UNDP_Energy Audits_2015

1. Energy Audits
Marko Capek

2. Table of contents
Intro
An Energy
Audit in
segments
Measurement
The Energy
Efficiency
measures
What after?

3. Intro
An Energy Audit represents an overview of the
energy and water consumption of a building from
the collected and processed data related to the
consumption of all energy and water consumption
systems in order to assess the potential for
possible energy efficiency measures and
savings.

4. Intro
Energy Efficiency means reducing energy and
water consumption but keeping or improving the
working conditions, quality of service or
production process.

5. Intro
Reducing the energy and water consumption
costs leads to decreasing of the product / service
price and thus becoming more competitive on the
market.

6. Intro

7. An Energy Audit in
segments

8. An Energy Audit in segments

9. An Energy Audit in segments – the Prep
• Introductory meeting with the administration
and head of maintenance services
• The initial questionnaire!
• Data collection
• Discussion and processing
• Meeting with the head office of the institution

10. An Energy Audit in segments – the Prep
EMS:
• policy for more efficient use of energy?
• targets and objectives to meet the policy?
• gathering data?
• measuring the results?
• reviewing the effectiveness of the policy?
• continually improve energy management?
• end results?

11. An Energy Audit in segments – the Prep
EMS:

12. An Energy Audit in segments – the Prep
In the Prep one should have gathered the info
about:
•The contact person, the basic building
characteristics, the energy and water used, the
systems which use them, what do they think and
what are there plans?

13. An Energy Audit in segments – the Prep
Additional data gathered:
•Energy and water consumption for last 3
years plus the last years available months,
•All the available project documentation

14. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
A detective approach?

15. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
•The EA team should be prepared well,
•Equipment checked,
•A plan for the audit and a plan for the
measurements should be done,
•The client should be informed.

16. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Building envelope:

17. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Building envelope data required:
•Surfaces and sizes, orientation and building
characteristics (roof, floors, windows, walls etc.)
•The working schedule of the building, the
number of workers
•The heated and cooled area or volume
•The referent climatic data

18. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Heating system:

19. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Heating system:

20. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Heating system data required:
•The characteristics of the heating system, the boiler, the
distribution system and the medium, the heating elements
(radiators etc.)
•Working schedule, power and efficiency, regulation,
maintenance
•Hydraulic balance of the system,
•Connection to other systems (DHW or steam)

21. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Domestic hot water system:

22. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Domestic hot water (DHW) system data required:
•The characteristics of the DHW system, the distribution system
and the medium
•Working schedule, power and efficiency, regulation,
maintenance
•Connection to other systems (connection to heating system,
connection to alternative systems, etc.)

23. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
The cooling, ventilation and airconditioning system:

24. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
The cooling, ventilation and airconditioning system:

25. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Cooling, ventilation and airconditioning system data required:
•The characteristics of the systems, the distribution system and the
medium, the cooling/ventilation elements (convectors, fans, etc.)
•Working schedule, power and efficiency, regulation, maintenance
•Split systems,
•Connection to other systems (cooling, refridgeration, etc.)

26. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
The other electricity consumption system:

27. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
The other electricity consumption system:

28. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
The electricity consumption system data required:
• Indoor and outdoor lighting system, number of
lamps, power, operating hours
•All other usual and specific equipment, power,
operating hours
•Overall efficiency, regulation and maintenance

29. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Alternative energy production systems (renewables):

30. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
The Alternative energy production systems data
required:
• Installed power, energy production, connection
to building, purpose, connection to distribution
system
•Overall efficiency, regulation and maintenance

31. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
Water supply system:

32. An Energy Audit in segments – the Visit
The water supply system data required:
• Pressure control system?
• Number and type of water sources and end-user
appliances
• Alternative water sources?
• Is there any water running when noone is using it?

33. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Q''H,nd,ref kWh/(m2a)
Calculated
129
 15
 250
> 250
 200
 150
 100
 50
 25
A+
G
F
E
D
C
B
A

34. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Things to do:
• Analyse all energy and water bills data and make a
referent consumption
• Make energy and cost balance
• Make balance for each type of energy and water
• Compare the calculated energy demand with
the referent consumption!

35. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Energy balance
Electricity
45.6%
Natural
gas
54.4%

36. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Cost balance
Electricity
52.1%
Natural
gas
32.1%
Water
15.8%

37. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Electricity consumption balance
Heating
system
(pumps etc.)
36.2%
Boilers for
DHW
4.7%
Indoor lighting
20.8%
Outdoor
lighting
1.0%
Kitchen
appliances
2.0%
Office
equipment
30.8%
Electromotor
for elevators
3.4%
Other
1.2%

38. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Electricity consumption balance of lighting system
Fluorescent lighting
with electronic
ballast
47.8%
Fluorescent lighting
with magnetic
ballast
23.0%
Fluocompact bulbs
21.9%
Incandescent bulbs
0.9%
Halogen bulbs
1.2%
Highpressure
mercury lamps
0.3%
Halogen lamps -
Outdoor
3.5% Fluorescent lamps -
Outdoor
1.3%

39. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Heating energy balance (for example natural gas)
4%
75%
2%
19%
Heating (convectors)
Heating (radiators)
Heating distribution losses
Boiler losses

40. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Water consumption balance
Toilets
28.6%
Taps
14.3%Kitchen
24.6%
Other
3.5%
Car wash
17.7%
Losses
11.2%

41. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Analytics of energy and water consumption
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Power[kW]
Electricity[kWh]
Months

42. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Analytics of energy and water consumption
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Naturalgas[MWh]
Months

43. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Analytics of energy and water consumption
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
Waterconsumption[m3]
Months

44. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Problems and errors – not exact balance

45. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Problems and errors – ruptures in water dist. system

46. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Problems and errors – consumption during night

47. An Energy Audit in segments – the
Analytics
Important: The calculated and the real energy use
The calculated heating
demand (from software)
105.000 kWh
The real natural gas
consumption (data form bills)
156.000 kWh 123.000 kWh
The real heating energy
consumption – excluding heating
system losses, consumption in
kitchen, for DWH etc.

48. Measurement

49. Measurement
Easy:
• Temperature and humidity
• Surface and sizes of building envelope (laser
distance meter)
• Lux measurement (luxmeter)
• Electricity data (active and reactive power, energy,
power factor etc.

50. Measurement
Not so easy:
• Thermo camera (thermography)
• Water pressure and consumption (ultrasound)
• Ventilation losses, air penetration (blower door test)
• Boiler efficiency measurment (direct and indirect,
waste gasses etc.)
• Measurement of building envelope heating conduction

51. Measurement

52. Measurement
Nighttime water consumption (0,7 liters / second)

53. Measurement

54. The Energy Efficiency
measures

55. The Energy Efficiency measures
• The EE measures should be calculated according to
referent energy consumption (real consumption from
energy and water bills)
• The EE measures are technically, ecologicaly,
economically evaluated
• The EE measures are calculated transparent
• The EE measures are calculated according to local norms and
laws

56. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
EE measures can be:
Active Passive

57. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
Energy Management System
Example: Water loss and savings example

58. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
EE in the building envelope:
• thermal insulation in floors, walls, roofs
• more efficient windows, doors and glazing
• EE in interior
• reduction of ventilation losses

59. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
Introduction of renewables:
• solar (thermal and PV) and wind
• biomass
• alternative water sources
• etc.

60. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
EE in the heating system:
• changing of energy, using waste heat
• centralization of the system
• changing the boiler, EE in the generation and
distribution system and heating bodies
• EE in regulation
• EE in auxiliary systems (pumps etc.)

61. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
EE in the cooling system:
• changing of energy, using waste heat for ap(d)sorption
• centralization of the system
• changing the equipoment, EE in the generation and
distribution system and convectors
• EE in regulation
• EE in energy storage (ice bank)

62. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
EE in the ventilation/airconditioning system:
• changing of working parameters
• hydraulic balancing
• automatization
• EE in auxilary equipment (pumps, ventilators etc.)
• thermal insulation of distribution system

63. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
EE in the other electricity consumption system:
• changing the tariff model
• power management (if max. power beside energy is
paid too)
• reactive power compensation

64. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
EE in the other electricity consumption system:
• indoor and outdoor lighting (cleaning the luminaries,
changing the ballasts, changing the bulbs, EE in
regulation)
• EE in electromotors (changing, frequency regulation)
• EE measures in other specific system (change, better
efficiency, regulation, maintenance etc.)

65. The Energy Efficiency measures – the List
EE in the water consumption system:
• pressure regulation
• alternative water sources (rain water etc.)
• EE in distribution and end-user system (pipes, taps,
toilets, showers etc.)

66. The Energy Efficiency measures – the
Final evaluation
• EE measures should be given separate, with the results
as no other EE measure will be implemented
• EE measures should be commented with the chronology
of implementation
• Some EE measures should be given in interdependence

67. What after?

68. What after?

69. What after?
• ESCO
• EE projects
• Monitoring and verification
• Energy Management System

70. Thank you for your
attention.
Marko Capek,
Energy audits, Measurement and verification,
Sustainable Energy Management
marko.capek@gmail.com
marko.capek@undp.org