2. The Story of Marlia
• Marlia, 38 years old professional woman, just
delivered her 5th baby.
• When her new Indonesian maid ran away after a
month of her childbirth, she had to manage
everything on her own.
• She had 3 earlier confinement with her mother,
and the 4th one with another Indonesian maid -
Her husband was not used to provide her
support on childcare and homechores.
3. …Marlia
• The loss of sudden practical support overwhelmed her.
• She could not depend on her husband as he expected she should be
able to manage everything on her own because ‘this was already their
5th baby’.
• Marlia, being a professional woman, who always have things
organized and her to-do-list well done, found herself could not
manage everything alone with a baby who was always unpredictable.
4. …Marlia
• She was teary, feeling low almost everyday.
• She could not even make simple decisions like what it is for breakfast
or dinner, and could no more manage the morning rush preparing the
older children going to school…
• She could not stand seeing her laundry not done and her house in
mess but she was too exhausted to do everything, all she did was
lying besides her baby all day long, not knowing where and how to
start…
5. The Story of Zarina
• Zarina, 27 years old, always dream of a natural
childbirth, having a healthy baby whom she
would breastfeed exclusively until at least 2 years
• All her dreams shattered – she went into labour
but having poor progress and fetal distress,
ended up with a caeserian section.
6. …Zarina
• Just after discharged, her baby developed jaundice and required an
admission.
• She had a wound breakdown.
• Her baby was fed with formula milk when she was unable to provide
her breastmilk (bay was admitted in a private hospital)
7. …Zarina
• She found her baby was difficult to manage (? Having colic) and
frequently unwell
• She was always worried about her baby but has no one to refer to
• Her mother who was still working and very busy, could not provide
her the support she needed
• Her husband is trying to help, but they ended up quarelling as her
husband could not do things correctly most of the time
8. The Story of Wardina
• Wardina knew something was not right after her second childbirth
• She felt miserable, having frequent urges wanting to harm herself
• She was undergoing her confinement alone as her mother had to
accompany her father in oversea and her husband was frequently
outstation
• She does not feel supported, unlike after her first childbirth
9. …Wardina
• When she went for her postnatal appointment &her baby
vaccination – she wondered why nobody ever asked her how she was.
She desperately wished to have someone to talk to!
• She was so confused on why she was not feeling happy, and being an
avid reader she recalled that she read a lot on baby’s care, maternal
wellbeing and physical health – but she never came across into
reading on something related to emotional changes after childbirth.
18. Recent Nationwide
Malaysian Data on
Postnatal Depression 2016
National Maternal & Child Health Survey 2016
Postnatal Depression Malaysia ASPIRE Project 2016
19.
20. NHMS 2016
12.7% mothers 6-16 weeks had
postnatal depression based on a self-
reported questionnaire (EPDS)
EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
21. Prevalence of Possible
PND in NHMS 2016
• 1 in 6 Indian
• 1 in 4 Chinese
• 1 in 12 Malay
• Age 30-34
• Higher in lowest income group less
than RM1000 & highest income group
more than RM5000
• Highest in
• working women in private sector (18%)
• unemployed/housewife/student
• self-employed
• public sector (4.3%)
23. PND ASPIRE 2016
4.4% mothers 6-16 weeks had
postnatal depression based on a self-
reported questionnaire (EPDS)
EPDS: Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale
24. Prevalence of Possible PND in ASPIRE 2016
• Women with postnatal depression were from
• the younger age group,
• with young husbands,
• not married/without partner,
• low education level,
• unemployed/housewife
• low household income.
25. Significantly Associated Factors ASPIRE 2016
• 3x higher risk if no social support
• 5x higher risk if pregnancy is unwanted
• 10x higher risk in currently smoking women
• 10x higher risk in current intimate partner violence
28. BIOMEDICAL MODEL
• The most popular theory: dramatic hormonal changes
are responsible for the mood changes during this time
of period
• No consistent linear relationship between estrogen
and/or progesterone hormones with the symptoms of
depression.
Ross LE, Toner B. Appylying a Biopsychosocial Model to Research on Maternal Health. Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering; 6(1):168-75.
29. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
• Even though there is strong relationship between certain biological
risk (eg: family psychiatric history) with symptoms of depression, once
the psychosocial variables were integrated into the model, the
biological variables were no longer become main predictors of
depression.
• Therefore, even though the biological variables (eg: hormonal
changes) are important in development of perinatal depression, it can
only be properly understood within the psychosocial context.
Ross LE, Toner B. Appylying a Biopsychosocial Model to Research on Maternal Health. Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering; 6(1):168-75.
30. RISK FACTORS (Meta-analysis)
• Life stress
• Childcare stress
• History of previous depression & Family history
• Prenatal depression & anxiety
• Unplanned pregnancy
• Low self-esteem
• Unfavorable socioeconomic status,
• Unfavourable marital status and relationship,
• Unfavourable social support
• Infant temperament
O'Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression— a meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry1996;8:37-54.
