Rheology

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Rheology concept Importance Applications Viscosity Types of flow of liquids Newtonian flow Non- Newtonian flow Plastic flow Dilatant Flow Thixotropy Negative Thixotropy

Technologie

Unit-II
Rheology
By: Ms. Uditi Handa (Asst. Prof.)
M.Pharma (Ph.D)
GGSCOP, Yamunanagar

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Ophthalmic preparations are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye (topical), administered inside the eye (intraocular) or adjacent to it (periocular, e.g., juxtascleral or subtenon), or used in conjunction with an ophthalmic device. An ophthalmic formulation may take the form of a solution, a suspension, an ointment or an emulsion. One of the most popular forms of opthalmic formulation is the topical instillation: a solution that enables the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to be administered directly onto the surface of the eye.he different categories of ophthalmic preparations include drops consisting of emulsions, solutions or suspensions, and ointments.The most common active ingredients include polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, povidone, glycerine, and mineral oil. This list of eye drops is designed to help you make informed choices about the safest and best ingredients for you.ince tear fluid has a very low buffering capacity, ophthalmic formulations contain excipients that maintain a pH range of 4.75 to 7.40.Eye emergencies include cuts, scratches, objects in the eye, burns, chemical exposure, and blunt injuries to the eye or eyelid.These are the six main properties of ophthalmic preparations: Sterility, Preservation, Particle Limitations, pH, Stability, and Eye comfort. The main requirement is sterility, it is very important to make sure that medications applied to the eye should be sterile.Products that are designed for ophthalmic use are sterile, meaning that they are free of germs, as long as they are not open. Once open, they are at higher risk of becoming contaminated. In addition, improper storage or exposure to less-than-ideal conditions can have an impact on their quality.The 5 Most Common Eye Problems Cataracts. Diabetic Retinopathy. Macular Degeneration. Refractive Errors. Glaucoma. The most commonly used preservative in eye drops is called benzalkonium chloride (BAK). This preservative can induce corneal and conjunctival epithelial cell death, damage to the corneal nerves, delay corneal wound healing, interfere with tear film stability, and cause loss of goblet cells. The supraorbital artery is also a branch of the ophthalmic artery and passes through the supraorbital foramen to supply the skin of the forehead and Levator palpebrae muscle. Other branches of the ophthalmic artery include the ethmoid arteries, medial palpebral vessels, and terminal branches. They are classified by their active ingredient and they include: prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. There are also combination drugs available for those patients who require more than one type of medication. Ophthalmic drug forms have been one of the most important and widely developed areas of pharmaceutical technology for dozens of years. The main reason of continuingly strong interest of scientists.

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Tablet coating Sugar coating & its Steps involved for preparation Film Coating Enteric Coating Equipment's used in tablet coating Types of coating Raw materials used in coating Film coating machine perforated coating pan Fluidized bed coater Problems of Film coating Solution to resolve the film defects tablet evaluation test official tests physical appearances content uniformity disintegration dissolution Unofficial test hardness test friability test different types of hardness tester

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capsules dosage form Types of Capsules hard gelatin capsules soft gelatin capsules properties of capsules advantages and disadvantages types of gelatin manufacturing of gelatin capsules filling machines filling machines principles numbers of capsules and their size filling of hard gelatin capsules different shapes of soft gelatin capsules manufacturing of soft gelatin capsules evaluation test of capsules dosage form

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Methodology of Preformulation Studies related to Pharmaceutical Sciences. Physio-chemical properties, Program of analytical preformulation. Preformulation Drug Characterization in a Structured Program. Benefits of Preformulation Studies. Bio-pharmaceutical Properties. Bulk Characterization, Solubility analysis, organoleptic properties. Stability studies Pharmaceutical studies objectives of preformulation Need of preformulation studies in Drug Characterization Solubility analysis Dissolution Electrostatic Charges method for Characterization such as UV Spectroscopy, HPLC, TLC, pH determination. Microscopy, Flow Properties Assay development, Lipophilicity pH effect Parentral Preparation Pharmacokinetic Ophthalmic Preparation Isotonicity Suspensions and emulsions Aspirin Pilocarpine penicillin Crystalline compound Amorphous Compound Bioavailability method to determine Partition Coefficient Log P Values Particle Size , Shape and Surface area. Color, taste , odour and physical appearances types of preformulation studies major area of preformulation research absorption metabolism duration of action shake flask method gas chromatography Preformulation Studies: Introduction to preformulation, goals and objectives, study of physicochemical characteristics of drug substances. a. Physical properties: Physical form (crystal & amorphous), particle size, shape, flow properties, solubility profile (pKa, pH, partition coefficient), polymorphism b. Chemical Properties: Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemisation, polymerization Application of preformulation considerations in the development of solid, liquid oral and parenteral dosage forms and its impact on stability of dosage forms.

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Rheology

1. Unit-II Rheology By: Ms. Uditi Handa (Asst. Prof.) M.Pharma (Ph.D) GGSCOP, Yamunanagar

Rheology

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Rheology