Fire Extinguisher

1. Fire Extinguisher

2. CONTENT
Fire
1. Definition of fire
2. Characteristics of Fire
3. Causes of Fire
4. Classification of Fire
Fire Extinguisher
1. What is Fire Extinguisher
2. How fire Extinguisher works
3. Types of Fire Extinguisher
4. Identification Chart for Fire Extinguisher
5. How to Operate Fire Extinguisher
6. Maintenance, Testing and Inspection

3. What is fire?
Fire is the visible effect of the process of combustion –
a special type of chemical reaction. It occurs between
oxygen in the air and some sort of fuel.

4. Chemical Reaction: A chain reaction can occur when the three Elements of fire are
present in the proper conditions and proportions. Fire occurs when this rapid oxidation,
or burning takes Place.

5. Oxygen O2
Oxygen is the most common oxidizing agent. Oxygen supports combustion but
does not burn. Normal air contains 21% oxygen; and the higher the concentration
of oxygen in the air, the more intensely a fire will burn. However, a fire can burn
without the presence of oxygen if another oxidizing agent is present, E.g.
Nitrates, peroxide, iodine, chlorine, etc.

6. Heat
Chemical
Energy
Heat is the energy necessary to increase the temperature of the fuel to a point
where sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to occur.
Common Sources of Heat
Electrical
Energy
Nuclear
Energy
Mechanical
Energy

7. Fuel
The Material or Substances being oxidized or Burned in the combustion Process.
Solid Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels
When heated to a certain
temperature will produce
combustible vapor. The
actual Position also affect
the way it Burns.
Flammable gases are
generated by Vaporization.
The Most dangerous of all
fuel types because they are
already in the natural State
required for ignition.

8. Causes of Fire
 Housekeeping: Poor house keeping is a poor fire hazard.
Cotton, cloths, papers, etc are the sources of ignition. They
should be kept away from combusting material like petrol, oil
etc.
 Smoking: Careless smoking in non smoking areas should be
stopped. Smoking shall be permitted in smoking zone only.
 Welding / gas cutting: While doing gas welding or oxy-
acetylene cutting produces flying sparks which falls on
inflammable material and fire takes place.

9.  Ignorance about fire hazards: Lack of knowledge about
the safe methods of storage of inflammable liquids,
materials. Correct use of electrical equipments etc.
 Negligent habit: Our negligent or careless habits are
responsible for fire out break. A lighted match stick,
cigarette end carelessly thrown on any combusting material.
 Kitchen : Most sensible area to get fire in hotel. Kitchen
staff should take extra care while preparing food. In kitchen
because of carelessness oil fire and gas fire can take place.
 Electrical Panel Room: No material to be stored in
Electrical panel room. Small short circuit will be converted
into big fire. All storage must be at least 3 ft from electrical
panel. In sum emergency situations it will be necessary to
access these panels quickly.

10. CLASS A FIRES
Wood Cloth Paper
Rubber Plastic
Fire that involves ordinary Combustible Materials
such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many Plastics

11. CLASS B FIRES
Gasoline Oil
Motor Spirit Paints
Fire that involves flammable and combustible liquids and gases

12. CLASS C FIRES
Fire that involves energized electrical equipment Large Computer
Server.

13. CLASS D FIRES
Fire that involves combustible metals such as lithium, magnesium,
sodium or aluminum

14. CLASS K FIRES
Class K is for in unstructured cooking oils in well insulated cooking
Appliances in commercial Kitchen.

15. A fire extinguisher is to extinguish a starting fire, i.e. for initial firefighting. It
contains a certain kind of extinguishing agent and includes a mechanism
which puts the extinguisher into operation. We distinguish these kinds of fire
extinguishers: handheld (portable), cart-mounted (also called wheeled),
and trailers.
What are Fire Extinguishers for?
Handle6
5
4
3
2
1
7
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Handle
High Pressure Gas Canister
Dry Chemical, Co2 or Water
Nozzle
Pressure Gauge
Safety Pin

