Planning within Existing Frameworks - Session 4 Managing Project Preparation for Climate Change Adaptation

USAID Climate Change Adaptation Project Preparation Facility for Asia and the
Pacific
(USAID Adapt Asia-Pacific)
Session 4
CCA Options: Planning Within Existing
Frameworks
January 17, 2017

USAID Adapt Asia-Pacific
Course Overview
• Day 1: Project Presentations,
Climate Finance, and Climate
Impacts
• Day 2: Planning, Risk
Management, and “Bounding” the
Project
• Day 3: Economic Analysis,
Safeguards, and Project Logic
• Day 4: Public-Private Partnerships,
Blended Finance, & Managing
Project Design
• Day 5: Monitoring & Evaluation
and Final Presentations

Session 4 Topics
• Understanding existing
national and subnational
policy and strategy
frameworks related to
climate change adaptation
• Harmonizing your project
with those frameworks
• Finding sector relevant
information and project
examples

Session 4 Outcomes
• Identify the development context for your climate
change adaptation project
• Identify national and subnational climate change
strategy documents, as well as sectoral strategies
and the priorities contained therein
• Describe how your project concept is consistent
with the aforementioned policies

Session 4 Context
Understanding
and linking to
broader
context
Identifying
specific
vulnerabilities
and potential
strategies
Project
Objective and
Context
Progress towards your project

PART 1: NATIONAL CLIMATE
ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND OTHER
SOURCES OF PLANNING GUIDANCE

Session 4 Part 1 Objectives
4.1.A. Access adaptation priorities elaborated in relevant
national adaptation strategies and frameworks
4.1.B. Explain the importance of linking potential
adaptation projects to relevant national adaptation
strategies and frameworks
4.1.C. Identify & locate additional sources of information
relevant to project selection
4.1.D. Demonstrate how to review pilot projects for
information to inform new/scaled up adaptation projects.

Session 4 Part 1 & the Project Cycle
RESULTS
Policy &
Strategy
Project
Design
Implementation
Appraisal/
Approval
 Climate change processes
(general)
 Climate change relative to
your country
 Relationship to national
development goals
 The need to adapt
• Connection to
existing adaptation
policies &
strategies
• Connection to other
projects

Practical Application
Adaptation Fund: “Describe how the
project/programme is consistent with…national
communications, or national adaptation programs of
action, or other relevant instruments…”
GCF: “Please describe how the project/programme
contributes to country’s identified priorities for low-
emission and climate resilient development, and the
degree to which the activity is supported by a
country’s enabling policy and institutional
framework…”

Key Messages for Practice
• Figure out “the fit” for your project
• Clearly reference existing plans and strategies
• One big project or a program with smaller projects?
• What are the most urgent needs?
1. Refer to national plans/policies
2. Refer to sub-national and local plans/policies
3. Refer to sectoral plans/policies/additional information
4. Review Pilot Projects
a) Incorporate lessons
b) Scale up

National CC Strategies and
Action Plans
• National level documents include
NAPAs, NAPs, and other country-
specific adaptation frameworks
• Some countries may have sub-
national/regional/provincial plans
• Existing national strategies guide
CCA project and program
investments.
• What is the situation in your
country? What are the CCA
priorities?

National Adaptation Plans
• NAP process guided by
UNFCCC
• Assess vulnerabilities,
mainstream CC risks, address
adaptation
• Not prescriptive
• Enhance coherence between
adaptation and development
• Seeks to build upon national
capacity
• Designed for regular review
• National Adaptation Plans vs.
NAPAs

Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs)
• Envisioned as support for Paris
COP21 agreement
• Provides national context
• Describes mitigation targets and
low carbon development
trajectories
• Some INDCs include adaptation
information
• Support for implementation

• Indonesia National
Plan for Climate
Change Adaptation
(RAN-API) 2014
Indonesia’s national adaptation strategy
provides:
• A cross-disciplinary national framework and
a climate proof development plan
• A reference point for local government in
devising action plans at the provincial level
• Adaptation strategy and action plan by
sector
• Coordination mechanism between
ministries, institutions, other stakeholders
and local government
• Adaptation funding mechanism through the
state budget and other sources, including
international and private sources
• Ministry of Planning/BAPPENAS plays a
leading role.
National Plans: Indonesia
Selected Features