31. Life event & Stress
• Negative life events
(found in 84% of cases of
depression) including birth
complications, loss of
employment of partner,
health difficulties
• Stress, mainly in area of
infant care.
Paykel et al, 1980; O’hara et al 1982; Brown, 1993.
32. Family & Marital Difficulties
• Poor marital relationship • Woman-mother conflict
Paykel et al, 1980; Schweitzer et al 1992.
Perceived
husband’s
low support,
practical &
emotional
High
control,
low level
of care
Declined
marital
satisfaction
after
childbirth
Balinger et 1979; Kumar & Robson 1978.
33. Inadequate Level of Perceived Social Support
• Poor Family Support & Social Isolation
Taylor, 1989; Cutrona 1984.
34. Mood during pregnancy
• Antenatal anxiety • Antenatal Depression
Dennerstein et al, 1986; Hopkins et al, 1984
35. Personal or family history of depression
• Previous episode of PND or
major depression
O’hara et al, 1991; O’hara & Swain, 1996.
37. Infant temperament;
mother infant-difficulties
• Infant difficult temperament
• Mothers of babies who cry or
vomit more than average more
likely to be depressed
• Depressed mom perceived infants
are more demanding
Mayberry & Alfonso, 1993; Milgrom & McCloud, 1996
38. Personality, attitudes, skills
• Low self esteem • Poor social skills
• Poor parenting
self efficacy is
partly a function
of poor social skill
& child rearing skills
Paykel et al, 1980; Lewinsohn, 1974.
39. Personality, attitude & skills
• Cognitive styles such as external
locus of control* & negative
attitude towards child rearing
*believes the have little or no control
over events in their life
Hayworth et al, 1980; Davids & Holden 1970.
41. Social expectations of joy of motherhood
• Myth of serenity after childbirth • Cultural influences
Unrealistic expectation may cause sense of failure
42. The truth of motherhood
• Complexities in life with baby
• Transition to motherhood
• Huge physical, emotional, social
changes
• Physical stress – breastfeeding,
constant demand of caring
• Frustration of unable to complete
other activities
• Revive stress of family of origin
43. IMPORTANT MODIFYING FACTORS
• Mothers who received social support in perinatal period were
significantly less likely to experience postpartum depression.
• Social support: a focus as both a risk factor associated with
postpartum depression and a target of psychosocial interventions.
Liabsuetrakul T, Vittayanont A, Pitanupong J. Clinical applications of anxiety, social support, stressors, and self-esteem measured during pregnancy and postpartum for screening postpartum
depression in Thai women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33(3):333-40.
Warner E, Miller M, Osborne LM, Kuzava S, Monk C. Preventing postpatum depression: review and recommendations. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015;18:41-60.
Leigh B, Milgrom J. Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depresssion and parenting stress. BMC Psychiatry 2008;8:24.
Halbreich U. The association between pregnancy processes, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and postpartum depressions -- the need for interdisciplinary integration. Am J Obstet Gynecol
2005; 193:1312-22.
45. Diagnosis
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-V: Postpartum depression is a
major depressive disorder (present of depressive symptoms for at least 2 weeks) with
postpartum onset with depressive symptoms begin within 4 weeks postpartum
• International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD-10:
postpartum depression is a mental and behavioural disorder commencing within 6 weeks
of delivery.
46. Diagnosis of PND,
simplified
• PND is a debilitating illness of clinical
depression that occur after childbirth, sudden
or gradual within weeks-months, up to 1 year
• Mild, moderate, severe
• Affect mothers, and fathers!
47. Clinical Depression,
DSM V
• FEELING DEPRESSED for more than 2
weeks; OR
• LOSS OF INTEREST for more than 2 weeks
• ASSOCIATED WITH
• Reduced/increased weight or appetite
• Reduced sleep/increased sleep
• Psychomotor retardation/agitation
• Fatigue
• Reduced ability to think, concentrate,
make decision
• Feeling worthless or excessive guilt
• Recurrent suicidal thoughts
• IMPAIRED FUNCTIONING
48. Themes In PND
• Low confidence / self esteem (‘bad mother’)
• Difficulty coping with childcare
• Difficulty bonding
• Extreme anxiety about health of baby
• Overconcern about feeding / sleeping regime
• Odd / overvalued ideas
• Physical anxiety symptoms / panic attacks
• Suicidal thoughts
• Infanticidal thoughts
• Relationship difficulties / conflict
49. Diagnosis, the challenges
• The diagnosis of postpartum depression is
• Often goes unrecognized
• Overlapping symptoms: many of the symptoms such as changes in sleep
patterns; changes in appetite and excessive fatigue may be attributed to
postpartum changes.
• Depressive women are less likely or reluctant to report the changes in their
mood to the clinicians
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion 630. Screening for Perinatal Depression. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:1268-71.