16. At the top of the cylinder, there is a smaller cylindrical container filled with
compressed gas. A release valve acts as a locking mechanism and prevents this
gas from escaping. When you pull the safety pin and squeeze the lever, the
lever pushes on an actuating rod that presses the valve down to open a
passage to the nozzle. The compressed gas is released, applying a downward
pressure on the fire-extinguishing material, and pushing it out the nozzle under
tremendous force.
Although the temptation is to aim the extinguishing material at the flames,
the proper way is to aim it directly at the fuel.
HOW FIRE EXTINGUISHER WORKS ?
Please Double Click on Black Screen to VIEW the Video

17. Water Extinguisher
Foam Extinguisher(AFFF)
Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher
Dry Chemical Powder
Extinguisher
Wet Chemical ExtinguisherSpecial Dry Powder Extinguisher

18. Geometric Symbol
Picture
Type
Symbol
Color Code
Water Yes No
Foam Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes
ABC
Powder
A B C D KB
CO2
M28
Powder
Wet
Chemical Yes
YesYes
Yes
Yes
No NoNo No
NoNoNo
No No
No No
No
NoNo
No
No
No
No
No
NoNo
No

19. Water Fire Extinguisher
A Class A Fires: Ordinary combustible materials such
as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.
Best For
Fires involving organic solid materials such as wood, cloth, paper, plastics,
Coal etc.
Danger
Do not use on burning fat or oil or on electrical appliances
How to Use
Point the jet at the base of the flames and keep it moving across the area
of the fire. Ensure that all areas of the fire are out.
How it Works
Water has a great effect on cooling the fuel surfaces and thereby
reducing the pyrolysis rate of the fuel
Picture Symbol
Color Code

20. Foam Type Fire Extinguisher
Class B Fires: Flammable Liquids, combustible liquids,
petroleum greases, tars, oils, paints, solvents, lacquers,
alcohols and flammable gases.
B
Best For
Fires involving solids and burning liquids, such as paint and petrol but not
suitable for chip or fat pan fires. Safe on fires caused by electricity if tested to
35kV (dielectric test) and a 1m safety distance is adhered to.
Danger
Do not use on chip or fat pan fires.
How to Use
For fires involving solids, point the jet at the base of the flames and keep it
moving across the area of the fire. Ensure that all areas of the fire are out. For
fires involving liquids, do not aim the jet straight into the liquid. Where the
liquid on fire is in a container, point the jet at the inside edge of the container
or on a nearby surface above the burning liquid. Allow the foam to build up
and flow across the liquid.
How it Works
They are mainly water based, with a foaming agent so that the foam can float
on top of the burning liquid and break the interaction between the flames
and the fuel surface.
Color Code
Picture Symbol

21. CO2 Fire Extinguisher
C Class C Fires: Involve electrical equipment and Computer
Server.
Best For
Live electrical equipment, although it allows re-ignition of hot plastics. Now
mainly used on large computer servers, although care has to be taken not to
asphyxiate people when using the extinguisher in small server rooms.
Danger
Do not use on chip or fat pan fires, as it carries burning fat out of container. This
type of extinguisher does not cool the fire very well and you need to ensure that
the fire does not start up again. Fumes from CO2 extinguishers can asphyxiate if
used in confined spaces: ventilate the area as soon as the fire has been controlled.
Only use CO2 extinguishers with frost-free horns, as the hand holding the horn
can otherwise be frozen to the horn, as the gas is getting very cold during the
discharge.
How to Use
The discharge horn should be directed at the base of the flames and the jet kept
moving across the area of the fire.
How it Works
Carbon dioxide extinguisher works by suffocating the fire. Carbon dioxide
displaces oxygen in the air. However, once discharged, the CO2 will dissipate
quickly and allow access for oxygen again, which can re-ignite the fire.
Picture Symbol
Color Code

22. ABC
Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher
Class A Fires: Ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper,
rubber and many plastics.
Class B Fires: Flammable Liquids, combustible liquids, petroleum greases,
tars, oils, paints, solvents, lacquers, alcohols and flammable gases.
Class C Fires: Being harmless to electrical equipment these extinguishers are
ideal for offices ,workshops or any premises that uses electrical equipment.
Color Code
Picture Symbol
Picture Symbol
They use mono ammonium phosphate which is a dry
chemical that is able to quickly put out the fire. It is a
pale yellow powder that is able to put out all three
classes of fire; Class A for trash, wood and paper, Class
B for liquids and gases, and Class C for energized
electrical sources.