• Karnataka State
Action Plan for
Climate Change
• The Karnataka State
Action Plan for
Climate Change
(2010) reveals some
interesting findings
at the state level.
e.g. challenges in the urban sector
include:
• Inadequacies in health, education,
housing, jobs in tier 2 and 3 cities
• Storm water drains cannot cope with
water from moderately heavy rainfalls
• Solid waste management is yet to be
fully implemented
• Significant inadequacies in sewage
collection, treatment and reuse of water
• Absence of a long-term planning
perspective for rail-bound public
transport
• Basic needs of the urban poor in
respect of water, sanitation and
electricity unmet.
Sub-National Strategies & Plans:
India: Selected Features

• Indonesia Climate
Change Sectoral
Roadmap (2010)
ISSR provided inputs to the 5-year
national plan 2010 to 2014, and the longer
term plan to 2029:
• Research & mapping of vulnerabilities
• Emissions & reduction targets
• Policy guidance on mitigation and
adaptation
• Adaptation in sectors: water, marine
and fisheries, agriculture, health
• Proposed activities in these sectors
Other Plans: Indonesia
Selected Features

• Apart from the
NAPAs & NAPs
what other
resources are
available to help
plan projects?
• High quality
country level and
sector level
analyses
Sources:
• ADB, World Bank
• Regional programs
• UNDP/UNEP
• IPCC
• Academic studies
• Previous projects
Other Plans: Examples of
Sources

Example: Samoa GCF Project
Source: “Integrated Flood Management to Enhance Climate Resilience
of the Vaisigano River Catchment in Samoa”

Example: India AF Project
Source: “Building Adaptive
Capacities of Small Inland
Fishermen Community for Climate
Resilience and Livelihood Security”

Example: Sri Lanka GCF Project
Source: “Strengthening the resilience of smallholder farmers in the Dry
Zone to climate variability and extreme events through an integrated
approach to water management”.

Strategy Question #1
List the national-level documents related
to climate change that have been
produced by your country. What are the
adaptation priorities that are described in
these documents?

Strategy Question #2
How has climate change adaptation been
described in national documents and
official statements by national leaders?

Relationship to Other
Projects/Coordination
• Describe past, current, and future development/climate
change projects (PPCR, LCDF, AF, GCF, ADB, etc)
• Does your project enhance the impacts/reach of these
projects? Does it fund “incremental costs”?
• Does your project build on the outcomes of these
projects?
• Does your project build on lessons learned?
• How will your project coordinate with the efforts of other
agencies?

Example: Sri Lanka GCF Project
Source: “Strengthening the resilience of smallholder farmers in the Dry Zone
to climate variability and extreme events through an integrated approach to
water management”.

Example: Tuvalu GCF Project
Source: “Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project”.

Example: Tuvalu GCF Project (con’t)
Source: “Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project”.

Example: ADB Vietnam Urban
Resilience Project
Source: “Urban Environment and Climate Change Adaptation Project
(43237-013)”.

Coordination Question #1
List and describe other development and
climate change projects that compliment
and/or could potentially be enhanced by
your project. What are the connections
between your project and these
projects?

Examine Previous Pilot Projects
Pilot projects can guide larger investments. Features:
• Ease of implementation – increases chance of
success and learning
• High visibility – key for local awareness and future
scale-up
• Low regret – increase climate resilience but bring
development benefits irrespective of climate
conditions;. this will ensure visible benefits even if
climate conditions do not change for a period.

Example: Vietnam GCF Project
Source:
“Improving the
resilience of
vulnerable
coastal
communities to
climate change
related impacts
in Viet Nam”.

Other Planning Resources (cont.)