51. Increasing help seeking
• Normalising the possibility of
PND
• Early identification through
awareness of healthcare team
• Close attention to women at risk
• Routine screening
52. Screening is
the way to go…
• EPDS (Cox et al, 1987)
• Translated > 15 languages
• Used both antenatally &
postnatally
• Validated Malay version is available
with cut off 11/12 for caseness (Wan
Rushidi, 2003)
• In practical term 6 out of 10
women who scores positive on the
EPDS will meet diagnostic criteria
for MDD and others will meet the
criteria for minor depression,
adjustment disorder & postnatal
distress
54. Treatment of PND
Mild Psychological interventions: Counselling, Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Moderate Risk-Benefit Analysis for Antidepressant therapy,
Counselling, CBT
Severe Antidepressant therapy, CBT, Community Mental
Health Treatment, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
All Levels Address Mother-Baby Interaction
55. Level of Care
Source Beyond Blue National PND Initiative, National Action Plan Full Report 2008-2010
56. NICE Guidelines on Perinatal Mental Health
Perinatal Women
Anxiety/Depression
(High Prevalence)
Drug Addiction
Severe Mental
Illness-New/Old
(Low Prevalence)
57. Consultation-Liaison between
Mental Health & Maternity Services
PSYCHIATRY
• Low Prevalence illnesses
• Consultation-liaison & ‘case
management’ approaches
• Training
Perinatal
Community
Services
• High Prevalence illnesses
• Psychological interventions
• Research, development &
training
Perinatal
Mental
Health Team
• Inpatient services for parent
& baby
Parent-
Infant Unit
MCH
Screening
• Trained &
Enhanced
Maternal & Child
Health Nurse
• Case
Management,
support & care
• Seek consultation
& make referral
58. A Round Table With Policy Makers / Key Stakeholders
COMMITMENT TO WORK ON INTEGRATING
PERINATAL MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES INTO MATERNAL & CHILD SERVICES
59. THE PLAN
The stakeholders (policy makers) in the MOH are committed
towards integrating perinatal mental health services to
maternal & child health program in Malaysia based on the
research findings
RESEARCH TO INFORM POLICY MAKERS
National Maternal & Child Health Survey 2016
ASPIRE Postnatal Depression Research 2016
62. Antidepressants & Breastfeeding
• Most SSRIs is safe in lactation
• Limited data for newer antidepressants eg Agomelatine (Valdoxan), Venlafaxine &
Mirtazipine. Risk benefit analysis i.e. benefit of breastfeeding vs benefit of
therapy is required.
• Discarding of breast milk or timing feeding around medication will NOT make a
big difference to the dose received by the infant.
• All breastfeeding infants to mothers taking psychotropics must be monitored for
sedation, manifested with poor feeding.
• Short acting Benzodiazepine is preferred if indicated
63. SSRI Antidepressant in Breastfeeding
• Low levels excreted for most SSRIs.
• Relative infant doses: a relative infant dose of lower than 10% of the
weight adjusted maternal dose is considered to be safe for breastfeeding.
• Relative Infant Doses:
• Sertraline 2.2%,
• Escitalopram 3.6%,
• Paroxetine 2.1%,
• Fluvoxamine 1.3%,
• Fluoxetine 6.8%.
• Some concern with Fluoxetine given its long half life and the risk of accumulation in the infant
Psychotropic Medication in Pregnancy/Lactation. 2nd Edition. Mercy Hospital For Women. 2008
64. The Risks of Untreated Depression
• Short-term
• Seriously interfere with the adjustment to motherhood
• Seriously interfere to the care of the newborn baby as well as older children.
• Longterm
• Lasting effects on maternal self-esteem
• Lasting effects partner relationship
• Lasting effects on family relationships
• The mental health and social adjustment of the child.
72. TAKE HOME
MESSAGE
• Postnatal Depression is a highly prevalent
mental health issue after childbirth with great
impact to women, children & family
• PND is commonly underdiagnosed: screening by
EPDS will identify high risk women; followed by
further diagnostic assessment based on DSM-V
or ICD 10 criteria
• Treatment is available & effective:
pharmacological, psychological intervention &
addressing mother-baby interaction
74. “Listening” (by Sherri Hardy, Melbourne)
On the outside looking in
You see a smile and all is well
Yet if you look a little closer
You’d see the pain in which I dwell
On the inside looking out
I saw the joys in other’s lives
I wonder where my joy has gone
The absence hurts my eyes
75. Through the haze I see the days go by
And I watch my child grow
I fear my acts will scare her
Or she is just too young to know
I don’t know why I get so angry
When her cry are just her speech
She does not even deserve my anger
Or my attitude of defeat
76. You’ll tell me she’s a good baby
Don’t you think I already know?
Your words just drive the pain harder
When all I want is to let go
It is the illness that I suffer
A bad person I am not
As a mother I do my very best
I give it everything I’ve got
Notes de l'éditeur
A total of 5727 respondents completed the EPDS (86% response rate) and a total of 4.4% screened positive with a score of 12 or more, or item number 10 score of more than 0.
A meeting within MOH chaired by National Institute of Health’s Director, attended by stakeholders from MOH (Maternal & Child Health & Primary Care of Family Health Div, Mental Health Div and Psychiatric Services) in April 2015