23. Class D Fire Extinguisher
D Class D Fires: Involve combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and potassium.
Best For These specialist powder extinguishers are designed to tackle fires
involving combustible metals such as lithium, magnesium, sodium or aluminum
when in the form of sward or powder.
There are three special powders based on graphite, copper and sodium chloride.
Danger Do not allow water to come in contact with the burning metal and the
powder must be gently applied. Sodium Chloride is not recommended for
Lithium.
How to Use The lance enables the user to tackle fire at a safe distance and the
low velocity applicator to reduce the energy of the jet allowing the powder to
gently smother the surface of the burning material thus avoiding scattering of
high temperature particles and stimulating the formation of a crust. The method
of application is completely different from a standard extinguisher and user
training is required. They are not suitable for use on live electrical fires.
How it Works This extinguisher works by forming a crust which insulates the
metal to prevent access to other combustible material nearby and smothering
the fire to prevent oxygen from the atmosphere reacting with the metal
Color Code
Picture Symbol

24. Wet Chemical Fire Extinguisher
K
Class K Fires: Involve cooking appliances that involve
combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils/fats)
Best For
Wet chemical fire extinguishers are ideal for Class F fires, involving cooking oils and fats,
such as lard, olive oil, sunflower oil, maize oil and butter.
Danger
Check manufacturer’s instructions for suitability of use. These extinguishers are usually not
recommended for class B fires such as petrol, although Gloria has produced a 3l wet
chemical extinguisher with B rating.
How to Use
Apply the wet chemical using the extended applicator in slow circular movements, which
give a gentle, yet highly effective application. Apply the fine spray onto the burning fat until
the surface of the burning cooking oil changes into a soapy like substance which prevents
re-ignition. The gentle application helps to prevent burning oil splashing out of the
container. Make sure that you empty the entire content of the wet chemical extinguisher
onto the oil/fat, as the fire can re-ignite otherwise.
How it Works
Most class F extinguishers contain a solution of potassium acetate, sometimes with some
potassium citrate or potassium bicarbonate. The extinguishers spray the agent out as a fine
mist. The mist acts to cool the flame front, while the potassium salts saponify the surface
of the burning cooking oil, producing a layer of foam over the surface. This solution thus
provides a similar blanketing effect to a foam extinguisher, but with a greater cooling
effect. The saponification only works on animal fats and vegetable oils, so most class F
extinguishers cannot be used for class B fires. The misting also helps to prevent splashing
the blazing oil.
Color Code
Picture Symbol

25. • Pull the pin
• Aim at the base of the fire
• Squeeze the trigger
• Sweep back and forth
• FIGHT THE FIRE IF...AND ONLY IF ALL OF THE
FOLLOWING ARE TRUE:
• Everyone has left or is leaving the building. The fire department or Public Safety is being called.
The fire is small and confined to the immediate area where it was started (wastebasket, cushion,
small appliance, etc.). You have a way out and can fight the fire with your back to your exit. Your
extinguisher is rated for the class of fire at hand. You have had training in use of the fire
extinguisher and are confident that you can operate it effectively. Stay low, Avoid breathing the
heated smoke and fumes as well as the extinguishing agent. If you have the slightest doubt about
whether or not to fight the fire - Don’t fight it - instead, get out closing the door behind you.

26. HOW TO OPERATE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER ?
Please Double Click on Black Screen to VIEW the Video

27. Remember The Phrase
P A S S
1. “P”ULL... Pull the pin. This will also break
the tamper seal.
2. “A”IM... Aim low, pointing the
extinguisher nozzle (or its horn or hose)
at the base of the fire.
Note: Do not touch the plastic discharge
horn on CO2 extinguishers, it gets very
cold and may damage skin.
3. “S”QUEEZE... Squeeze the handle to
release the extinguishing agent.
4. “S”WEEP... Sweep from side to side at the
base of the fire until it appears to be out.
Watch the area. If the fire re-ignites,
repeat steps 2 – 4.
If you have the slightest doubt about your
ability to fight a fire....EVACUATE
IMMEDIATELY!
How to Use A Fire Extinguisher