Resource URL Uses Products
Technology Needs
Assessment (TNA):
UNEP, GEF, partners
http://tech‐
action.org/
Guidance in process,
technology, finance
and other resources
Guidebooks, national
studies, databases,
resources
WeAdapt: SEI and
partners
https://weadapt.org/ Identify, support
adaptation good
practices
Guidance materials
and resources; case
studies
Asia Pacific Adaptation
Network (APAN): ADB,
MoEJ, USAID, SEI, UNEP,
IGES
www.apan‐
gan.net/adaptation‐
practices
Identify, support
adaptation good
practices
Guidance materials and
resources; case studies;
adaptation technology
database
Asian Development
Bank (ADB)
www.adb.org Climate risk
management of
investment projects,
adaptationplanning
Guidelines for Climate
Proofing: Agriculture,
Transport, Energy; case
studies

Source URL Resources
Nairobi Work Programme
(UNFCCC)
http://unfccc.int/adaptation/k
nowledge_resources/database
s/items/6996.php#NWP
Databases on tools and methods, best
practices, case studies (including
EBA); others
Convention on Biological
Diversity
https://www.cbd.int/ecosyste
m/sourcebook/
Database of case studies
emphasizing biological, agro‐
ecological and ecosystem‐based
Adaptation
Adaptation Learning
Mechanism (UNDP)
http://undp‐alm.org/explore Adaptation project profiles
PROVIA (UNEP, SEI &
partners)
http://www.unep.org/provia/ Framework, guidelines
Asia Pacific Adaptation
Network (APAN): ADB,
MoEJ, USAID, SEI, UNEP,
IGES
www.apan‐
gan.net/adaptation‐practices
Guidance materials and resources; case
studies; adaptation technology
database
WeAdapt: SEI and
partners
https://weadapt.org/ Guidance materials and resources; case
studies

Databases
Compendium on Methods & Tools: Provides key information on available
frameworks, methods and tools, and their special features. It is designed to
assist Parties and other potential users in selecting the most appropriate
methodology for assessments of impacts and vulnerability, and preparing for
adaptation to climate change.
http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/
knowledge_resources_and_publications/items/5457.php.
Database on ecosystem-based approaches to Adaptation: An initiative under
the Nairobi work programme to provide examples of ecosystem-based
approaches to adaptation, supplementing information to
FCCC/SBSTA/ 2011/INF.8, mandated by the SBSTA at its thirty-fourth session
under the Naiorbi work programme.

Database on best practices and available tools for the use of indigenous and
traditional knowledge and practices for adaptation: Case studies on best
practices and available tools for the use of indigenous and traditional
knowledge and practices for adaptation as inputs for the technical paper
mandated in paragraph 17 of FCCC/SBSTA/2013/3.
http://unfccc.int/adaptation/workstreams/nairobi_work_programme/items/7769
.php.
Database on the application of gender-sensitive approaches and tools for
understanding and assessing impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate
change: Case studies on the application of gender-sensitive approaches and
tools for understanding and assessing impacts, vulnerability and adaptation
to climate change as inputs for the technical paper mandated in paragraph 17
of FCCC/SBSTA/2013/3.
http://unfccc.int/adaptation/workstreams/nairobi_work_programme/items/7786
.php.
Databases

NWP Adaptation practices interface: A web-based interface providing
information on existing adaptation practices, requested by SBSTA
(FCCC/SBSTA/2006/11) (paragraph 59)) and updated for the thirtieth session
of the SBSTA.
NWP Partners and Pledges database: Provides easy-to-access resources on:
All Nairobi work programme partners.
http://unfccc.int/adaptation/workstreams/
nairobi_work_programme/items/3923.php.
Provides links, as requested by the SBSTA, to existing efforts to identify,
describe, apply and make accessible terrestrial, atmospheric and oceanic data
and available climatic and relevant non-climatic data and information,
including socio-economic information and data on climate change impacts.
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/
numerical-weather-prediction.
Databases

Knowledge Check 1
Which of the following sources of information should
be consulted to develop project concepts?
A. Sub-national policies and frameworks
B. NGO/academic/multi-/bilateral studies and reports
C. National level strategies
D. “Bottom up” information
E. All of the above

Knowledge Check 2
The development of climate policies and strategies is
the responsibility of which entity?
A. Implementing agency
B. Multi-lateral institutions
C. Government
D. Academic institutions
E. None of these

Knowledge Check 3
Pilot projects should be reviewed for which of these
reasons?
A. Potential to scale up
B. Lessons for successful adaptation
C. Capacity for raising awareness
D. Potential for low-regrets adaption projects
E. All of these

Conclusions and Summary of part
1: Do your homework!
1. Find out what policy documents/strategies/
frameworks have been developed for your
country with respect to climate change
2. Look for pilot projects and successful projects
3. Develop a list of useful resources for planning,
including tools and data
4. Disseminate this information to your staff/team.

