC is provided by £10M from the
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) as part of
the RCUK Energy Programme. This is complemented by £3M in
additional funding from the Department of Energy and Climate Change
(DECC) to help establish new open-access national pilot-scale facilities
(www.pact.ac.uk). Partner institutions have contributed £2.5M.
www.ukccsrc.ac.uk

3. Energy Choices Conference
Electrical power generation
Estimated decline in UK nuclear/energy technical capacity
Year

4. UK Annual Public Sector RD&D Budgets
(£m, 2012 money)
https://workspace.imperial.ac.uk/rcukenergystrategy/Public/reports/Final%20Reports/RCUK%20Brighter%20energy.pdf
10 YEAR GAP

5. UK Annual Public Sector RD&D Budgets
(£m, 2012 money)
https://workspace.imperial.ac.uk/rcukenergystrategy/Public/reports/Final%20Reports/RCUK%20Brighter%20energy.pdf

6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
• April 2014: IPCC Working Group 3 report ‘Mitigation
of Climate Change’ released. This fifth Assessment
Report (AR5) cycle will conclude in October 2014.
• Report calls for:
– Carbon Dioxide Removal technologies (carbon
negative solutions)
– Conventional CCS on power and industrial
applications AND CCS with sustainable biomass
(Bio-CCS or BECCS)

7. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
• Specifically and significantly the report states that
Bio-CCS will be needed in sectors where emissions
reductions is more expensive as well as to
compensate for a ‘temporary overshoot’ of the 2
degree target or 450 parts per million scenario;
“Many models could not achieve atmospheric
concentration levels of about 450 ppm CO2eq by
2100 if additional mitigation is considerably delayed
or under limited availability of key technologies, such
as bioenergy, CCS, and their combination (BECCS).”

8. United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• COP 17, Durban, 2011: Durban Platform for
Enhanced Action – resulted in a mandate “to develop
a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed
outcome with legal force under the Convention
applicable to all Parties, which is to be completed no
later than 2015 in order for it to be adopted at the
twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties
(COP) and for it to come into effect and be
implemented from 2020.”

9. United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• So….at COP 21, Paris, 2015 all countries are expected
to sign up to a climate agreement which will come
into effect in 2020.
• What progress has been made since Durban?
– Progress slow
– Major geopolitics at play
– Climate negotiations like trade negotiations; reluctance by
countries to deviate from their national position
– Developing countries vs. Developed countries; Equity and
Loss and Damage significant and contentious issues

10. United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• Where does CCS fit in?
– As per the most recent IPCC report CCS has a major part to
play in climate change mitigation
– Potential to significantly reduce emissions but exponential
increase in deployment needed
– Will a climate agreement at COP 21 provide policy
certainty to facilitate this?

11. The Keeling Curve
A Daily Record of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide from
Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego
http://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/

12. Fraction of C stored
must rise from zero to
100%
Myles R. Allen, David J. Frame & Charles F.
Mason, The case for mandatory sequestration,
Nature Geoscience 2, 813 - 814 (2009),
doi:10.1038/ngeo709
500 600 700 800 900 1000
Emissions (billion tonnes of C)
Fractionoffossilfuelemissions
capturedandstored
The prime climate
objective is not to end the
use of fossil fuels.
The prime objective is to
develop and deploy 100%
CCS in time to cap
cumulative emissions of
carbon at a safe level.
CO2 EOR should be seen as
a stage in a path from zero
CO2 capture to 100% CCS.
It is a move in the right
direction from where we are
now – emitting 100% of
fossil carbon to atmosphere.
The technologies that CO2 EOR helps to develop can readily be adapted to get
higher fractions of CO2 stored.

15. Academic R&D involved in all stages of technology
innovation and deployment
http://www.energyresearchpartnership.org.uk/Innovation+Landscape

16. UK CCS Research PACT Facilities
Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture Technology
Amine
Post Combustion
Capture Plant (150 KW)
Coal
S
B
C
G
Control
Units &
System
Integration
Oxygen
Coal
Biomass
AIR
Natural
Gas
Gas
Turbine
APU &
Turbec
150Kw
Oxy/air-
Solid
Fuels CTF
with EGR
250KW
Coal –
Biomass
blend
Fuels
50KW
Coal –
Biomass
Air/Oxy
FB
Reactor
150KW
Gas Mixer
Facilities
Up to
250 KW
O
L
Planned
IGCC
Reactor
(200 KW)
R
Gas
Cleaning
and
Shift
System
Monitoring
Via
Internet
R
E
E
M
A E
E

17. http://www.ukccsrc.ac.uk/system/files/Inventys%20Howden%20UKCCSRC%20%5BMay%202013%5D.pdf
Example of need to avoid technology lock-in:
post-combustion capture is not just amines!

18. http://www.ukccsrc.ac.uk/system/files/Inventys%20Howden%20UKCCSRC%20%5BMay%202013%5D.pdf
Post-combustion capture is not just amines!

19. • Oxy-Coal/Biomass Combustion
Test Facilities
• Air-Coal/Biomass Combustion
Test Facilities
• FGR (Wet and Dry) + Gas
Mixing Facilities

20. NET Power’s
Allam Cycle
for coal
http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featurenet-powers-co2-cycle-the-breakthrough-that-ccs-needs

21. NET Power’s Allam Cycle
http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featurenet-powers-co2-cycle-the-breakthrough-that-ccs-needs

22. CCS deployment
Capital cost reduction is the key
- target of $40/tCO2 captured for EOR market
- a lot of CCS plant will operate with reduced load factor
Public acceptance is crucial (emissions, risks)
RAMO – Reliability, Availability, Maintainability,
Operability crucial for utilities
Future CCS academics will have many more
opportunities to work with large-scale, commercial
projects (the normal situation for most technologies)
There is a shortage of experienced researchers
– the ‘10 year gap’