28. Don’t Forget!
 Pull the pin
 Aim the nozzle
 Squeeze the trigger
 Sweep the hose or nozzle
back and forth

29. FE need to be placed at visible and easily reachable places
In not clearly arranged or blind areas a particular fire symbol for marking placement of FE is to
be used and placed at a visible place.
FE are placed in areas with high probability of fires
portable FE are placed on the wall, so that the handle of EF was up to 1,5m above the ground
FE on the floor must be prevented from falling
FE in vehicles are placed not to endanger personal safety
Appropriate use of FE has a graphic representation and short description on each FE. Read the
instructions first before use.
Remember! Apply fire extinguishing always in the direction of wind and extinguish the quenching
surface from its edge.
A fire extinguisher can be used repeatedly, therefore after each (even very short) use refill the FE. In
case of another fire you will avoid complications connected with the lack of extinguishing agent.
The control of FE is to be done after each use or when mechanically damaged, otherwise usually
once a year by a specialized company.
The best way of placing and using fire extinguishers (FE)

30. 1. SOUND THE FIRE ALARM and call the fire department, if appropriate.
2. IDENTIFY A SAFE EVACUATION PATH before approaching the fire.
– Do not allow the fire, heat, or smoke to come between you and your evacuation path.
3. SELECT the appropriate type of fire extinguisher.
4. DISCHARGE the extinguisher within its effective range using the P.A.S.S. technique
(pull, aim, squeeze, sweep).
5. BACK AWAY from an extinguished fire in case it flames up again.
6. EVACUATE IMMEDIATELY if the extinguisher is empty and the fire is not out.
7. EVACUATE IMMEDIATELY if the fire progresses beyond the incipient stage.
General Procedures for Responding To a Fire

31. Remove persons in immediate danger!
Ensure doors are closed! (confine fire/smoke)
Activate the building alarm !
Call the Fire Department !
Treat ALL fires as DANGEROUS!
– Continue a complete building evacuation
– Do not attempt to fight a fire UNLESS you are NFPA
certified in use of a fire extinguisher !
REACT
upon discovery of fire or smoke

32. • Know department emergency procedures and evacuation routes
• Know locations of extinguishers in your area and how to use them
• Always sound the alarm regardless of fire size
• Avoid smoky conditions
• Ensure area is evacuated
• Don’t attempt to fight unless:
–Alarm is sounded
–Fire is small and contained
–You have safe egress route (can be reached without
exposure to fire)
–Available extinguishers are rated for size and type of
fire
• If in doubt, evacuate!
“DON’T ATTEMPT TO FIGHT UNLESS YOU ARE TRAINED”

33.  Call the KSFES Department (Dial 101)
 Make sure the building is being evacuated
 Determine whether the fire is small and is not spreading
 Confirm you have a safe path to an exit not threatened by the fire.
 Know how to use a fire extinguisher
SHOULD YOU FIGHT THE FIRE?
BEFORE you consider fighting a fire . . . .

34. Before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind:
1. Know what is burning! If you don’t know what’s burning, you won’t know what kind
of fire extinguisher to use
2. Even if you have an ABC fire extinguisher, there may be something in the fire that is
going to explode or produce toxic fumes.
Chances are you will know what’s burning, or at least have a pretty good idea, but if you
don’t, let the fire department handle it.
3. Is the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it started? The time to use a fire
extinguisher is at the beginning stages of the fire
4. If the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to simply evacuate the building.
As you evacuate the building, close the door (if there is one) behind you as you leave.
This will help to slow down the spread of smoke and fire.

35. NEVER fight a fire if even one of the following
is true:
 The fire is spreading beyond the immediate area in which it started
or is already a large fire
 The fire could block your escape route.
 You are unsure of the proper operation of the extinguisher.
 You doubt that the extinguisher you are holding is designed for the
type of fire at hand or is large enough to fight the fire

36. Extinguisher
Type
Inspection* Maintenance
**
Recharging
***
Hydrostatic
Testing*
Water
(Stored Pressure)
30 Days 1 Year 1 Year 5 Years
AFFF(Liquid
Charge Type)
30 Days 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years
Dry Chemical
Powder
30 Days 1 Year Empty and internally
inspect @ 6 Years
12 Years
Carbon Dioxide 30 Days Maintenance and
Ensure conductivity
exists@ 1 Year
5 Years 5 Years
Special Dry Powder 30 Days 1 Year Empty and internally
inspect @ 6 Years
12 Years
Wet Chemical 30 Days 1 Year 5 Years 5 Years

37. THANK YOU
UMESH G A