RESULTS
Policy &
Strategy
Project
Design
Implementation
Appraisal/
Approval
(general)
your country
development goals
 Connection to existing
adaptation policies &
strategies

Session 4 Outcomes SELF CHECK
• Identify the development context for your climate
change adaptation project
• Identify national and subnational climate change
strategy documents, as well as sectoral strategies
and the priorities contained therein
• Describe how your project concept is consistent
with the aforementioned policies

Resources and Tools for Section 1
• Designing Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives:
A UNDP Toolkit for Practitioners. UNDP 2010.
• Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into
Development Cooperation. OECD 2009.

PART 2: FOCAL AREAS AND
CCA EXAMPLES

Part 2 Process Orientation
Understanding
and linking to
broader context
Part 1
Identifying
specific
vulnerabilities
and potential
strategies
Part 2
Project Objective
and Context

Session 4 Part 2 Objectives
4.2.A. Identify climate change impacts and issues related
to the most important sectors in their countries
4.2.B. Identify several potential adaptation strategies to
address vulnerabilities in key sectors in their countries
4.2.C. Identify direct, indirect, and cascading impact
linkages between the key sectors in their countries
4.2.D. Identify potential co-benefits between key sectors
4.2.E. Relate the information associated with these
learning objectives to the process of project development.

RESULTS
Policy &
Strategy
Project
Design
Implementation
Appraisal/
Approval
(general)
your country
development goals
strategies
• Identify priority
vulnerabilities
• Develop project
objectives

Section 2 Practical Application
GCF A.2.: “Please provide a brief description of the
proposed project/programme, including the
objectives and primary measurable benefits.”
AF: “List the main objectives of the program.”
GCF E.3.: “Environmental, social and economic co-
benefits, including gender-sensitive development
impact.”
GCF E.6.4.: “Please explain how best available
technologies and practices are considered and
applied.”

Addressing Drivers of
Vulnerability
Building Response
Capacity
Managing Climate
Risks
Confronting
Climate Change
Enabling human
development: actions
that reduce poverty and
vulnerability; increase
capability and coping
capacity:
• Livelihood
diversification
• Literacy and
education
• Women’s rights
• Communityhealth
• Foodsecurity
• Watersupply,
sanitation
Robust systems for
problem solving: actions
that build institutional,
technical and planning
capacity:
• Natural resources
management
• Weatherdata
collection,
forecasting
• Disaster early
warningsystems
• Communications
systems
Climate risk
management: actions
that incorporate climate
information into
decision‐making to
reduce risks:
• Climateproofing
projects
• Disaster response
planning
• Drought‐resistant
crops; cropping
systems
• Robust, adaptive
technologies
Addressing climate
change impacts:
actions that target
specific, anticipated
impacts outside of
historicalexperience:
• Relocation due to
sea level rise
• Coastaldefenses
from SLR
• Managing Glacial
Lake Outburst
Floods
• Extra storage to
capture glacial melt
From McGray et al. (2007) Weathering the Storm
“soft” “hard”
Continuum of Development to
Adaptation

From ADB: How to use sectoral
information
• Forecasts should be provided of future demand or
needs for the type of outputs to be produced
• Existing sources of supply, the costs of supply, and
intended investments should be outlined
• A statement should be provided of the contribution
of the proposed project to meeting sector demands
or needs, and any cost reduction or technology
innovation it may contribute
• A statement should be provided of the extent of
direct government involvement as a supplier and
the extent of government subsidy to the sector

Agriculture and Natural Resources:
Introductory Video

AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL
RESOURCES: Major Issues
• Developing countries in Asia-Pacific most vulnerable
• Impacts on agriculture affect economy at all scales
• Climate change already having a negative impact on
agricultural incomes
• Negative impacts on income affect poorest countries and
farmers
• Uncertainty and irregularity hampers ability to plan.
“EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION IS EXPECTED TO BE
ABLE TO REDUCE MUCH OF THE NEGATIVE
IMPACT ON INCOMES” (FAO 2016:21)

Direct Impacts
• More crop failures and
livestock deaths
• Salinization of surface
water
• Higher temps
• More variability
• Reduced seasonal flows
• More flooding
• Coral bleaching
• Impacts on fisheries
Indirect Impacts
• Pollinators
• Pests
• Disease vectors
• Invasive species
• Food security
• Agricultural exports
• Downstream industries
• Increasing wealth
disparities & inequalities
AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES:
Direct and Indirect Impacts

Overall impacts on crop yields

Impacts of Climate Change on
Livestock

RESOURCES: Research and General Needs
• Modeling studies
• Incorporation of climate change
into extension services
• Improved input efficiency
• New and existing technologies
which increase access to
substitutes
• New and existing technologies
which reduce the sensitivity of
a system to changes in climate
• Understanding the root causes
of land degradation and

AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES:
Common Adaptation Strategies
• Different crops to increase
resilience
• Changing planting dates
• Sustainable irrigation
• Savings, credit & insurance
for farmers
• Improved forecasting and
warming
• Improved pest & disease
management
• Adaptation to flooding

Impacts and Responses for
Forest Resources

Adaptation Options in Agriculture
Sector Projects
Engineering (Structural) Options
Non‐Engineering Options
Biophysical Options
“Do nothing” Option (wait and see)
• Material specifications
• Dimension and capacity standards
• Drainage and soil conservation
• Protective engineering structures
• High efficiency irrigation
• Water resources management
• Infrastructure operation
• Maintenance planning
• Master planning and land use
planning
• Farm operation management
• Environmental management
• Training/capacity building
• Information systems
• Plant breeding
• Integrated Pest Management
• Zero-tillage, Conservation Agriculture
ADB (2012) Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in Agriculture, Rural Development and Food Security

Ecosystem‐based Adaptation and
Co‐Benefits
Activity Adaptive
Function
Co‐benefits
Social and
Cultural
Economic Biodiversity Mitigation
Mangrove Protection against Fisheriesand Income Conservation Conservation
Conservation stormsurges, prawn generated of Mangrove‐ of carbon
coastal erosion cultivation– through dependent stocks
associatedwith local mangrove species (above and
sea‐ level riseetc. employment products below
andfood ground)
security
Forest Maintenanceof Recreation, Ecotourism, Conservation Carbon
conservation nutrient and water culture, recreation, of habitatfor storage
and flow, prevention of shelter sustainable forest‐
sustainable landslides logging dependent
forest Species
management
Diverse Diversification of
agricultural production
to cope with changed
climate
Contribution to Income Conservation Carbon
agroforestryin food and fuel from sale of of biodiversity storage
agricultural wood timber, in agricultural (above and
land security firewood, Landscape below
etc. ground
Source: Convention
on Biodiversity, 2009
biomass)

Elements of Conservation Agriculture

RESOURCES: Case Study
Problem: Extreme environmental
degradation, shrinking wetlands,
water pollution, damaging farming
practices, loss of biodiversity,
salinity, desertification and poverty
Approach: Integrated ecosystem
management and introduction of
conservation agriculture,
environmental zoning, ecotourism
ADB loan and GEF grant for Ningxia
Integrated Ecosystem and
Agriculture Development Project
Results:
i. Successful introduction of
conservation agriculture (minimum
tillage)
ii. Change in farming practices to
modernize cultivation, reduced use of
water, pesticides, and fertilizer,
improved soil health
iii. Cultivation of perennials
iv. Climate resilient livelihoods
v. Higher incomes, mostly rural
vi. Ecotourism growth
vii. Biodiversity conservation
viii.Reduced poverty
ix. Over 50,000 households directly
benefitted
Highly successful outcome
PRC: Ningxia Integrated
Ecosystem and Agricultural
Development Project

RESOURCES: Resources
Adaptation Fund
Adaptation to climate change in agriculture, forestry and fisheries:
Perspective, framework, and Priorities. FAO 2007.
Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia.
Asian Development Bank.
Building Climate Resilience in the Agriculture Sector of Asia and the
Pacific. ADB 2009.
Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: Agriculture Sector.
GEF/UNEP. 2011.
Technologies to Support Climate Change Adaptation in Developing Asia.
ADB. 2014.

COASTAL MANAGEMENT:
Introduction
See speaker notes

COASTAL MANAGEMENT:
Major Issues
• Coastal activities
economically important
• Coastal areas hotspots of
both development and
vulnerability
• Human activities
undermine natural
systems which support
resilience
• Sea level rise
• Increased storm intensity

COASTAL MANAGEMENT:
• Event-based/gradual
hazards
• Changes in shorelines
• Saltwater intrusion
• Inundation
• Damage to coastal
infrastructure
• Coral bleaching &
acidification
• Ecosystem impacts
• Decreased tourist arrivals

The high costs of coastal flooding

COASTAL MANAGEMENT:
Research and General Needs
• Studies of coastal physical
processes
• Scenarios of potential future
impacts
• Models to determine potential
impacts on ecosystems
• Minimize loss and damage to
coastal resources,
ecosystems, and livelihoods
• Planning for future extremes
and trends rather than a focus
on the past

Addressing Systemic Impacts

COASTAL MANAGEMENT:
• Site-based/reach
• Accommodation
• Protection
• Retreat
• Restoration of natural
buffers
• Integrated Coastal Zone
Management
• Livelihood diversification

COASTAL MANAGEMENT:

Increasing Robustness of Flood
Structures

COASTAL MANAGEMENT:
Case Study
India: Climate-Resilient Coastal Protection and
Management Project. ADB project 46460-001.

“Hard” vs “soft” options ‐ a comparative analysis of
coastal ecosystem‐based adaptations and engineering
options for Lami Town, Fiji (UNEP, SPREP and partners)

Context of Vulnerability, Lami
Town
Vulnerability to Flooding:
• Coastal flooding from storm surges or large waves from Suva
Harbour
• Flash flooding from rapidly rising rivers where hillslopes have been
cleared of vegetation
• Surface flooding where high rainfall pools in low lying areas
Vulnerability to Erosion:
• Shoreline erosion during storms from surge, waves, or
longshore drift of sediment
• Riverbank erosion risk where rivers flow rapidly through the hills and
where the river has been constrained by engineering
• Upslope or inland erosion occurring on hill‐slopes, especially after
forest clearing.
Source: Lami Town Synthesis Report

Lami Town: Adaptation Options to
Reduce Coastal Vulnerability
Ecosystem‐based options:
• Re‐plant mangroves
• Re‐plant stream buffers
• Reduce upland logging
• Reduce coral extraction
Policy and social options:
• Regulating land tenure & informal
settlements
• Re‐zoning land use
• Re‐location of highly vulnerable
households
• Flood warning system and mapping

Adaptation Options Scenario 1 –
Ecosystem‐
based
Scenario 2 –
Emphasis on
Ecosystem‐
based
Scenario 3 –
Emphasis on
Engineering
Options
Scenario 4 –
Engineering
Options
Re‐plant Mangroves 100% 75% 25% 0%
Re‐plant stream buffer 100% 75% 25% 0%
Monitoring &
Enforcement
100% 40% 20% 0%
Reduce Upland Logging 100% 50% 20% 0%
Reduce Coral Extraction 100% 40% 20% 0%
Build Sea Walls 0% 25% 75% 100%
Reinforce Rivers 0% 25% 75% 100%
Increase Drainage 0% 25% 75% 100%
Scenarios: Percentage Implementation
of Adaptation Options

Engineering Options to Reduce
Coastal Vulnerability: Lami Town
• Reinforce Rivers:
‐ Protect river banks
‐ Dredge rivers
‐ River re‐alignment
• Build sea walls
• Increase drainage
• Improve bridges
• Land reclamation
• Storm surge barriers
• Beach replenishment
• Sea dikes
• Elevation of
infrastructure Source: Lami Town Synthesis Report

• Restoration of degraded
“revenue” mangroves
• Demonstration of
integrated mangroves
fishery systems
• Village governance
• AF: $689,264
• Andhra Pradesh, India
COASTAL MANAGEMENT:
Case Study

COASTAL MANAGEMENT :
Resources
• Adaptation Fund
• Adapting to Coastal Climate Change: A Guidebook for
Development Planners. USAID. 2009.
• Getting to Smart Growth: 100 Policies for
Implementation. EPA (US).
• Getting to Smart Growth II: 100 more Policies for
implementation. EPA (US).
• NOAA Digital Coast Tools.
• Technologies to Support Climate Change Adaptation in
Developing Asia. ADB. 2014.
• Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. 2013.
Department of City Planning, New York City.

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION:
INTRODUCTION
SEE SPEAKER NOTES.

Major Issues
• Intensity & frequency of
disasters expected to increase
with CC
• Currently DRR is “backward
looking”
• Current trends increase
vulnerability to disasters
• Disasters can set back
development progress
• More resources dedicated to
response & recovery than
mitigation & preparation
• DRR requires input from every
part of society

• Heat waves
• Flooding and
drought
• More intense
storms
• Increased
vulnerability to
disasters
• Exacerbates
relief/recovery
difficulties

Direct and Indirect Impacts: Super
Typhoon Haiyan
• Category 5 Typhoon Haiyan left as many as 10,000
people dead and destroyed towns across the
Philippines, with winds reaching 195 mph and
gusts of 235 mph
• While the death toll will likely grow, the country's
economists and international aid agencies have
predicted that the economic impact could be up to
US$14 billion, with only US$2 billion to come from
insurance
• The country’s finance minister, Cesar Purisma,
told CNBC that the typhoon would cut about 8
percent to 10 percent off the region’s GDP the

• Better preparation
• Local, bottom-up information
• Responsive, “learning”
systems
• End-to-end early warning
systems
• Interagency coordination
• Trans-boundary/vertical
cooperation

• Risk & Vulnerability
Assessment
• Better climate info &
forecasting
• Early warning systems
• Technical training
• Increased resilience
• Social support

Case Study
Post-Cyclone Improved Water Sanitation & Hygiene,
and Livelihoods Recovery: India, CARE International
2009 cyclone Aila affects 6.6 million, destroying homes, crops, fisheries. 5
months later, many villages still inundated with salt water
• Project to provide water, shelter, food developed based on villager-
identified needs for present situation and future disasters
• Cash for work
• Salt-resistant seeds & grain banks
• Technical training
• Resilient pumps accessible to vulnerable groups
• Awareness campaigns for DRR.

Resources
• Adaptation Fund
• Disasters in Asia and the Pacific: 2015 Year in
Review. UN ESCAP 2016.
• Disaster Risk Reduction & Climate Change
Adaptation in the Pacific. UNISDR 2012.
• Technologies to support Climate Change
Adaptation in Developing Asia. ADB 2014.
• Toward Resilience: A Guide to Disaster Risk
Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation. CRS
2013.

HEALTH & SOCIAL SERVICES
Video Resources
SEE SPEAKER NOTES

HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES:
Major Issues
• CC impacts human health & development
• Impacts fall disproportionately on least developed
areas and most marginal groups
• Quality of governance correlated with magnitude
of health impacts
• Current health & demographic trends exacerbate
vulnerability
• Health & social service improvements increase
adaptive capacity & autonomous adaptation
• Key area of interest for AF, ADB, other financiers

Heat waves & hot days
Flooding & storms
Vector & water-borne
diseases
Undernutrition
Increased allergies &
asthma
Fire-related conditions
Transportation

HEALTH IMPACTS: Exposure
Pathways

Health Impacts of Climate Change

• Increased recognition of health impacts
• Community mapping & gender sensitive
vulnerability assessments
• Improved observational and analytical capabilities
• Greater focus on preventative medicine
• A mixture of incremental, transitional, and
transformational actions
• Cross-sectoral engagement with agriculture,
water, DRR

• Improved sanitation
• Improved access to
services
• Improved disaster
management
• Early warning systems
for health threats
• Vector control
• Communication &
advocacy campaigns

HEALTH & SOCIAL SERVICES:
Potential Effects of Adaptation

Co-Benefits from Mitigation

Case Study
Integrating Climate Change into the Management of
Priority Health Risks in Ghana: GEF/UNDP
To identify, implement, monitor & evaluate adaptation to
reduce current and likely future burdens of malaria,
diarrheal diseases, & meningococcal meningitis in
Ghana.
Component 1: Strengthen technical capacity to manage
climate change-related health risks
Component 2: Climate change health risk mainstreamed
into decision-making at local and national policy levels
Component 3: Information management and effective
dissemination of climate change health risk knowledge
base

Resources
A human health perspective on climate change. NIEH
2010.
Gender, Climate Change, & Health. WHO
Human Health: Impacts, Adaptation, and Co-Benefits.
IPCC AR5 WGII Chapter 11
Mainstreaming gender in health adaptation to climate
change programmes. WHO 2012.
Technologies to Support Climate Adaptation in
Developing Asia. ADB 2014.

URBAN AREAS:
Video
SEE SPEAKER NOTES

URBAN AREAS:
Major Issues
• Cities are economic engines
threatened by CC
• Cities are growing; secondary
cities especially
• Impacts depend on
geographic, socio-economic,
& political characteristics
• Cities concentrate
vulnerability
• Role of the private sector
• Community involvement
• Cities can be drivers of
adaptation & resilience

URBAN AREAS:
• Enhanced heat island &
heat waves
• More intense storms
• Flood losses
• More air pollution
• Droughts
• Economic impacts from
supporting regions
• Impacts on ecosystem
services

URBAN AREAS: Temperature
Increases

URBAN AREAS: Heat Islands

URBAN AREAS:
• Urban analysis to understand complex impacts
• Vulnerability analyses & targeted interventions
• Capacity building and training for government
officials
• Mainstreaming adaptation into urban planning
• Enabling policies at the national level
• Broadening participation in urban adaptation
Planning
• Scaling adaptation justice through multilevel and
multi-scalar governance
• Visioning and scenario planning

URBAN AREAS:
• Comprehensive storm water
management
• Mitigating urban heat islands
• Land use planning for
coastal/river flooding
• Regulations for new buildings
& infrastructure
• Climate resilient housing for
marginal groups
• Restoration/enhancement of
ecosystem services

URBAN AREAS:
Case Study
Bangladesh. ADB project Coastal Towns
Environment Infrastructure Project; US$52 million
financing climate resilient municipal infrastructure,
like drainage, water supply, and sanitations in 8
vulnerable coastal secondary cities.

URBAN AREAS:
Soft and Hard Options in HCMC
“Hard” Options:
• Levees
• Drains
• Existing
infrastructure
“Soft” Options:
• Raise homes
• Relocate areas
• Manage ground-
water
• Capture rain-
water
Source: Lempert et al. 2014

URBAN AREAS:
Resources
• Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda.
World Bank 2010.
• Urban Climate Change Resilience: A Synopsis.
ADB 2014.
• Planning for Urban Resilience in the Face of
Disasters. World Bank 2014.
• Urban Climate Change Resilience Partnership
• Urban Areas. IPCC WGII AR5 contribution.
• Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network

Adaptation Science
Meinke et al. (2009) define “adaptation science” as “the process of
identifying and assessing threats, risks, uncertainties and opportunities
that generates the information, knowledge and insight required to effect
changes in systems to increase their adaptive capacity and performance.”
Follow these steps in sequence:
i. Understand the existing system and scope possible changes to norms
and values
ii. Identify likely core issues and decision criteria; clarify who, what, and
when
iii. Assess climate impacts and trends, including their uncertainty.
iv. Evaluate if impacts matter
v. Assess the adaptation options and their broader consequences
vi. Design and evaluate implementation options.

Conclusions and Summary
of Part 2
• Understand the key focal points in your country
• Understand risks and likelihood of success of
projects in each sector
• Draw on best practices and recommendations for
each sector…What has worked elsewhere?
• Understand the research and data needs for
determining vulnerabilities

RESULTS
Policy &
Strategy
Project
Design
Implementation
Appraisal/
Approval
(general)
your country
development goals
strategies
 Identify priority
vulnerabilities
 Develop project areas

General Resources for Part 2
Women, Gender Quality, and Climate Change. UN
WomenWatch.

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